Assignment

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

APA

Revised for 7th Edition

King Graduate School, Fall 2020

Last updated September 2020 (adapted from Purdue University, 2020)

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Table of Contents Utilizing Level Headers 1

In-Text Citations: The Basics 2

APA Citation Basics 2

In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining 3

Short Quotations 3

Long Quotations 4

Summary or Paraphrase 5

In-Text Citations: Author/Authors 5

Citing an Author or Authors 5

A Work by Two Authors 5

A Work by Three or More Authors 5

Unknown Author 6

Organization as an Author 6

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses 7

Authors with the Same Last Name 7

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year 7

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords 7

Personal Communication 7

Citing Indirect Sources 8

Electronic Sources 8

Unknown Author and Unknown Date 8

Sources Without Page Numbers 8

Reference List 9

Basic Rules for Most Sources 9

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals 9

References by Number of Authors 10

Single Author 10

Two Authors 10

Three to Twenty Authors 11

More Than Twenty Authors 11

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Group Author 11

Unknown Author 12

Two or More Works by the Same Authors 13

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year 14

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords 15

Reference List: Print 15

Books by One Author 15

Edited Book, No Author 15

Edited Book with an Author or Authors 16

Edition Other Than the First 16

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book 16

Entry in a Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author 16

Reference List: Electronic Sources 17

Online Scholarly Journal Article: Citing DOIs 17

Article from an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned 17

Article from an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned 18

Newspaper/Magazine Article 18

Electronic or Kindle Books 18

Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author 18

Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides 19

Blog Post 19

Webpage or Piece of Online Content with Author 19

Webpage or Piece of Online Content with an Organization but No Author 19

Webpage or Piece of Online Content without an Author/Organization 20

Webpage or Piece of Online Content without a Date 20

Example of Article with a DOI 21

Help with Formatting 21

Creating the Optional Running Head 21

Creating a Hanging Indentation 22

Sample Paper 23

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Utilizing Level Headers

When writing a paper, sometimes it is necessary to divide major components of your research to clearly present your findings to your reader (see example below). For example, the basic components of a research paper that usually requires division using level headers are: Literature Review, Discussion, and Conclusion. While the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition (2019, p. 48), offers up to five levels of headings, it is unlikely you will go beyond a Level Three in KG 601 or KG 602.

APA Headings

Level Format

1 Centered, Boldface, Title Case Heading

Text starts a new paragraph.

2 Flush left, Boldface, Title Case Heading

Text starts a new paragraph.

3 Flush Left, Boldface Italic, Title Case Heading

Text starts a new paragraph.

4 Indented, Boldface Title Case Heading Ending with a Period. Paragraph

text continues on the same line as the same paragraph.

5 Indented, Boldface Italic, Title Case Heading Ending with a

Period. Paragraph text continues on the same line as the same paragraph.

(Purdue University, 2020a)

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Discussion

Begin writing about what you will discuss and introduce the various elements to be

discussed and analyzed.

Limitations

Under such a heading, you would introduce and discuss your limitations. You will be the

one to decide how many paragraphs will be written here, as every paper and every study will

vary in length.

Technological Limitations

Then here, you will begin your paragraph that will discuss the particular type of

limitation. Once you are finished with your discussion section, the next overall component of

your paper will come after this section. It is a useful tip to establish your headers prior to writing

your paper, so you can better organize your work.

Conclusion

In-Text Citations: The Basics (Purdue University, 2020c)

What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Note: APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research, for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found...

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or

SAMPLE HEADINGS

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making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.

On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.

All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining

• Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.

• If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.

(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)

• When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural- Born Cyborgs.

• Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo."

• Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends.

• Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short Quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication,

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and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by the en dash).

You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Long Quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

See below for examples (University of Southern California, 2020):

Example 1

Accord to Siegel and Hartzell (2004)

Trauma and loss requires an understanding of the low road and its connection to patterns of experiences from the past. The passing of unresolved issues from generation to generation produces and perpetuates unnecessary emotional suffering. If our own issues remain unresolved, there is a strong possibility that the disorganization within our minds can create disorganization in our children’s minds. (p. 183)

Your paragraph would then continue to be written here, flushed to the left margin to align with “According to Siegel and Hartzell (2004).” Notice how it creates an indentation pattern

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similar to a hanging indentation. Your spacing, of course, will be APA compliant.

Example 2

Your paragraph will be written here, but since you may not choose to include a signal phrase such as “according to,” you would get right into the long quotation like below.

During gestation, the numerous genes in the nucleus of each cell become expressed and the genes determine what proteins become produced and when and how to shape the body’s structure. In utero brain development enables neurons to grow and move to their proper locations in the skull and begin to set up the interconnections that create the circuitry of this complex organ of the nervous system. (Siegel & Hartzell, 2004)

Your paragraph would then continue to be written here. Notice that the authors’ last names are included within parentheses because no signal phrase was used to introduce the long quotation, and notice the end period goes before the parenthetical citation. This is unusual and an exception to the rule, as it normally follows the parenthetical citation.

Summary or Paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work.

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

In-Text Citations: Author/Authors (Purdue University, 2020b)

APA style has a series of important rules on using author names as part of the author-date system. There are additional rules for citing indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers.

Citing an Author or Authors

A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.

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Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

A Work by Three or More Authors: List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources.

(Kernis et al., 1993)

Kernis et al. (1993) suggest...

In et al., et should not be followed by a period. Only "al" should be followed by a period.

If you’re citing multiple works with similar groups of authors, and the shortened “et al” citation form of each source would be the same, you’ll need to avoid ambiguity by writing out more names. If you cited works with these authors:

Jones, Smith, Liu, Huang, and Kim (2020)

Jones, Smith, Ruiz, Wang, and Stanton (2020)

They would be cited in-text as follows to avoid ambiguity:

(Jones, Smith, Liu, et al., 2020)

(Jones, Smith, Ruiz, et al., 2020)

Since et al. is plural, it should always be a substitute for more than one name. In the case that et al. would stand in for just one author, write the author’s name instead.

Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. APA style calls for capitalizing important words in titles when they are written in the text (but not when they are written in reference lists).

A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using Citations," 2001).

Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.

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Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source, just as you would an individual person.

According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, you may include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. However, if you cite work from multiple organizations whose abbreviations are the same, do not use abbreviations (to avoid ambiguity).

First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)

Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list (viz., alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon.

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

If you cite multiple works by the same author in the same parenthetical citation, give the author’s name only once and follow with dates. No date citations go first, then years, then in-press citations.

(Smith, n.d., 1995, 2002, in press)

Authors with the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.

(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.

Research by Berndt (1981a) revealed strong correlations. However, a parallel study (Berndt, 1981b) resulted in inconclusive findings.

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords: When citing an Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterwords in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as usual.

(Funk & Kolln, 1992)

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Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).

Citing Indirect Sources

Generally, writers should endeavor to read primary sources (original sources) and cite those rather than secondary sources (works that report on original sources). Sometimes, however, this is impossible. If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. If you know the year of the original source, include it in the citation.

Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

(Johnson, 1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

Electronic Sources

If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.

Kenneth (2000) explained...

Unknown Author and Unknown Date

If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").

Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

Sources Without Page Numbers

When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading.

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According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).

Note: Never use the page numbers of webpages you print out; different computers print webpages with different pagination. Do not use Kindle location numbers; instead, use the page number (available in many Kindle books) or the method above.

Reference List

Basic Rules for Most Sources (Purdue University, 2020e)

• All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation (see p. 22)

• All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first). • Authors' first and middle names should be written as initials.

o For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith would begin with "Smith, J. M."

o If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name: "Smith, J." • Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up to and

including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six authors). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then add the final author’s name.

• Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.

• For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.

• When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.

o Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules. See section below.

• Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of newspapers, and so on).

• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals (Purdue University, 2020d)

• Present journal titles in full. • Italicize journal titles. • Maintain any nonstandard punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its

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title. o For example, you should use PhiloSOPHIA instead of Philosophia, or Past &

Present instead of Past and Present. • Capitalize all major words in the titles of journals. Note that this differs from the rule

for titling other common sources (like books, reports, webpages, and so on) described above.

o This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources' titles do not.

• Capitalize the first word of the titles and subtitles of journal articles, as well as the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and any proper nouns.

• Do not italicize or underline the article title. • Do not enclose the article title in quotes.

o So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled "Deep Blue: The Mysteries of the Marianas Trench" that was published in the journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the article title as follows:

§ Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench. o ...but you would write the journal title as follows:

§ Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication

References by Number of Authors

The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APA- style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.).

Single Author Last name first, followed by author initials.

Brown, E. (2013). Comedy and the feminine middlebrow novel. Pickering & Chatto.

In-text citation:

(Brown, 2013)

According to Brown (2013)…

Two Authors

List by their last names and initials. Separate author names with a comma. Use the ampersand instead of "and."

Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and

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predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117- 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096

In-text citation:

(Soto & John, 2017)

According to Soto and John (2017)…

Three to Twenty Authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand. This is a departure from APA 6, which only required listing the first six authors before an ellipsis and the final author's name.

Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019). Metamotivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level construal in goal-relevant task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(5), 879-899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166

In-text citation:

(Nguyen et al., 2019)

According to Nguyen et al. (2019)…

More Than Twenty Authors

List by last names and initials; commas separate author names. After the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author's name (do not place an ampersand before it). There should be no more than twenty names in the citation in total.

Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., . . . Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1

In-text citation:

(Pegion et al., 2019)

According to Pegion et al. (2019)…

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Group Author

Group authors can include corporations, government agencies, organizations, etc; and a group may publish in coordination with individuals. Here, you simply treat the publishing organization the same way you'd treat the author's name and format the rest of the citation as normal. Be sure to give the full name of the group author in your reference list, although abbreviations may be used in your text.

Entries in reference works ( e.g. dictionaries, thesauruses, and encyclopedias) without credited authors are also considered works with group authors.

Merriam-Webster. (2008). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.

In-text citation:

(Merriam-Webster, 2008)

According to Merriam-Webster (2008)…

When a work has multiple layers of group authorship (e.g. The Office of the Historian, which is a part of the Department of State, publishes something), list the most specific agency as the author and the parent agency as the publisher.

Burea of International Organization Affairs. (2018). U.S. contributions to international organizations, 2017 [Annual report]. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-contributions-to-international-organizations/

In-text citation:

(Bureau of International Organization Affairs, 2018)

According to Bureau of International Organization Affairs (2018)…

Unknown Author

When the work does not have an author move the title of the work to the beginning of the references and follow with the date of publication. Only use “Anonymous” if the author is the work is signed “Anonymous.” This is a new addition to APA 7.

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Merriam-Webster.

In-text citation:

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(Merriam-Webster’s, 2003)

According to Merriam Webster’s (2003)…

NOTE: When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the source's title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and italics as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the source above would appear as above and as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 2003).

Two or More Works by the Same Author

Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first). List references with no dates before references with dates.

Urcuioli, P. J. (n.d.).

Urcuioli, P. J. (2011).

Urcuioli, P. J. (2015).

When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first.

Agnew, C. R. (Ed.). (2014). Social influences on romantic relationships: Beyond the dyad. Cambridge University Press.

In-text citation:

(Agnew, 2014)

According to Agnew (2014)…

Agnew, C. R., & South, S. C. (Eds.). (2014). Interpersonal relationships and health: Social and clinical psychological mechanisms. Oxford University Press.

In-text citation:

(Agnew & South, 2014)

According to Agnew and South (2014)…

References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same.

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(see next page)

Arriaga, X. B., Capezza, N. M., Reed, J. T., Wesselman, E. D., & Williams, K. D. (2014). With partners like you, who needs strangers?: Ostracism involving a romantic partner. Personal Relationships, 21(4), 557-569.

In-text citation:

(Arriage, Capezza, et al., 2014)

According to Arrieage, Capezza et al. (2014)…

Arriaga, X. B., Kumashiro, M., Finkel, E. J., VanderDrift, L. E., & Luchies, L. B. (2014). Filling the void: Bolstering attachment security in committed relationships. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 398-405.

In-text citation:

(Arriaga, Kumashiro, et al., 2014)

According to Arriaga, Kumashiro et al. (2014)…

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

If you are using more than one reference by the same author—or the same group of authors listed in the same order—published in the same year, first check to see if they have more specific dates (this recommendation is new to APA 7). Works with only a year should be listed before those with a more specific date. List specific dates chronologically. If two works have the same publication date, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter. If references with the same date are identified as parts of a series (e.g. Part 1 and Part 2), list them in order of their place in the series. Then assign letter suffixes to the year. Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your reference list, e.g.: "Berndt (2004a) makes similar claims..."

Berndt, T. J. (2004a). Children’s friendships: Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 50(3), 206-223.

In-text citation:

(Berndt, 2004a)

According to Berndt (2004a)…

Berndt, T. J. (2004b). Friendship and three A’s (aggression, adjustment, and attachment). Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88(1), 1-4.

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In-text citation:

(Berndt, 2004b)

According to Berndt (2004b)…

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

Cite the publishing information about a book as usual, but cite Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword (whatever title is applicable) as the chapter of the book.

Lang, J. M. (2018). Introduction. In Dujardin, G., Lang, J. M., & Staunton, J. A. (Eds.), Teaching the literature survey course (pp. 1-8). West Virginia University Press.

In-text citation:

(Lang, 2018)

Lang’s (2018) research suggests…

Reference List: Print (Purdue University, 2020f)

Tips:

• Capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns. Include any additional information such as edition, or volume number.

• In the publication information, write out in full the names of associations, corporations and university presses. Include the words “Book” or “Press” but do not include the terms “Publisher,” “Company” or “Inc.”

Books by One Author

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name.

Jones, A.P. (1988). Myths concerning planet earth. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Edited Book, No Author Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital

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letter also for subtitle. Publisher. Leitch, M. G., & Rushton, C. J. (Eds.). (2019). A new companion to

Malory. D. S. Brewer.

Edited Book with an Author or Authors Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter

also for subtitle (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher. Malory, T. (2017). Le morte darthur (P. J. C. Field, Ed.). D. S.

Brewer. (Original work published 1469-70) Edition Other Than the First

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also

for subtitle (# edition). Publisher. Belcher, W. (2019). Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A

guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher.

Note: When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however, does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references. List any edition number in the same set of parentheses as the page numbers, separated by a comma: (2nd ed., pp. 66-72).

Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new companion to Malory (pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer.

Entry in a Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author

The 7th edition of the APA manual does not provide specific guidance on how to cite physical reference works such as dictionaries, thesauruses, or encyclopedias. Therefore, this citation, as well as the one for an individual author of an entry in a reference work, is modeled on that of a

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chapter in an edited book or anthology, both which are similar in format to reference works.

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher name.

Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.

Reference List: Electronic Sources (Purdue University, 2020g)

Some electronic citations necessitate the use of brackets. APA style dictates that brackets should directly surround their content without spaces (e.g., [bracketed content] should look like this). When possible, include the year, month, and date in references. If the month and date are not available, use the year of publication. Additionally, APA 7thedition no longer requires the use of “Retrieved from” before URLs or DOIs.

The following contains a list of the most commonly cited electronic sources. For a complete list of how to cite electronic sources, please refer to the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual.

Online Scholarly Journal Article: Citing DOIs

Please note: Because online materials can potentially change URLs, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL. DOIs are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many—but not all—publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page of the document.

Note also that some online bibliographies provide an article's DOI but may "hide" the code under a button which may read "Article" or may be an abbreviation of a vendor's name like "CrossRef" or "PubMed." This button will usually lead the user to the full article which will include the DOI. Find DOIs from print publications or ones that go to dead links with doi.org's "Resolve a DOI" function, available on the site's home page.

APA 7 also advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even when using the print source.

Article from an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned

Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Vol.(Issue), page numbers. DOI

(see next page)

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Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2006). Development and validation of the active empathetic listening scale. Psychology & Marketing, 23(2), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105

Article from an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned

If an online scholarly journal article has no DOI and is published on a website, include the URL. If an online scholarly article has no DOI and is published on a database, do not include a URL or any database information. The only exception is for databases that publish articles that are in limited circulation (like ERIC) or that are only available on that particular database (like UpToDate). You should also include the date that you accessed the article.

Perreault, L. (2019). Obesity in adults: Role of physical activity and exercise. UpToDate. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-role-of-physical- activity-and-exercise

Newspaper/Magazine Article

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL

Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies about the end of America. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best-music-of- 2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end-of- america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html

Electronic or Kindle Books

It is not necessary to note that you have used an eBook or audiobook when the content is the same as a physical book. However, you should distinguish between the eBook or audiobook and the print version if the content is different or abridged, or if you would like to cite the narrator of an audiobook.

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. URL

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book [eBook edition]. Publisher. URL

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

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Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author

Note: An online dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia may be continuously updated and therefore not include a publication date (like in the example below). If that’s the case, use “n.d.” for the date and include the retrieval date in the citation.

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. URL

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 13, 2020, from https://www.merriam- webster.com/dictionary/braggadocio

Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides

When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document).

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc]. Publisher. URL

Smith, C. (2017, October 13). AI and machine learning demystified [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/carologic/ai-and-machine- learning-demystified-by-carol-smith-at-midwest-ux-2017

Blog Post (Not all blog posts are considered appropriate for academic use. If you are unsure, feel free to ask your professor or a staff member at the Graduate Research Center or KGS Academic Center.)

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher. URL

Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of Versailles and its rejection of racial equality. Code Switch, NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a- century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality

Webpage or Piece of Online Content with Author

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01

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Webpage or Piece of Online Content with an Organization but No Author

If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the group/organization as the author. Additionally, if the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the citation.

Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40- dogfighting-victims

Webpage or Piece of Online Content without an Author/Organization

If the page's author is not listed, start with the title instead. Additionally, include a retrieval date when the page's content is likely to change over time.

Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/

Webpage or Piece of Online Content without a Date

If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.).

Author or Group name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name (if applicable). URL

National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions

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Example of Article with a DOI

Help with Formatting

Create a Running Head (optional for student version, APA 7th edition) using Microsoft Word

The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.

To add a running head in Microsoft Word:

Double click in the header area at the top of the document.

2. Click on the “Insert” tab, then click on “Page Number” to see the drop-down menu.

3. From the drop-down menu, select “Top of Page,” then “Plain Number 3.”

4. Your cursor will be directly in front of the number 1. Begin to type à A SHORTENED

VERSION OF YOUR TITLE IN ALL CAPITAL LETTERS and hit the SPACE button

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once.

5. Highlight everything, and change font to 12 pt., Times New Roman.

6. Click after your last capital letter typed of your running head, and hit the tab button once

or twice until your running head is flushed to the left.

Create a Hanging Indent on your References Page (Baker College, 2017).

1. Highlight your References list.

On the Home tab, click on the arrow in the lower right hand corner of Paragraph.

In the Indentation section of the box, use the drop down menu under Special to

choose Hanging.

4. Click OK.

(Baker College, 2017)

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SAMPLE PAPER

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References

Baker College. (2017, August 9). How do I indent my references in Microsoft Word? Baker

library. http://askus.baker.edu/a.php?qid=82678

Purdue University. (2020a). APA headings and seriation. Purdue online writing lab.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_g

uide/apa_headings_and_seriation.html

Purdue University. (2020b). In-text citations: Authors/authors. Purdue online writing lab.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_g

uide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html

Purdue University. (2020c). In-text citations: The basics. Purdue online writing lab.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_g

uide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html

Purdue University. (2020d). Reference list: Articles in periodicals. Purdue online writing lab.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_g

uide/reference_list_articles_in_periodicals.html

Purdue University. (2020e). Reference list: Basic rules. Purdue online writing lab.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_g

uide/reference_list_basic_rules.html

Purdue University. (2020f). Reference list: Books. Purdue online writing lab.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_g

uide/reference_list_books.html

AVOID PLAGIARISM BY CITING YOUR SOURCES

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Purdue University. (2020g). Reference list: Electronic sources. Purdue online writing lab.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_g

uide/reference_list_electronic_sources.html

University of Southern California. (2020, March 24). Research guides. USC libraries.

https://libguides.usc.edu/APA7th/blockquotes