research paper

APA Style 7th Edition

Quick Guide

Type of Citation Narrative Citations, First Citation in Text

Narrative Citations, Subsequent Citations in Text

Parenthetical Format, First Citation in Text

Parenthetical Format, Subsequent Citations in Text

1 work by 1 author Siegel (2004) Siegel (2004) (Siegel, 2004) (Siegel, 2004)

1 work by 2 authors Hunt and Wilkins (2007) Hunt and Wilkins (2007) (Hunt & Wilkins, 2007) (Hunt & Wilkins, 2007)

1 work by 3 or more authors

Baxter et al. (2005) Baxter et al. (2005) (Baxter et al., 2005) (Baxter et al., 2005)

Groups (readily identi- fied through abbrevia- tions) as authors

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2007)

CDC (2007) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2007)

(CDC, 2007)

Groups (no abbrevia- tion) as authors

University of Southern California (2010)

University of Southern California (2010)

(University of Southern California, 2010)

(University of South- ern California, 2010)

2 or more works

Harlow (1999) and Smith (2001)

Harlow (1999) and Smith (2001)

(Harlow, 1999; Smith, 2001)

(Harlow, 1999; Smith, 2001)

2 or more works by 1 author in the same year

Jones (2009a) Jones (2009b)

Jones (2009a) Jones (2009b)

(Jones, 2009a) (Jones, 2009b)

(Jones, 2009a) (Jones, 2009b)

Work with no author "Understanding infor- mation overload" (n.d.)

"Understanding infor- mation overload" (n.d.)

("Understanding infor- mation overload," n.d.)

("Understanding in- formation overload," n.d.)

Secondary Source with year of primary source

Freud (1916) ... (as cit- ed in Jones, 2003)

Freud (1916) ... (as cited in Jones, 2003)

(Freud, 1916, as cited in Jones, 2003)

(Freud, 1916, as cited in Jones, 2003)

Secondary Source without year of prima- ry source

Freud (as cited in Jones, 2003)

Freud (as cited in Jones, 2003)

(Freud, as cited in Jones, 2003)

(Freud, as cited in Jones, 2003)

Personal Communica- tion (Do not include in Reference page)

J.Smith (personal com- munication, March 19, 2016)

J.Smith (personal com- munication, March 19, 2016)

(J. Smith, personal com- munication, March 19, 2016)

(J. Smith, personal communication, March 19, 2016)

Court Decision Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

(Brown v. Board of Edu- cation, 1954)

(Brown v. Board of Education, 1954)

Federal Statue Violence Against Wom- en (1994)

Violence Against Wom- en (1994)

(Violence Against Wom- en, 1994)

(Violence Against Women, 1994)

In-Text Citations Quick View

APA Style

The Publication Manual of the American Psycho-

logical Association, 7th edition is used by social sci-

ence disciplines. The APA manual sets the rules on

how to format a research paper, formatting of the

sources used, and how information should be pre-

sented.

In-Text Citations Appear in the body of your paper, and identify the

source of an idea or quotation. In-text citations

typically include WHO (author) and WHEN

(publication year).

If a source doesn’t have a publication date, use

“n.d.” for “no date.”

Direct quotes also include the specific location of

the quote. Typically it’s “p. #” for page number, but

may deviate based on source type.

In-text citations have two style options. Narrative

citations include the author as part of the narrative

but place the year of publication in parentheses

next to the author and page number at the end of a

direct quote in it’s own set of parentheses. Paren-

thetical citations place author, year and page num-

ber (where applicable) at the end of a idea or quote

within parentheses.

Source Type In-text Citation Reference List

Book with one author (Richardson, 1999). Richardson, V. (1999). Teaching gerontological social work: A compendium of model

syllabi. Council on Social Work Education.

Chapter from an edited

book

(Rappaport, 1999). Rappaport, B. A. (1999). On-site school-based mental health clinics: 15 years of expe-

rience in Orange County, California. In A.H. Esman, & L. T. Flaherty, (Eds.), Adolescent

psychiatry: Development and clinical studies, (pp. 91-100). The Analytic Press.

Organization/corporation

as author

(American Psycho-

logical Association

[APA], 2020).

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Journal article with doi (Fink & Hummel,

2015).

Fink, J., & Hummel, M. (2015). With educational benefits for all: Campus inclusion

through learning communities designed for underserved student populations. New

Directions for Student Services, 2015(149), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/ss.20115

Online newspaper article (Logan, 2014). Logan, T. (2014, December 21). Highland Park residents feel the squeeze of gentrifi-

cation. The Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/la-fi-

highland-park-renters-20141221-story.html

Thesis, from a commercial

database

(Nicometo, 2015). Nicometo, D. N. (2015). Increasing international education to develop culturally com-

petent social workers: Social media recommendations for social work abroad pro-

gram 501(c)3 (Order No. 1597712). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses

Global. (1717577238).

Multiple pages from the

same website, organization

as author

(American Psycho-

logical Association

[APA], 2019a)

(APA, 2019b).

(APA, 2019c).

American Psychological Association. (2019a). Careers in psychology. https:// www.apa.org/careers/index

American Psychological Association. (2019b). Psychology topics. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/topics/index

American Psychological Association. (2019c). About APA. https://www.apa.org/

about/index

Reference Examples

Additional Resources from USC Libraries

 APA Publication Manual, 7th edition. Doheny Memorial Library BOOKSTACKS BF76.7 .P83

 APA Style Guide, 7th edition: https://libguides.usc.edu/APA7th

Academic Integrity Academic honesty is essential to an

university community’s purpose and

pursuits. Thus, academic integrity is

expected of all USC students. A stu-

dent’s academic work and conduct

should always represent the stu-

dent’s personal effort and thus be

above reproach. Those who are

dishonest impair their own intellec-

tual and personal growth and devel-

opment and undermine the integri-

ty of the community that nurtures

them.

Reference List

 Starts on a new page after the

body of your paper titled Refer-

ences (before appendix)

 References follow a Who,

When, What and Where for-

mat.

 Includes ALL sources cited and

quoted within your paper

(except personal communica-

tion or interviews)

 Listed alphabetically by first

author

 Only authors last name and

initials are provided

 Pay attention to capitalization

and proper use of ¡Italics.