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Welcome to the Purdue OWL

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must

include the entire legal notice.

rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or

redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and

conditions of fair use.

General Format Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which

released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here

(../../apa6_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html).

Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA.

To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart

of all APA citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart

(https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/citation_style_chart.html).

You can also watch our APA vidcast series (http://www.youtube.com/playlist?

list=PL8F43A67F38DE3D5D&feature=edit_ok) on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel

(http://www.youtube.com/user/OWLPurdue).

General APA Guidelines

Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1"

margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the “running head”) at the top of

every page. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number. For a

student paper, this only includes the page number. To create a page header/running head,

insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left

using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot

exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.

Font

The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual requires that the chosen font be accessible (i.e.,

legible) to all readers and that it be used consistently throughout the paper. It acknowledges that

many font choices are legitimate, and it advises writers to check with their publishers, instructors,

or institutions for guidance in cases of uncertainty.

Page 1 of 6General Format // Purdue Writing Lab

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While the APA Manual does not specify a single font or set of fonts for professional writing, it

does recommend a few fonts that are widely available. These include sans serif fonts such as 11-

point Calibri, 11-point Arial, and 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode as well as serif fonts such as 12-

point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern.

Major Paper Sections

Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and

References.

Title Page

Note: APA 7 provides slightly different directions for formatting the title pages of professional

papers (e.g., those intended for scholarly publication) and student papers (e.g., those turned in for

credit in a high school or college course).

The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional

affiliation. A professional paper should also include the author note. A student paper should

also include the course number and name, instructor name, and assignment due date.

Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. The title

should be centered and written in boldface. APA recommends that your title be focused and

succinct and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title

may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be

double-spaced.

Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use

titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).

Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location

where the author(s) conducted the research.

A professional paper should include the author note beneath the institutional affiliation, in the

bottom half of the title page. This should be divided up into several paragraphs, with any

paragraphs that are not relevant omitted. The first paragraph should include the author’s name,

the symbol for the ORCID iD, and the URL for the ORCID iD. Any authors who do not have an

ORCID iD should be omitted. The second paragraph should show any change in affiliation or any

deaths of the authors. The third paragraph should include any disclosures or acknowledgements,

such as study registration, open practices and data sharing, disclosure of related reports and

conflicts of interest, and acknowledgement of financial support and other assistance. The fourth

paragraph should include contact information for the corresponding author.

A student paper should not include an author note.

Note again that page headers/page numbers (described above for professional and student

papers) also appear at the top of the title page. In other words, a professional paper's title page

will include the title of the paper flush left in all capitals and the page number flush right, while a

student paper will only contain the page number flush right.

Student APA title page

Page 2 of 6General Format // Purdue Writing Lab

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Title page for a student paper in APA 7 style.

Professional paper APA title page

Page 3 of 6General Format // Purdue Writing Lab

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Title page for a professional paper paper in APA 7 style.

Abstract

Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described

above). On the first line of the abstract page, center and bold the word “Abstract” (no italics,

underlining, or quotation marks).

Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not

indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions,

participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible

implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract

should be a single paragraph, double-spaced. Your abstract should typically be no more than 250

words.

You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you

would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your

keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases.

APA Abstract Page

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Abstract page for a student paper in APA 7 style.

Please see our Sample APA Paper (apa_sample_paper.html) resource to see an example of

an APA paper. You may also visit our Additional Resources

(https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa7_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/additional_resources.html)

page for more examples of APA papers.

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in APA

Individual Resources

The page template for the new OWL site does not include contributors' names or the page's last

edited date. However, select pages, like the Citation Style Chart

(https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/citation_style_chart.html),

still include this information.

In the absence of contributor/edit date information, treat the page as a source with a group author

and use the abbreviation "n.d." for "no date":

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Title of resource. Purdue Online Writing Lab. http://Web

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address for OWL resource

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). General Writing FAQs. Purdue Online Writing Lab.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/general_writing_faqs.html

(https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/general_writing_faqs.html)

The generic APA citation for OWL pages, which includes author/edit date information, is this:

Contributors' names. (Last edited date). Title of resource. Site Name. http://Web address for OWL

resource

Myers, M., Paiz, J., Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M.,…Keck, R.

(2019, December 20). General format. Purdue Online Writing Lab.

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html

(https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html)

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