formal research paper

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The American Psychological Association (APA) publishes a citation style used primarily in Behavioral and Social Science disciplines for documenting sources in a text. Why do we cite?

 To give credit to others for their ideas, words, and images

 To lend credibility to our arguments  To connect our ideas to other writers’ ideas in our field  To provide readers with sources that they can use for

their own projects When do we cite?

 When we quote other writers’ words  When we paraphrase (i.e., using our own words to

explain someone else’s ideas)  When we use another writers’ tables, graphs, or

images What do I do if the information I need is not contained in this packet?

 Work with a Writing Center consultant  Check the APA Handbook, 7h Edition

Where in the paper do I put my citations?

 You need to cite your sources both inside of your text and in a References page located at the end of your paper.

APA Style

7th

Edition

OTHER HELPFUL HANDOUTS

 USING SOURCES

 QUOTING/ PARAPHRASING/ SUMMARIZING

 WRITING LITERATURE REVIEWS

VIDEOS ON OUR WEBSITE

 APA STYLE

 WRITING WITH SOURCES

 PREVENTING PLAGIARISM

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In-text Citation

Incorporating Sources APA (2020) provides a helpful guideline and example for following their guidelines and making good rhetorical choices: repeat a citation (see Section 8.1), repeat the entire citation; do not, for example, include only a page number appear within a single paragraph

American Psychological Association [APA] (2020). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165

Author name and year in the narrative

No citation is necessary in this sentence because the source is clear

Guideline Narrative example Parenthetical example

One or two authors:

Include the author or authors

name(s) and the year of the

publication.

Oswal (2015) recommends

building access into online

course design at the

beginning of the process.

Online course designers

should start the development

process with access in mind

(Oswal, 2015).

Three or more authors:

Use the last name of the first

author, follow with “et al.”

and the year.

Brizee et al. (2009) remind

educational website

developers that users are the

ultimate authority in

assessing the effectiveness

of a learning object, tool, or

lesson.

Users, in this case students,

are the ultimate authority in

assessing the effectiveness

of an online object, tool, or

lesson (Brizee et al., 2009).

Organization as author:

Write out the organization’s

full name the first time it is

used and include the

acronym. Use the acronym

for any subsequent uses of

the source.

The Association of

Departments of English

(ADE, 2011) found that the

four most common required

courses for MA in English

degrees nationally are

research methods, literary

theory, American literature,

and British literature.

The four most common

required courses for the MA

in English degree nationally

are research methods,

literary theory, American

literature, and British

literature (Association of

Departments of English

[ADE], 2011).

No author listed: Use the

title, or shortened title, of

the work in place of author

name. Note that using

sources with no author can

raise credibility issues.

Websites such as “#Alt-

academy” (2011) have

started discussions about

alternative career paths for

graduate students in

humanities.

A starting place to discuss

alternatives to tenure-track

employment is literature

about “alternate academic”

careers (e.g. #Alt-academy,”

2011).

Citing information found

in another source:

Include the source you have,

preceded by “as cited in.”

Whenever possible, you

should find the original

source and cite it directly.

Wright’s report (as cited

in Bragdon, 2013)

emphasized the importance

of increased hydration in the

prevention of obesity.

Increasing hydration is

important in preventing

obesity (Wright, as cited in

Bragdon, 2013).

Direct quotation or

paraphrase: Follow the

appropriate guidelines above

and indicate the location in

the text, often a page

number, where the words

are located.

According to Doe (2011), one

of the paradoxes of

democracy is that “individual

freedom is possible when

there is discipline regulated

by the society” (p. 23).

Mentorship is not only an

individual’s responsibility

because “ethical mentorship

requires ongoing institutional

and interpersonal

efforts” (CCCC, 2019, para.

2).

APA provides two options for citing cite sources in text: narrative style and parenthetical style. Both require the author name(s) and date.

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References Entries

Author, A. A. (year or date). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number (issue number), page numbers. https://doi.org/xx or https:/xx Examples McCauley, S. M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2019). Language learning as language use: A cross- linguistic model of child language development. Psychological Review, 126 (1), 1-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126 Goldman, C. (2018, November 28). The complicated calibration of love, especially in adoption. Chicago Tribune. Bustillos, M. (2013, March 19). On video games and storytelling: An interview with Tom Bissell. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/ on-video-games-and-story-telling-an-interview-with-tom-bissell

Author, A. A. (year). Title of book. Publisher name. https://doi.org/xx or https:/xx Examples Brown, L. S. (2018). Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000 Aristotle. (1994). Poetics (S. H. Butcher, Trans.). The Internet Classics Archive. http:// classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.html (Original work published ca. 350 B.C.E.)

Author, A. A. (year). Title of chapter. In E.E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pages). Publisher Name. https://doi.org/xx or https:/xx Example Weinstock, R., Leong, G. B. & Silva, J. A. (2003). Defining forensic psychiatry: Roles and responsibilities. In R. Rosner (Ed.), Principles and practice of forensic psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 7-13). CRC Press.

Author A. A. (date). Title of work. Site name. https:/xx or Retrieved date, from https:/xx Examples U.S. Census Bureau (n. d.) U.S. and world population clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved July 3, 2019, from https://www.census.gov/popclock/ World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and answers on immunization and vaccine safety. https://www.who.int/features/qa/84/en  When the author and site name are the same, omit site name.

Periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers, newsletters, and blogs)

Books and Reference Works (authored books, edited books, anthologies, religious and classical works)

Edited Book Chapters and Entries in Reference Works

Webpages and Websites

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References Page

15

References

Aristotle. (1994). Poetics (S. H. Butcher, Trans.). The Internet Classics Archive. http://

classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.html (Original work published ca. 350 B.C.E.)

Brown, L. S. (2018). Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000

Bustillos, M. (2013, March 19). On video games and storytelling: An interview with

Tom Bissell. The New Y orker. https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/

on-video-games-and-story-telling-an-interview-with-tom-bissell

Goldman, C. (2018, November 28). The complicated calibration of love, especially in

adoption. Chicago Tribune.

McCauley, S. M., & Christiansen, M. H. (2019). Language learning as language use: A cross-

linguistic model of child language development. Psychological Review, 126(1), 1-51.

https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000126

Weinstock, R., Leong, G. B. & Silva, J. A. (2003). Defining forensic psychiatry: Roles and

responsibilities. In R. Rosner (Ed.), Principles and practice of forensic

psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 7-13). CRC Press.

World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and answers on immunization

and vaccine safety. https://www.who.int/features/qa/84/en/

 Each source cited in-text must appear on the references page(s).  Start on a new page and include the page number.  If you are writing a professional paper for publication and using a running head, include it.  Title the page “References,” formatted bold and centered.  Alphabetize entries.  Double-space all text.