Reflection Paper for Hifsa Shaukat

APA Style Examples Page 1 of 8

LLiibbrraarryy HHaannddoouutt

AAPPAA CCIITTAATTIIOONN SSTTYYLLEE EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS

Print sources Electronic sources In-text citations & direct quotes

PRINT SOURCESPRINT SOURCES BOOKS Author, A. A. (year of publication). Book title: Subtitle also starts with capital letter. Location: Publisher. One author Nathan, A. J. (1990). China's crisis: Dilemmas of reform and prospects for democracy. New York:

Columbia University Press.

Two authors Ross, C. S., & Dewdney, P. (1998). Communicating professionally: A how-to-do-it manual for library

applications. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers.

Three to six authors

Marquart, J. W., Olson, S. E., & Sorensen, J. R. (1994). The rope, the chair, and the needle: Capital

punishment in Texas, 1923-1990. Austin: University of Texas Press.

More than six authors

Roeder, K., Howdeshell, J., Fulton, L., Lochhead, M., Craig, K., Peterson, R., et al. (1967). Nerve

cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

No author Webster’s ninth new collegiate dictionary. (1988). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

Corporate/ Group author

American Hospital Association. (1993). American Hospital Association guide to the health care field.

Chicago: Author.

Editor(s) Bent, J., & Humphreys, K. K. (Eds.). (1996). Cost engineering: Vol. 4. Effective project management

through applied cost and schedule control. New York: Marcell Dekker.

Author and translator

Esquivel, L. (1992). Like water for chocolate: A novel in monthly installments, with recipes

romances, and home remedies (C. Christensen & T. Christensen, Trans.). New York:

Doubleday.

Edition Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational

behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Books in several volumes

Inge, M. T. (Ed.). (1989). Handbook of American popular culture (2nd ed., Vol. 103). New York:

Greenwood Press.

Essay or article in a collection (Author and editor)

Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logic model of perception. In H. L. Pick Jr.,

P. van den Broek, and D. C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues

(pp.51-84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Bulletin or govt. publication

U.S. Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography. (1986). Attorney General’s Commission on

Pornography: Final report. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

APA Style Examples Page 2 of 8

ENCYCLOPEDIA & DICTIONARY ENTRIES Author, A.A. (Year). Title of article. In Title of encyclopedia. (Volume #, pagination). Location:

Publisher. Title of article. (Year). In Title of encyclopedia. (Volume #, pagination). Location: Publisher. Signed or initialed

Hensel, J. W. (1999). Technical education. In Encyclopedia Americana (International ed., Vol.

26, pp.354-356). Danbury, CT: Grolier.

Unsigned Methane. (1990). In Encyclopedia Americana (International ed., Vol.18, pp. 321-322). Danbury,

CT: Grolier.

Dictionary Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

MAGAZINE, JOURNAL, AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES Author, A.A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, vol. # (issue #), pagination. Weekly or Biweekly Magazine- signed

Stone, R. (1999, August 6). A long march to save Africa's dwindling wild lands. Science, 285,

825.

Weekly or Biweekly Magazine- unsigned

The decade of the spy. (1994, March 7). Newsweek, 123, 26-27.

Monthly or Bimonthly Magazine- signed

Frank, M. (1993, June). The wild, wild West. Architectural Digest, 50, 180-185, 193.

Journal Article (consecutive pagination)

Cole, T. B. (1999). Case management for domestic violence. Journal of the American Medical

Association, 282, 513-514.

Journal Article (pagination by issue)

Klimosky, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.

Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

Online Journal Article

Booth, M. (1997, January 6). Protecting quality under Medicaid managed care. Online Journal

of Issues in Nursing. Retrieved November 24, 2003, from

http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/tpc2_4.htm

Newspaper- signed

Trachtenberg, J. A. (1994, April 10). What's in a movie soundtrack? Catchy tunes and big

business. Wall Street Journal [eastern edition], p. B1.

Newspaper or editorial- unsigned

Southpaws: Today, think of those with a different side. (1999, August 13). The Detroit Free

Press, p. A10.

Review Schillinger, L. (1999, August 8). Arbor days [Review of the book Life in the treetops:

Adventures of a woman in field biology]. The New York Times Book Review, 104, 4.

APA Style Examples Page 3 of 8

MISCELLANEOUS AND UNPUBLISHED Opposing Viewpoints (Print version)

Loos, R. (1996). Hunting animals is morally acceptable. In A. Harnack (Ed.), Animal rights:

Opposing viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven. (Reprinted from The Conservationist, 10-

15, 1993, October)

Brochure/ Pamphlet

National Cancer Institute. (2000, June). Cancer research - because lives depend on it

[Brochure]. Bethesda, MD: Author.

Paper presented, speech delivered, but not published

Torline, D. R. (1993, November). Handling difficult people: Quadrant theory approach. Paper

presented at the meeting of Baker College Travel Club, Flint, MI.

Interview Letters, memos Personal email Conversation

Do not include in reference list; cite in text only. Examples of in-text citations in next section.

Doctoral dissertation

Taylor, A. S. (1986). Dual career couples and geographic transfer: Executive's reaction to

commuter marriage and attitude toward the move. Dissertation Abstracts International, 47,

10B. (UMI No. AAA8701827)

Annual Report Home Depot. (2001). Home Depot 2000 Annual Report. Atlanta, GA: Author.

APA Style Examples Page 4 of 8

Print sources Electronic sources In-text citations & direct quotes

ELECTRONIC RESOURCESELECTRONIC RESOURCES LIBRARY DATABASES Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the Periodical, vol., page-page. Retrieved <Month

Day, Year> from <name of the database>.

InfoTrac Marino, S. (1999). The difference between managing and leading. Industry Week, 248(11),

10. Retrieved June 21, 1999, from General Reference Center Gold database.

ProQuest Amatori, F. (1999, Summer). European business: New strategies, old structures. Foreign

Policy, 115, 78-89. Retrieved June 30, 1999, from ABI/INFORM Global database.

NewsBank Oppenheimer, M. (2001, June 15). His words redefined a nation’s expectations. The

Hartford Courant, p. A1. Retrieved January 16, 2004, from NewsBank database.

Facts on File Safe drinking water act signed. (1996, August 22). Facts On File World News Digest.

Retrieved May 5, 2003, from Facts on File database.

Issues and controversies: Racial disparities. (1996, January 13). Issues and Controversies

on File. Retrieved May 5, 2003, from Facts on File database.

CQ Press Hatch, D. (2003, June 6). Drug company ethics. The CQ Researcher Online, 13, 521-524.

Retrieved July 7, 2003, from CQ Press database. e-Book Zeinert, K. (1997). Those courageous women of the Civil War. Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press.

Retrieved March 6, 2001, from netLibrary: http://www.netLibrary.com/ Opposing Viewpoints

Dickey, F. (2002). The definition of hate crimes should not be expanded. What Is a Hate

Crime? Greenhaven Press. Retrieved May 24, 2004, from Opposing Viewpoints

Resource Center database.

ELECTRONIC MEDIA Author A. A. <if available>. (Date of publication; write n.d. If there is no date). Document title or

description. Retrieved on date retrieved <month, day, year>, from <URL>. Encyclopedia article on CD- ROM

Management and control of companies. (1999). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved

from Encyclopaedia Britannica (CD-ROM, Fall 1998 release).

Non-print medium

Richter, J. (Producer), & Hausmann, J. (Director). (1985). Cezanne: The man and the mountain [Motion picture]. United States: Home Vision.

Safer, M. (Narrator). (1993, September 19). Yes…but is it art? [Television broadcast]. New York: Central Broadcasting Service.

APA Style Examples Page 5 of 8

WWW RESOURCES Author A. A. <if available>. (Date of publication; write n.d. If there is no date). Title of article or chapter.

In Book Title (omit “In” for articles). Retrieved on date retrieved <month, day, year>, from <URL>. Internet article based on a print source

Honeycutt, E. D., Glassman, M., Zugelder, M. T., & Karande, K. (2001, July).

Determinants of ethical behavior: A study of auto salespeople [Electronic version].

Journal of Business Ethics, 32(1), 69-79.

Chapter or a section of an online document

The Foundation for a Better World. (2000). Pollution and banana cream pie. In Great

chefs cook with chlorofluorocarbons and carbon monoxide (Chap. 3). Retrieved

July 13, 2001, from http://www.bamm.com/cream/pollution/bananas.htm

Article in an internet-only journal

Booth, M. (1997, January 6). Protecting quality under Medicaid managed care. Online

Journal of Issues in Nursing. Retrieved November 24, 2003, from

http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/tpc2_4.htm

Daily newspaper article, electronic version

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out.

New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://www.nytimes.com

Article in an electronic magazine (e-zine)

Adler, J. (1999, May 17). Ghost of Everest. Newsweek. Retrieved May 19, 1999, from

http://newsweek.com/nw-srv/issue/20_99a/printed/int/socu/so0120_1.htm

Kirby, A. (1999, February 11). Apes in line for legal rights. BBC News. Retrieved June

10, 2000, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/277031.stm

Article from an online encyclopedia

Bergman, P. G., & Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (1994-1999). Relativity.

Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved August 4, 1999, from

http://search.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=117376&sctn=1

Document on an academic department Web site

Gordon, C. H., Simmons, P., & Wynn, G. (2001). Plagiarism: What it is, and how to

avoid it. Retrieved July 24, 2001, from Biology Program Guide 2001/2002 at the

University of British Columbia Web site:

http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/bpg/plagiarism.htm

Dissertations from an online database

Embar-Seddon, A. R. (2000). Perceptions of violence in the emergency department

[Abstract]. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61(02), 776A. Retrieved August 23,

2001, from http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit9963641

Government report obtained online

U.S. Public Health Service. (2000). Report of the surgeon general's conference on

children's mental health: A national section agenda. Washington, DC: U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved August 25, 2001, from

http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/chilreport.htm

APA Style Examples Page 6 of 8

WWW RESOURCES …. Continued

Report on a private organization's Web site

Nike, Inc. (2001) Annual Report 2001. Retrieved September 13, 2001, from

http://www.nike.com

Technical or research report

University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health and Aging. (1996, November).

Chronic care in America: A 21st century challenge. Retrieved September 9, 2000,

from http://www.rwjf.org/library/chrcare

Articles with no author and/or publication date available

Computer based ergonomics. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2001, from

http://www.ergoweb.com

United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). 1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing

statistics. Retrieved December 8, 1999, from

http://www.ussc.gov/annrpt/1997/sbtoc97.htm

Greater Hattiesburg Civic Awareness Group, Task Force on Sheltered Programs. (n.d.).

Fund-raising efforts. Retrieved November 10, 2001, from

http://www.hattiesburgcag.org

APA Style Examples Page 7 of 8

Print sources Electronic sources In-text citations & direct quotes

IN-TEXT CITATIONS & DIRECT QUOTATIONSIN-TEXT CITATIONS & DIRECT QUOTATIONS

PPaaggee nnuummbbeerrss wweerree aaddddeedd iinn ssoommee ccaasseess ttoo ddeemmoonnssttrraattee ddiirreecctt qquuootteess.. One work/one author

Nathan (1999) observes that…

or

An earlier work on democracy in China (Nathan, 1990, p. 28) points out that...

One work/ More than two authors

first citation: Marquart, Olson, and Sorensen (1994) concluded...

subsequent first citation: Marquart et al (1994) concluded...

in subsequent citations after first citation, same paragraph: Marquart et al concluded...

six or more authors, first and subsequent citations: Roeder et al. (1967) proposed... Groups as authors (use of acronyms)

first in-text citation: (American Hospital Association [AHA], 1993)

subsequent in-text citations: (AHA, 1993)

No author/ anonymous author

New definitions for scientific terms now include debated concepts (Webster’s ninth, 1988)

According to the polls, public opinion is split on several issues ("Southpaws," 1999, p. 13)

Multiple works cited in one parenthesis

Several works (Nathan, 1990; Ross & Dewdney, 1998) demonstrate...

Recent reports (American Medical Association [AMA], 2003, 2004, in press)

Specific parts (page, section, paragraph), print/electronic documents

A recent work on organizational behavior (Mitchell & Larson, 1987, p. 33)...

The analysis on trends in domestic violence (Cole, 1999, chap. 3) shows...

The Great Ape Project [GAP] has stirred controversy in the UK (Kirby, 1999, Shared Path

section, para. 6).

Personal communication (interview, email, memo, phone conversation etc.)

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal

communication, November 3, 2002).

George Soros outlined several problems (personal communication, October 23, 1966)...

A recent memo (Michael Smith, personal communication, September 20, 2004)...

Direct quotes, various forms Direct quotation with author’s name in text:

Marino (1999) disagrees with the common definitions of leadership and management, and

offered the following explanation: In my opinion, managers and leaders have significantly

different personalities and there should be no confusion about what those differences are, or

how the functions performed by managers and leaders differ. There are many simpler, shorter,

starker, and more significant ways to describe those innate differences. (p. 10)

APA Style Examples Page 8 of 8

Direct quotation with author’s name in parentheses:

In contrast to commonly held definitions, "managers and leaders have significantly different

personalities and there should be no confusion about what those differences are, or how the

functions performed by managers and leaders differ" (Marino, 1999, p. 10).

Direct quotation in text (40 words or fewer)

Kirby (1999) reports that some critics have accused activists in the Great Ape Project of

"exaggerating the supposed similarities of the apes [to humans] to stop their use in

experiments" (Shared Path section, para. 6).

Block quotation (40 words or more)

Kirby (1999) reports on the controversy surrounding the proposed rights for apes:

Dr. Goodall says GAP is not about human rights, but about starting to extend to other

species "certain basic rights that we extend to the human family". Some say that,

because the apes look like us, we cease to be objective and start seeing similarities

where none exist. Others believe GAP is exaggerating the supposed similarities of the

apes to stop their use in experiments. Some of these counter arguments are featured in

this week's New Scientist. (Shared Path section, para. 4)

For further reference, consult: American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th

ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Rev. 10/08.