Case study
ab143225
APA6thEd.pdf
Prepared by Lynette Carmichael
APA Style – 6th Edition References and Citations
The Learning Centre, Student Academic Success Services Fanshawe College, London ON
Times New Roman font size 12 Double-spaced (on 8.5 X 11 inch paper) Margins: 1 inch on all sides (or 2.5 cm) Beginning with title page, number pages in top right corner of each page References page and reference citations must be included
APA Title Page – SAMPLE #1:
Running head: COLLEGE STUDENT STRESS 1
Technology: Its Role in College Student Stress
Janice M. Jones
Fanshawe College
This section explains/defines the running head – OFTEN not required
at the undergraduate level as it is for
papers to be published
The words “Running head” only
appear on the first page.
Student name
Title of paper
Institution name
APA Documentation 1
Student Academic Success Services Fanshawe College
Headings Level of heading Format
1 Centred, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
2 Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
3 Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending
with a period.
4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph
heading ending with a period.
5 Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with
a period.
References The reference page identifies all sources used in a paper and is located at the end of the paper. The following details are considered when preparing your References page:
Add and centre the title References at the top of the page
Double space between ALL lines
Number this page with the rest of the paper
If reference entry is two or more lines long, indent second line 5 spaces (1/2 inch). This is called a hanging indent.
Use p. for single page number and pp. for multiple page numbers (except in periodicals)
GENERAL REFERENCE PAGE GUIDELINES:
Author(s):
Alphabetize by last names and include first name initial
If no author, use editor’s name
If neither author nor editor is available, use the source title
Separate names with commas; use ampersand (&) before the last author’s name
If two references are by the same author, include author for both, and order entries by publication date starting with the earliest date
Titles:
For titles of books, chapters, articles, etc., capitalize the first word of the title as well as pronouns and proper nouns
Any reference that is a part of a larger source (i.e. a journal article, a chapter, etc.) appears non- italicized. The larger source is italicized following the capitalization rule identified above. Note: The exception to this is journals and newspapers in which case the entire journal is title cased.
Place of Publication: Include state/province if city name is a name easily confused (i.e. London, England/London,
Ontario) or unfamiliar
APA Documentation 2
Student Academic Success Services Fanshawe College
Samples
BOOKS
One author:
Hoare, L. (1969). The rags and riches. 4th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace and World.
Two authors: Pikarton, W., & Anderson, D. (1976). Transportation policy development. New.York: Heath.
3 - 7 authors: Henderson, P. H., Dexter, W., & Collins, A. (2002). Different lifestyles. New York: Heath. More than 7 authors: Henderson, P. H., Grand, B., Frills, H., Enderson, P., Danson, R., Dexter, W., et al. (2002).
Different lifestyles. New York: Heath.
No author: Lifestyles of the new decade (2001). Ottawa: Living Publishing.
Two books by same author: Hoare, L. (1969). Money hungry. New York: Harcourt Brace and World.
Hoare, L. (1970). The rags and riches. New York: Bringly Covers.
Two authors with the same last name: Janet, P. [Paul]. (1876). La notion de la personnalité [The notion of personality]. Revue
Scientifique, 10, 574-575.
Janet, P. [Pierre]. (1906). The pathogenesis of some impulsions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1, 1-17.
Edited book: Hoare, L., & Collins, A. (Eds). (1969). The rags and riches. New York: Harcourt Brace and World.
One author & additional edition book: Hoare, L. (1969). The rags and riches (2nd ed.). New York: Bringly Covers.
Corporate, organization, or agency author: Healthy Living, Inc. (2001). Lifestyles of the new decade. Ottawa: Publishing Works.
Chapter in a book: Henderson, P. H., Dexter, W., & Collins, A. (2002). Social Life. In B.J. Smith (Ed.), Living in North
America (pp. 321-360). New York: Heath.
Last Name
First Initial
Title of Book
Place of Publication
Publisher
Year of
Publication
Edition (if present)
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Student Academic Success Services Fanshawe College
ARTICLES
One author – journal article:
Jones, L. (1999). Instructional design. Journal of Distance Education, 8(4), 45-51.
2 authors, journal article:
Curtis, C.L., & Smith, B. (1999). Instructional design. Journal of Distance Education, 10, 204-208.
3--6 authors, journal article:
Curtis, C.L., Smith, B., & Anderson, J. (1999). Instructional design. Journal of Distance Education,
10(3), 204-208.
More than 6 authors, journal article:
Curtis, C.L., Smith, B., Jones, A., Windel, H., Santos, L., Anderson, J., et al. (1999). Instructional
design. Journal of Distance Education, 10, 204-208.
One author, magazine article:
Curtis, C.L. (1999, November 4). Marriage: solve those problems. Shape, 211, 204-208.
No author, news article:
Marriage: solve those problems. (2004, July 20). The London Free Press, p.B4.
One author, newspaper article:
Henderson, M. (2001, May 1). London’s shopping. The London Free Press, pp. A3-A4.
ONLINE REFERENCES
When Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is present, URL is not required.
When DOI is not present, URL is required.
When DOI is Present
General format:
Author, A.A. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume (issue number), page number(s). doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Example:
Herbst-Damm, K.L., & Kulik, J.A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the Survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
Last Name
First Name Initial
Article Title
Artilce Title of Artilce
Journal Name
(If present)
Vol. number
Issue number
(If present)
Publication Year
Page
s
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ONLINE REFERENCES (continued)
When DOI is Not Present
General format:
Author, A.A. (date of publication). Title of article Title of Journal, volume (number), page numbers. Retrieved from URL
Example:
Sillick, T.J. & Schutte, N.S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
One author, article published in print and online: Simmons, B. (2001). Inheriting money [Electronic version]. Time, 6: 5-6.
One author and date, article in online journal: Simmons, B. (2001, March 21). Using technology. Journal of Distance Education, 25, 30-39. doi:
10.0147/0261-6122.43.3.300
Author and no date, article in online journal: Simmons, B. (n.d.). Using technology. Journal of Distance Education. Retrieved October 1, 2002,
from http:// www.JDE.com/technologies.on.ca
No author and date article in online journal: Inheriting money. (2004, August 1). How to become rich. Retrieved October 1, 2004, from
http://www.legal.com/issues.on.ca
No author, no date – stand alone document: An analysis of law. (n.d.). Retrieved October 1, 2004, from
http://www.people.com/millionaires.on.ca
One author, independent web document: Simmons, B. (2001). Inheriting money. Retrieved October 1, 2002, from http://
www.people.com/millionaires.on.ca
Electronic version of print book. Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency [DX Reader version].
Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi: 10.1036/0071393722
Electronic-only book O’Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from
http://www.onlineoriginals.com/shoitem.asp?itemID=135
University or department website: Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education. Retrieved
October 20, 2006, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
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Student Academic Success Services Fanshawe College
Journal article from an online database: Simmons, B. (2001). Inheriting money. How to become rich. 20, 31-41. Retrieved October 1, 2002,
from Proquest Direct database.
One author article in online newspaper: Simmons, B. (2004, September 21). Inheriting money. The London Free Press on the Web.
Retrieved September 22, 2004, from http://www.londonfreepress.com/ today//millionaires.html
One author, chapter or section in an internet document: Simmons, B. (2001, June 14). Inheriting money. In Becoming a millionaire (chap.4). Retrieved
October 1, 2002, from http:// www.people.com/millionaires.on.ca
Internet Government report: U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997, February). Telemedicine: Federal strategy is needed.
(Publication No. HEHS-97-67). Retrieved September 15, 2000, from General Accounting Office Reports Online via GPO Access: http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/ aces/aces160.shtml?/gao/index.html
Online abstract:
Isaac. J. D., Sansone, C., & Smith, J. L. (1999, May). Other people as a source of interest in an
activity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 239-265. Abstract retrieved June
7, 1999, from IDEAL database site http://www.europe.idealibrary.com
Online forum or discussion group message: Weylman, C. R. (2004, September 4). Make news to achieve positive press [Msg. 98]. Message
posted to http://groups.yahoo.com/group/sales-marketing-tips/message/98
Blog post: PZ Myers. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning yur
mind [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php
A blog comment would be referenced as follows:
MiddleKid. (2007, Januarry 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php
Note: In the second example a screen name is used for the author name. The author has adopted a nickname, or screen name, to use when posting comments to this web log.
Podcast: Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19) Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/
Online PowerPoint Presentation: Johnson, M.B. (2004). Writing the perfect paper [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
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ERIC Report: Saunders, G. D. (1999). Addressing political issues in post-secondary education. (Report No.
NCRTL-RR-45-2). East Lansing, MI: National Centre for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED324343)
Map retrieved online: Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer). (2002). Population density, 2000
U.S. Census [Demographic map]. Retrieved from http://www.co.lewis.wa.us/publicworks/maps/Demographics/census-pop-dens_2000.pdf
Image: Johnson, S. (1971). Hope Exists. [Online Image]. Retrieved January 4, 2009, from
http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS REFERENCE ENTRIES
Brochure – corporate author: The Unemployment Help Centre. (2000). The path to better finances (2nd ed.) [Brochure]. Boston:
Author.
Television broadcast: Sut, J.S. (Producer). (2000, March 16). Nannies. [Television Program]. New York: CBS.
Music recording by an artist: Smith, A. (2002). Yesterday was my favourite day [Recorded by J.Evans]. On Time flies [CD]. New
York: All-time Records.
Published interview: Smith, A. (2002). [Interview with Joe Hicks, author of Wild]. National, 14, 223.
Book review: Smith, A. (2002). Instructional Design Concepts. (Review of the book Designing courses for online
delivery]. National, 14, 223.
Encyclopaedia or dictionary entry: Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20).
London: Macmillan.
Image: Andrew, M. (Producer), & Smith, J. (Director). (2002). The Honey Bees [Motion Picture]. United
States: Artsway Studio.
Photographs: [Photographs of Robert M. Yerkes]. (ca. 1917-1954). Robert Mearns Yerkes Papers (Box 137,
Folder 2292). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University library, New Haven, CT.
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Citations Each reference within a paper is called a REFERENCE CITATION.
GENERAL RULES FOR CITATIONS:
All direct quotes (word for word) must be cited. In most cases, direct quotes should include author, year, and page numbers (if
present)
All paraphrases (rephrased idea) must be cited. All paraphrases should include author and year (if present)
Short quotes: Quotes fewer than 40 words (see samples for format)
Long quotes: Quotes greater than 40 words - (see sample for format)
Authors: No author: use abbreviated version of work’s title
3-5 authors: include all authors in first reference citation , then use et al. for additional citations
6 or more authors: use et al. for all citations
If no date is present, use n.d.
If question marks/exclamation marks are part of quote, include within quotation marks
Personal Interviews/Email/Letters These are known as PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
DO NOT cite personal communications on the References page– these sources are not retrievable - make reference to these sources within your paper
Page #s are not necessary with paraphrases; however, it is acceptable and sometimes valuable to offer them anyways for clarification
Omit year from subsequent citations after first nonparenthetical citation within a paragraph
Samples
BOOKS, ARTICLES, and OTHER PRINT SOURCES
Paraphrase Using Author’s Name in Text: Smith (1999) clearly indicates that peace is on the rise.
Direct Quote Using Author’s Name in Text: Smith (1999) clearly indicates that “peace is on the rise” (p.55).
One Author Paraphrase: Global efforts must be made to rectify the effects of AIDS (Smith, 1999).
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Student Academic Success Services Fanshawe College
One Author Paraphrased in a Row Within Same Paragraph: Global efforts must be made to rectify the effects of AIDS (Smith, 1999). Smith further indicates that AIDS is a growing epidemic.
Two Author Paraphrase: Global efforts must be made to rectify the effects of AIDS (Smith & Jones, 1999).
Direct Quote, More Than 6 Authors: “The educational system needs some work” (Smith et al., 1999, p.145).
Paraphrase, More Than 6 Authors: The educational system is in need of revitalization (Smith et al., 1999). Article, No Author, Direct Quote: "All is well across the world" (“Lifestyles,” 2001, p.12).
Article, No Author, Paraphrase: People are happy all around the world (“Lifestyles,” 2001).
Direct Quote, Two Authors: In a recent review, Smith and Jones (1999) suggest “peace is crumbling” (p.203).
Direct Quote by One Author: “The education system needs revitalization”(Smith, 1999, p.145).
Long Direct Quote: Smith (2004) reveals school is one of the most essential forms of socializing children. It shows children how to effectively share, cooperate, give, lend, and communicate with their fellow peers. Without school, children would be left to try and develop such skills without the advantage of having friends and playmates to experience such trials and tribulations with. (p. 244)
No Author, No Date, No Page Numbers: “All is well across the world (“Lifestyles,” n.d.).
Two or more authors in the same reference: Orderly conduct is classified as imperative in educational environments (Smith, 2004; Vack, 2005).
Paraphrase from Two Different Sources with Authors with the Same Last Name (use first initials with each): Orderly conduct is imperative in educational environments (E. Smith, 2003; J. Smith, 2006).
Paraphrase from Two Different Works and Different Authors (list alphabetically): Orderly conduct is imperative in educational environments (Smith, 2003; Vernon, 2006).
Citing Indirect Sources (place primary source – Smith – in reference list): Jackson indicates that...(as cited in Smith, 2006, p.123).
Paraphrase Using Brochure organization: The Writing Centre (2005) clearly indicates that effective writing is key to success in business.
Paraphrase, Brochure organization: Effective writing equals success (The Writing Centre, 2005).
A Work Designated as Anonymous: “Things have a way of twisting and turning” (Anonymous, 2004).
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ONLINE SOURCES
Quote, One Author article, No Page number But Paragraph # available: “Money makes us strange” (Simmons, 2001, para. 5). OR (Simmons, 2001, ¶5)
Quote, One Author article, No Page number or Paragraph # (use heading and count paras): “Money makes us strange” (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion, para. 1).
Quote, One Author article, No Page or Para #, No Heading: “Money makes us strange” (Simmons, 2001).
Quote, Article, No Author, Date, Page or Para #: “Money makes us strange” (“Inheriting money,” n.d.).
Quote, Article, No Author, Page or Para #: “Money makes us strange” (“Inheriting money,” 2001).
Paraphrase, Book, No Author: . . . the number of recent graduates from art schools in France has shown that this is a trend worldwide (Highway to Technology, 1988).
Paraphrase, 6 or More Authors: Money corrupts any individual who has too much of it (Jones et al., 2004).
Referring to/Citing from Entire Website: “Money makes us strange” (“Inheriting money,” 2001).
One Author Paraphrase when using 2 Sources with Same last Name: A recent article by J.H. Smith addressed….
Corporate Author (full name after 1st use, abbreviated version in later paragraphs: The world of technology needs a company that can intuitively predict the needs of all people (Rogers Communication, 2004).
That is why Rogers employees receive extensive training (Rogers, 2004).
ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS CITATIONS
Interview: “Life is grand” (J.R., Roberts, personal communication, November 21, 2002).
Email: “Things have a way of twisting and turning” (W. Smith, personal communication, June 10, 2003).
