HRMT-organisational behaviour
Irenee1
APA-Guide.pdf
An Abridged Guide
to the
Academic Learning Centre
School of Access Education
Edition T2, 2018
APA
Referencing Style
The CQUniversity Abridged Guide to the APA Referencing Style (author-date) is based on:
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychological Association. (2012). APA style guide to electronic references (6th
ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
This document can be found on CQUniversity’s referencing web site at
http://www.cqu.edu.au/referencing (click on American Psychological Association).
Other information about academic writing is available via the Academic Learning Centre’s Moodle site.
Maintained by School of Access Education
Edition T2 2018
Published by CQUniversity Australia
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The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act.
Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of
copyright protection under the Act.
Do not remove this notice.
CQUniversity CRICOS Codes: 00219C – Qld; 01315F – NSW; 01624D – Vic.
An Abridged Guide to the APA Referencing Style Edition T2, 2018 Academic Learning Centre SAE i
Table of Contents
How to use this guide ............................................................................................ 1
What is the purpose of this booklet? ......................................................................... 1
What is referencing? ................................................................................................. 1
Why do I need to reference? ...................................................................................... 1
What should I reference? .......................................................................................... 2
Five key steps to referencing ............................................................................... 2
Section 1: What does referencing look like? ...................................................... 3
Section 2: How do I use citations in-text? .......................................................... 5
How to paraphrase .................................................................................................... 6
How to summarise ..................................................................................................... 8
How to use direct quotations ..................................................................................... 9
How to introduce quotations and paraphrased sentences ....................................... 14
How to use tables, figures or images ...................................................................... 15
Section 3: How to create a reference list .......................................................... 19
Steps for creating a reference list ............................................................................ 19
Steps for adding publication details to the reference list ........................................ 20
Section 4: What is Academic Integrity? ........................................................... 27
How will they know I have plagiarised? ................................................................. 27
Section 5: How to create in-text citations and reference list items ................ 28
Books (Hard copy) .............................................................................................. 29
E-books .................................................................................................................... 36
Journals and magazines .......................................................................................... 38
Hard copy newspaper articles ................................................................................. 41
Online newspaper articles ....................................................................................... 42
Reports..................................................................................................................... 43
Conference papers ................................................................................................... 45
Referencing a web page or a standalone document on the web ............................. 47
Government documents ........................................................................................... 50
Legal documents ...................................................................................................... 53
University-provided study materials ....................................................................... 56
University-provided electronic and multimedia study materials ............................ 57
ii An Abridged Guide to the APA Referencing Style
Edition 2, 2018 Academic Learning Centre ALSU
Multimedia on the web ............................................................................................ 60
Specialised sources.................................................................................................. 61
Appendices .......................................................................................................... 71
Appendix A: What do the terms and abbreviations used in this guide mean? ........ 71
Appendix B: Symbols and their use ......................................................................... 73
Appendix C: Acronyms formed from the initial letters of words, and their use ...... 75
Appendix D: Initialisms and their use ..................................................................... 76
Appendix E: Abbreviations and their use ................................................................ 79
Appendix F: Latin words and their use as abbreviations ....................................... 82
Appendix G: Referencing a journal article with a DOI or URL ............................. 84
Appendix H: Check your reference list ................................................................... 85
Appendix I: Quick guide for citing multiple authors ............................................... 86
Appendix J: Quick Guide for Referencing Multiple Authors .................................. 87
Appendix K: Citing and referencing figures and tables .......................................... 88
Index .................................................................................................................... 91
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How to use this guide
This guide provides an introduction to the intricacies of referencing using the CQUniversity
APA style of referencing. Section 1 offers explanations of terms and concepts that are vital
for the development of your knowledge, so you can become proficient at referencing. There
are subtle variations on the APA style of referencing and it is important for you to use the
CQUniversity APA Guide’s style.
Once you are familiar with some of the concepts and key words, you will find it much easier
to use Part 2 of this guide, which contains examples of in-text citations and reference list
items. Referencing requires attention to detail, so you will need to refer to these examples
and explanations a number of times as you develop your skills.
Finding information quickly
1. Use the contents page to locate particular concepts of referencing or resource examples.
2. Use the index page to find relevant examples.
3. Apply Ctrl + F to find the relevant resource quickly.
What is the purpose of this booklet?
When writing a university assignment, there are certain referencing rules you need to follow.
This booklet will explain what referencing is and show you how to reference using the
CQUniversity APA referencing style. There are other referencing styles (e.g. Harvard,
Turabian, Vancouver and the Australian Guide to Legal Citation), so before you use this
booklet check your unit profile to make sure you need to use APA referencing in your
assignment.
What is referencing?
There are different types of university assignments (e.g. essays, oral presentations, reports,
reflections. blogs, PowerPoint presentations, case studies). When you write an assignment
you will usually be expected to include the details of any sources you have used as in-text
referencing and in a list at the end of the assignment called references. These processes are
collectively known as “referencing”.
Why do I need to reference?
Writing an assignment will often involve research using a range of different source types
(e.g. web sites, journal articles, books, course readings). Each time you “borrow” ideas, data,
information or illustrations from other sources to use in your assignment you will need to
reference the source.
Referencing will help you:
Demonstrate your knowledge of a topic and provide evidence of scholarly research.
Give credit to the author or creator of the original source of an image, idea or piece
of information.
Avoid plagiarism and its associated penalties.
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What should I reference?
You must reference any source you use when writing an assignment even if you have just
borrowed an idea or image, rather than copying exact words. This includes any of the
following.
Hard copy (paper based) sources, e.g., books, journal articles, newspapers,
magazines, brochures, pamphlets, newsletters.
Electronic sources e.g., web sites, videos, blogs, film clips, audio files, Moodle
notes and readings.
Other sources, e.g., phone conversations, interviews.
Visuals, e.g., images, figures, tables.
Five key steps to referencing
While researching and drafting
Step 1. Decide which type of source you want to use, e.g. book, web site, journal.
Step 2. Record the relevant source details: author, date, title, publisher, URL etc.
In your assignment
Step 3. Use the notes you have made from the sources you read to create sentences
and paragraphs to provide evidence or examples that support your ideas.
Step 4. Ensure that details for the in-text citation (e.g. author’s surname, date, page
number) are correct. Make sure you follow the APA style guidelines.
At the end of the assignment
Step 5. Create a reference list, and each item must have a corresponding item as an in-
text citation.
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Section 1: What does referencing look like?
Referencing in the assignment Example
In this example of a paragraph you
can see what referencing looks like in
the body of the assignment.
Notice the inclusion of the authors
name and date in most sentences.
These are known as citations. They let
the reader know the details about the
source of the information.
These citations acknowledge all ideas
or words that belong to another
person even if it is not a direct quote.
These citations are integrated into the
sentences, so the paragraph flows and
is easy to read.
Note. Authors’ names in the citations
are sometimes in the brackets and
sometimes used as part of the
sentence. See section on styles of
citation in-text for an explanation.
Retired Australians have been included as a campaign target for Volunteer Tourists for a number of reasons.
The evolution of this group makes them attractive as they have commenced planning their retirements and
are trying to do the most with their lives after their retirement, including travel. Research by Gibson (2002)
on later life and retirement in the United States revealed that many of the participants experienced a feeling
of more freedom to do what they want to do during retirement and later life. This is also evident in a report
published by The Australian (“Get-up-and-go,” 2007) which shows that there are a growing number of
retirees who are putting on their backpacks and travelling. This point is further supported by Upe (2013)
who states that Australia has 5.5 million baby boomers and many are able to travel as they are now retired
(p. 3). In addition, as Salomon, Russell-Bennet and Previte (2013) explain, Baby Boomers are also much
more active and physically fit than the preceding generation. These authors point out that Baby Boomers
who are facing retirement are experiencing a shift in their retirement approach from achievement orientation
to quality of life. In Australia the 55 plus age group makes up 24 per cent of the population and they have
56 per cent of the country’s net wealth (Upe, 2013, p. 7). They prefer to enjoy their retirement by spending
their money rather than leaving it as an inheritance for their children (Salomon, Russell-Bennet, & Previte,
2013). It is evident that the over 55s have many traits that make them suitable candidates as Volunteer
Tourists including their freedom, funds and a longing for education and new experiences.
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Reference list (end of the document) Example
You will need to include a list of all the sources
you have cited in your assignment.
The reference list is placed at the end of the
assignment on a separate page.
Each item in this list will have a correlating
item in the assignment body or appendices.
Each reference in your list will need to be set
out using APA style.
The reference list is:
in alphabetical order;
in double line spacing; and
formatted with a hanging indent.
References
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. (2012). Salinity
[fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.environment.gov.au
Get-up-and-go brigade are taking on the whole world. (2007, March 26). The Australian, p. 29.
Gibson, H. (2002). Busy travellers: Leisure-travel patterns and meanings in later life. World
Leisure Journal,44(2), 11–20. Retrieved from http://worldleisure.org/journal
Multifaceted menace. (2007). Science, 317(5836), 301–304. doi:10.1126/science.317. 5836.301b
Robbins, S. P., Millett, B., Cacioppe, R., & Waters-Marsh, T. (2001). Organisational behaviour
(3rd ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Prentice Hall Australia.
Solomon, M., Previte, J., & Russell-Bennett, R. (2013). Consumer behaviour: Buying, having,
being (3rd ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia.
Stevens, L. P., & Bean, T. W. (2007). Critical literacy: context, research, and practice in the K-12
classroom. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Sutton-Spence, R., & Kaneko, M. (2007). Symmetry in sign language poetry. Sign Language
Studies, 7(3), 284–318. Retrieved from http://gupress.gallaudet.edu/SLS.html
Upe, R. (2013, February 16). Baby-booming travel. The Age. p. 7.
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Section 2: How do I use citations in-text?
Here are four key techniques you can use when you want to include other authors’ ideas, words, images and data in your assignment. Have a look at the
following pages for more detail on each of these techniques.
Paraphrasing Summarising Direct quotations Tables and figures
Convey the author’s idea/words
indirectly.
Using this option, you must use
some of your own words AND
change the sentence structure. A
citation must be included
Briefly sum up another author’s
work, e.g. a whole chapter or
project.
Quoting an author’s words exactly
as they were written, using a short
or long quotation. A citation must
be included, e.g. author, year, and
page number.
When using another author’s
figures, tables or data to support
your own, you may copy and paste
images, tables, charts and figures.
You must include your own title
and caption, and a citation. See
Appendix K.
Example 1
Jones (2016) found that
significant reductions in
infection rates (15%) could be
achieved when nursing staff
were reminded about hand
hygiene (p. 35).
Example 2
A study by Jones (2009) found
that attention to hand hygiene by
nursing staff played a significant
role in infection rates.
Example 3
A short quotation:
Reminders to nursing staff to pay
extra attention to recommended
hand hygiene procedures resulted
“in a 15% reduction in infection
rates” (Jones, 2016, p. 3).
Figure 1. CQUniversity research
officers collecting water samples.
Adapted from “CQUni Pitching in to
Help with Capricorn Coast Water
Supply Study,” by CQUniversity, 2017
(https://www.cqu.edu.au). In public domain.
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How to paraphrase
Instead of quoting another author’s words exactly, you may paraphrase them. To paraphrase, you must change some of the words AND change the
sentence structure. When you use an author’s ideas, but express them in different words, you are paraphrasing. A paraphrased item is not enclosed in
quotation marks because it is not a word-for-word quotation. However, it is important that the sentence structure and the vocabulary are not too similar
to the original text and that you acknowledge the source of the original document with an in-text citation. Failing to do so will result in plagiarism.
Many lecturers would prefer you to paraphrase or summarise an authors’ words rather than use a direct quotation. This is because paraphrasing requires
original thought and shows you understand the ideas and can integrate them into your work.
Steps for paraphrasing Examples
1. Read the sentence that you want to paraphrase a number of
times to get the meaning of the text. Once you understand it,
write it in your own words.
2. Highlight any specialised technical words or specific terms.
These must be included in your paraphrase, as without these
words, the meaning of the paraphrase will change completely.
3. Underline any keywords that can be changed.
4. Find other words and phrases that have similar meanings that
can be used to replace the keywords in the text. Use a
thesaurus or dictionary to help if need be.
5. Rewrite the ideas and reorganise the structure or order.
6. Add a lead in phrase where the author’s family name becomes
part of the sentence to use an author prominent citation, and
the year the article was published in brackets.
7. Choose author prominent or information prominent style (see
next page for explanation).
Original text
“Improved attention to hand hygiene reduced the rate of patient infections by
15% in a twelve-month period.”
Paraphrase, author prominent
Jones (2016) found that in the course of a year, a significant reduction in
patient infection rates was achieved as the result of an enhanced focus on the
hand hygiene procedures of nursing staff (p. 34).
Paraphrase, information prominent
In the course of a year, a significant reduction in patient infection rates was
achieved as the result of an enhanced focus on the hand hygiene procedures
of nursing staff (Jones, 2016, p. 34).
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Rules for paraphrasing Examples
The paraphrased information supports the claim made by the
writer.
The paraphrase must be different from the original source.
With regard to page numbers. “when paraphrasing or
referring to an idea contained in another work, you are
encouraged to provide a page or paragraph number, especially
when it would help an interested reader locate the relevant
passage in a long or complex text” (APA, 2010, p. 171). Check
with your lecturer for their preference around the inclusion of
page numbers when paraphrasing and summarising.
The citation must have a corresponding reference in the
reference list at the end of the assignment.
Final version of student’s work
Nurses play an important role in the reduction of infection rates in hospitals.
Jones (2016) found that in the course of a year, a significant reduction in
patient infection rates was achieved as the result of an enhanced focus on the
hand hygiene procedures of nursing staff (p. 35).
Reference
Jones, A. (2016). An investigation of infection rates in Australian hospitals.
Journal of Australian Nursing, 12(2), 34–45. Retrieved from
http://www.ajan.com.au
Styles of citation in-text: author prominent and information prominent
Where you place a citation depends on the emphasis you wish to apply and can be important to the argument you present.
Author prominent
When you want to emphasise the author, then you use the author’s name as part of your sentence. The citation and the paraphrase would start something
like this: Sherwood (2012) concludes that. . .(p. 5).
Information prominent
When you want to emphasise the information from an author, then your citation becomes information prominent. The citation will appear at the end of a
sentence. The citation and the paraphrase will look something like this: . . .as evidenced from a recent Australian study (Jones, 2012, p. 6).
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How to summarise
Instead of quoting or paraphrasing an author’s words, work or ideas, you may decide to summarise them. A summary includes a condensed form of the
information, keeping the main point of the text but omitting detailed examples. The original idea or meaning must be maintained. Technical words
remain. Summarising is useful when you use the idea expressed in the source and not the specific language. Other advantages of summarising include:
expressing the key point of a source in fewer words and demonstrating your understanding of the source more effectively.
Steps for summarising Examples
Read the text carefully several times. Check the meaning of terms
that you do not understand.
Underline technical and specialised words, remembering that
they should not be changed.
Reread the text and make notes of the main points, leaving out
examples and evidence.
Consider the main points as a whole and your purpose for using
the information in relation to the structure of your assignment.
Think of words or phrases which have similar meaning to those
in the original text.
If the key words are specialised vocabulary for the subject, they
do not need to be changed.
Develop an outline using short sentences written in your words.
Rearrange these sentences as you see the need for your purpose.
Keep reminding your reader that you are summarising the work
of someone else by using their name in the summary (citation).
Developing learning modules for adult learners requires the designer or
educator to consider a range of appropriate strategies to match the student’s
preferences for learning. Duverge (2016) outlines a number of these.
Firstly, appreciating that adult learners would prefer to learn independently
or explore the topic; therefore tasks should be designed accordingly.
Furthermore, adults like to know that the skills and knowledge they are
expected to develop will be useful to their life or career.
Here is an example showing ideas from several sources combined into one summary.
Notice that a semi-colon has been used to separate each source in the
citation and that they are in alphabetical order.
A key study by Lee (2016) found that many new university students
experience considerable anxiety when learning how to cope with the
academic literacy demands of assignment writing, and this finding is well-
supported in the literature (Brown, 2012, p. 25; Green, Hawton, Kine, &
Bull, 2009, p. 45; Redding & Shipton, 2011, p. 101).
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Rules for summarising Examples
Do not provide the same citation at the start and at the end of
each sentence. Note that the sentence in bold is not referenced.
Ensure the summarised version is much shorter than the original
text and that it is written in your own words.
Include a citation details (author and date) for each source cited.
Page numbers: “when … referring to an idea contained in
another work, you are encouraged to provide a page or
paragraph number, especially when it would help an interested
reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text”
(APA, 2010, p. 171). Check with your lecturer for their
preference for including page numbers when paraphrasing and
summarising.
Do not change the intended meaning of the original text.
Do not use quotation marks because this is not a direct quote.
Enter the complete source details in your reference list.
In this example the source of the bold sentence is not clear. The student
needed to repeat the citation after it.
Developing learning modules for adult learners requires the designer or
educator to consider a range of appropriate strategies to match adult
learners’ preferences for learning. Duverge (2016) explains that adult
learners would prefer to learn independently or explore the topic therefore
tasks should be designed accordingly. Adults like to know that the skills
and knowledge they are expected to develop will be useful to their life
or career. Providing immediate feedback regarding errors, or alternate
explanations to assist with learning new concepts is a strategy that enables
adults to learn from misunderstandings (Duverge, 2016).
How to use direct quotations
Direct quoting is one way of showing that you have gathered information from other authors to support your point of view or thesis. Do not overuse this
technique. Instead, aim to paraphrase more of the words and ideas of others to show how well you understand them and can use the source to support
your point of view. You are quoting when you use someone else’s exact words in your writing. When you quote, you must indicate where the quotation
begins and ends, and provide an in-text reference. The citation makes it is clear whose words you are using and where you found them.
A general rule in academic work is that no more than 10% of an assignment should be in the form of direct quotations. You can use short quotations
(fewer than 40 words) or long quotations (40 words or more).
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Steps for using quotations Example
Read chosen texts and form ideas about your topic.
Make a note of the ideas using your own words.
Identify sentences in a journal article to support the
idea. Make a note of this.
Incorporate the quote into the paragraph by adding a
few extra words just before the quoted words to help
the quote fit smoothly into the sentence.
Provide the surname, year of publication and the
page number that the quote was taken from.
Write the full publication details in the reference list
at the end of the assignment.
Hand hygiene of medical staff infection rates. Especially nurses study found
“Improved attention to hand hygiene reduced the rate of patient infections by 15% in a
twelve-month period” (Jones, 2016, p. 3).
Nurses play an important role in the reduction of infection rates in hospitals. A recent
study showed “improved attention to hand hygiene reduced the rate of patient
infections by 15% in a twelve month period” (Jones, 2016, p. 3). Indicating that while
at work can result in significant reductions in the rate of infection.
References
Jones, A. (2016). An investigation of infection rates in Australian hospitals. Journal of
Australian Nursing, 12(2), 34–45. Retrieved from
http://www.journalofaustraliannursing.com.au
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Rules for short quotations Examples
Short quotations should:
have fewer than 40 words,
be incorporated into your sentence smoothly without
disrupting the flow of your paragraph,
be enclosed in double quotation marks,
include the page number in the citation,
have the full stop after the citation if the quotation is
information prominent,
have the full stop after the page number if the citation
is author prominent, and
be in the same font size as the rest of the assignment.
If the text you want to quote starts with a capital letter, it is
acceptable to change the upper-case letter to a lower-case
letter so that it fits with the grammar of your sentence;
proper nouns remain uppercase (i.e. Australia or Robert).
Do not correct any incorrect spelling, punctuation or
grammar in the original quotation instead insert the word
sic, italicised and in square brackets, directly after the error
in the quotation.
Author prominent
Unterhalter (2007) argues that “gender
equality in schooling is an aspiration
of global social justice” (p. 5).
Information prominent
It has been argued that “gender equality in
schooling is an aspiration of global social
justice” (Unterhalter, 2007, p. 5).
In Wilson’s (2013) report “the
building inspector estimated that there
[sic] house was a fire hazard” (p. 32).
In his report “the building inspector
estimated that there [sic] house was a fire
hazard” (Wilson, 2013, p. 32).
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Rules for long quotations Example
When using quotations of more than 40 words:
use them infrequently,
introduce it in your own words with the lead-in
statement ending with a colon (:),
separate it from the lead-in statement and from the
text that follows with Enter,
do not enclose it in quotation marks,
begin each long quotation on a new line,
indent them by 1.27 cm from the left margin
(Ctrl + M), and
apply double line spacing.
For a long information prominent quotation, the full stop
goes after the quotation and before the citation.
Information prominent
Though many may recoil from making
their private lives public in digital spaces,
there are obvious benefits for young
people:
The public life is fun. It’s
creative. It’s where their friends
are. It’s theatre, but it’s also
community: in this linked, logged
world, you have a place to think
out loud and be listened to, to
meet strangers and go deeper with
friends. (Nussbaum, 2007, p. 27)
Author prominent
Rowan (2001) summarises the effects of a
limited world view when she states that:
This poses a real challenge for
educators. In many cases, we are
drawing on educational resources,
or curriculum documents which are
in themselves fairly narrow in the
view of the world they represent.
This helps to make this view seem
natural and normal. (p. 39)
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If you need to omit a word or words from a quotation,
indicate this with an ellipsis (three dots).
If you need to add a word or words to a quotation, put
them in square brackets [ ].
The use of emotive language can be
effective in influencing audiences to
believe in a certain way:
This passage attacks everyone
who opposes the introduction of
identity cards on personal terms.
It also makes unsubstantiated
assumptions about the
backgrounds and economic
circumstances of opponents in
order to undermine their
credibility. [Therefore], the
passage … demonstrates flawed
reasoning. (Cottrell, 2011, p. 117)
Cottrell (2011) explains how emotive
language can be used to persuade
audiences:
The passage encourages complicity
in the audience. By abusing
opponents, the author encourages a
division between in-groups, or
“people like them”, or “people like
us”. [In addition] the passage draws
on emotive subjects, referring to
crime and security to win over the
audience. (p. 117)
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How to introduce quotations and paraphrased sentences
Verbs that help with author prominent referencing
To assist with making citations part of your own writing and providing more information about the status of the information you are citing, you need to
use signal words and phrases. Your choice of words can indicate whether the authors you are citing are presenting established findings, putting forward
a case, making a suggestion or drawing conclusions. In addition, your work may become tedious to read if every quotation or paraphrase is introduced
in the same manner. The signal word often becomes a place in writing where repetitiveness occurs. Table 1 provides examples of signal words useful for
integrating other authors’ ideas and words into academic writing.
Table 1
Signal words for use with in-text citations
Say or Mean Argue Explain Other
state assert dispute describe agree
remark add disagree clarify question
maintain confirm question justify offer
hold the view find debate reason predict
point out affirm claim show identify
highlight
imply demonstrate
emphasise
contend
suggest
Note. You would normally use present-tense to refer to research (though there are important exceptions).
Note. If you are citing more than one author, you will need to change the form of the verb: e.g. Jones (2016) argues that . . . (single author) Jones and
Brown (2016) argue that . . . (more than one author).
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How to use tables, figures or images
Sometimes it is useful to include reproductions or copies of items such as photos, graphs, tables, diagrams and drawings in your work. These items may
be used as evidence to support academic arguments in the text. They can be used to present complex information clearly and effectively.
A table contains information that is organised using columns and rows. Figures can be maps, charts, diagrams, drawings, graphs and photographs. They
must be labelled and referenced and each is done in a particular way. Tables and figures are often used in reports, but rarely appear in essays.
Steps for using tables Examples
Decide whether the table is useful to provide
evidence or data for your report.
Ask yourself if you need to provide exact numerical
data, or compare and contrast values in a table or if
the trends or patterns provided by a graph would be
better used in this case.
Decide whether you need the whole table or part of
it.
Refer to the table in the body of the report,
integrating the table as if it were a quote or part of
the paragraph will assist your reader to understand
why you included it.
Lead your reader into the table with a sentence that
provides the background and purpose of the table.
Think about the information you give in the label
above.
Cite the source of the table.
Include the complete source information in your
reference list.
It is evident from the data in Table 2 that the number of asylum claims is dropping in
Australia and the US but increasing in other countries.
Table 2
New Asylum Claims Lodged in Selected Regions by Semester 2012–2014.
Note. Adapted from “World at War: UNHCR Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2014,” by United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2015 (http://www.unhcr.org). In public domain.
Note. See Appendix K: Citing and referencing figures and tables.
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Rules for using tables Example
Above the table
Label the table with a number e.g. 1, 2, 3. If the table
is placed within the text, it is labelled with a number
only. If it is placed within an appendix, it takes the
appendix letter e.g. Table A1.
On the line below the table number, provide a brief
but clear title, which explains the table. The title is in
italics and capitalises the first letter of all major
words (maximal capitalisation).
Below the table
General notes are provided below the table. Start
with the word “Note” (italicised) followed by a full
stop.
Indicate that the source has been adapted from, or is
from, another resource in the caption below: See
Appendix K for specific templates, caption examples
and reference list examples.
Indicate the author of a specific items in the source if
more than one source is used to create the table.
Use no less than 8 point and no more than 14 point
font to suit the text being created.
Do not include the original citation, heading or
caption when you copy these items. Write your own
as the number you give your table or figure must fit
within the numbering of figures and tables in your
own work.
Population increase through immigration had the biggest impact on the already heavily
populated states as seen in Table 3 and Northern Territory had the smallest increase.
Table 3
Number of Migrants by State and Territory 2015–16.
Note. Adapted from “3412.0 Migration, Australia, 2015–2016,” by Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017 (http://www.abs.gov.au). In public domain.
Note. Contact the ALC for further information if you are referencing tables and figures within a brochure.
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Steps for using figures Example
Steps for choosing to use figures are similar to those provide for
tables in the previous section. Figures can be maps, charts,
diagrams, drawings, graphs and photographs.
It is evident that migration to Australia has increased and this is adding to the
diversity of the Australian population. Additionally, the Australian Bureau of
Statistics (ABS, 2017) states that overseas migration is now principal factor of
population increase in Australia. This can be seen in the migration rates in Figure 2
below.
Figure 2. Net overseas migration in Australia 1976 to 2016. Adapted from “2071.0 Cultural Diversity in
Australia, 2016,” by Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2017 (http://www.abs.gov.au). In public domain.
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Rules for using figures Example
If you copy or reproduce figure in your report (similar to the one
above), or an image like the one to the right:
1. Provide the figure with a number and description below the figure e.g. Figure 3. Dame Edna.
2. The figure number is the correct number for your work, not the one used by the author. Figures 2 precedes this
example on the previous pages.
3. Make sure that copied figures are a suitable size for your reader to view. Font size is between 8-14 pt.
4. Indicate that the source has been adapted from, or is from, another resource in the caption below: See
Appendix K for specific templates, caption examples
and reference list examples.
5. Do not include the original citation, heading or caption when you copy these items, write your own as
the number you give your figure must fit within the
numbering of figures and tables in your own work.
6. Number all figures in the order that they first appear in the text.
7. Figures must be referred to in the main body of the text.
8. Refer to them in the text by their number: Figure 3
9. Include the source in your reference list. See examples in Section 5.
Dame Edna Everage shown in Figure 3 is a fictitious character created and
performed by comedian Barry Humphries. ‘She’ has been performing since the
1950s and has become “one of the most formidable comedy turns of the twentieth
century” (New Yorker, 2015).
Figure 3. Dame Edna. Adapted from “Dame Edna Everage will Bring Final Show to Britain,” by
Getty Images, 2012 (http://www.telegraph.co.uk). In public domain.
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Section 3: How to create a reference list
At the end of your assignment, you will need to include a list of all the sources you have used in your assignment. This is known as a reference list.
Your reference list will need to be formatted using APA style.
This section contains some general guidelines that you will need to follow when writing your reference list. However, there are some more specific
guidelines in the form of examples in Section 5 that will show you how to reference many different types of sources. There is also a Quick Guide for
citing multiple authors Appendix I.
Organising your resources is a useful skill, so as you decide what will be useful for your research and writing it is important to generate a draft reference
list to avoid losing any relevant information about the source details. This process can be time consuming, but once done it provides a useful tool for
developing in-text citations. Remember to check this initial list against those used in-text and remove any unused items because a reference list should
only include references that have been used within your assignment. The reference list does NOT include all your background reading.
Steps for creating a reference list
When including a source in the reference list you must provide the reader with enough information to locate that source. Figures 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 on the
following pages demonstrate how specific sources are included in the reference list. This guide does not contain an exhaustive list of examples, so at
times you will need to problem solve to decide how to reference the source you used.
There are two key steps when writing your reference list:
Step 1. Find the relevant details shown in the following figures. Look at the examples that follow and in Section 5; there is a pattern to this task.
Step 2. Format the details according to APA style. Each time you gather information it is placed in a similar order in the citation.
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Steps for adding publication details to the reference list
Referencing books Example
For a book, the following elements should be
presented in this order:
1. Author’s surname (family name) and initials. Even if the source gives the
author’s names in full, use only initials for
their given names. When an author has two
or more initials, the second initial stands
for the middle name. In Western culture,
given names are usually placed in front of
the family name. If the family name has
been placed first this will be indicated by a
comma directly after it.
2. Year of publication.
3. Title of book in italics and minimal capitalisation.
4. The edition number, if not the original publication; for example, 4th ed. Placed in
brackets after the title.
5. Place of publication: town and state.
6. Publisher.
Figure 4. Referencing a book with four authors. Adapted from “Referencing: APA Referencing R:APA,” by Academic
Learning Centre, 2017 (https://www.cqu.edu.au/alc).
Note. The ordinal number is not in superscript, e.g. not 4th but 4th.
Note. Place of publication refers to the city in which the publisher is located. If several cities are given on the source, use the first-listed location. If the
place of publication is little-known or could be confused with another place of the same name, provide the state as well.
More detail about use of abbreviations, acronyms and the technical terms used in referencing can be found in Appendices A, B, C, D, E and F.
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Referencing journal articles with a DOI Example
When including a journal article in the reference list,
the following elements should be presented in this
order:
1. Author’s surname (family name), initials and year of publication.
2. Title of article in minimal capitalisation.
3. Title of journal in italics and maximal capitalisation.
4. Volume number in italics.
5. Issue number in parentheses.
6. Page numbers on which the article begins and ends. The use of pp. is not required.
7. DOI (Digital Object Identifier) number.
Figure 5. Referencing a journal with a DOI. Adapted from “Referencing: APA Referencing R:APA,” by Academic
Learning Centre, 2017 (https://www.cqu.edu.au/alc).
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Journal article from the web Example
Note 1. If a journal article does not have a DOI
number, provide the home page URL of the journal.
You may have to search for this.
Note 2. Database URLs should not be used as the
data may change over time. However, sometimes the
journal home page is on a publisher’s web site
because the journal does not have its own web site.
In this case, use the online publishing URL.
Ulrichsweb database has web site details for most
journals.
Note 3. Most journal articles do not require a retrieval date; however, on rare occasions, articles
may need a retrieval date if they are retrieved from
databases where articles are periodically updated.
These articles/ journal often have editors.
See the flow chart in Appendix G to help you select
the correct information when referencing your
journal article.
Figure 6. Referencing a journal with a URL. Adapted from “Referencing: APA Referencing R:APA,” by Academic
Learning Centre, 2017 (https://www.cqu.edu.au/alc).
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Referencing law cases Example
For a case of law the following elements should be
presented in the following order:
1. The case name.
2. The year of case.
3. The volume number.
4. The law report series.
5. The starting page of the source.
Figure 7. Referencing a law case
Referencing a web page or a standalone
document on the web Example
For a web site, the following elements should be
presented in the following order:
1. Name of the author/sponsor/owner of the site/ organisation/department followed by a full
stop.
2. Year of publication on the web in parentheses followed by a full stop—use n.d. if no date is
provided.
3. Title of page/site in italics and minimal capitalisation.
4. URLs are active, black font and underlined.
Figure 8. Referencing a web page. Adapted from “Referencing: APA Referencing R:APA,” by Academic Learning Centre,
2017 (https://www.cqu.edu.au/alc).
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Referencing a web page or a standalone
document on the web Example
Using URL references
URLs are active, black font and underlined.
Long URLs
To avoid very long URLs, it is acceptable to give the
home page for a web site rather than the exact URL,
just as long as the web site has a search facility.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Australian social trends: Pregnancy and work
transitions, 2013 (cat. no. 4102.0). Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/
Rules for adding publication details to the
reference list Examples
Font style and size is same as for the rest of the
assignment: usually Times New Roman 12.
Line spacing in the reference list is double,
which is the same for the whole document.
The title References is centre aligned, and has
the same font style and size as the document. It
is not bold.
References
Cottrell, S. (2013). The study skills handbook (4th ed.). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave,
Macmillan.
Gibson, H. (2002). Busy travellers: Leisure-travel patterns and meanings in later life. World
Leisure Journal, 44(2), 11–20. doi:10.1080/04419057.2002.9674266
Greek PM calls risky election. (2014, December 10). The Australian, Retrieved from
http://www.theaustralian.com.au
Oumlil, A. B., & Williams, A. J. (2011) Financial services and the elderly poor:
Development and implementation of sustainable intervention strategies. Journal of
Financial Services Marketing, 15(4), 274–286. doi:10.1057/fsm.2010.23
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Rules about authors’ names Examples
In Western culture, given names are usually
placed in front of the family name followed by
a comma.
Even if the source gives the author’s names in
full, APA style does not include this. Use only
the first letter or initials of given names of
authors.
When an author has two or more initials, the
second initial stands for the middle name.
Titles such as Doctor or Professor are not
included.
Stella Cottrell becomes Cottrell, S.
Dana Lynn Driscoll becomes Driscoll, D. L.
Rules for using capitalisation and italics Examples
Minimal capitalisation
Only the first word in the titles of books,
chapters, journal articles and web sites is
capitalised regardless of how the titles are
capitalised in the original. The exceptions are
names or proper nouns e.g. Australia.
If the title of the journal article, book or
chapter contains a colon, the first word after
the colon should be capitalised.
Authors’ names and initials, journal titles and
the names of publishing firms and businesses
or organisations are always capitalised.
Chapman, R., Smith, T., & Martin, C. (2014). Qualitative exploration of the perceived barriers
and enablers to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people accessing healthcare
through one Victorian Emergency Department. Contemporary Nurse, 48(1), 48–58.
doi:10.5172/conu.2014. 48.1.48
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Rules for using capitalisation and italics Examples
Maximal capitalisation For the titles of periodicals
(journals, magazines and newspapers), capitalise the
first word and also any other word which is not ‘the’,
‘a’, ‘an’, a preposition (such as ‘for’, ‘on’, ‘under’,
‘about’) or a conjunction (such as ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’).
The Journal of Sociology
Llias, B. (2017). Interstate arbitration in international tax disputes. Journal of International
Dispute Settlement, 8(3), 507–534. doi:10.1093/jnlids /idx003
Italics
Italics is a type face that makes letters slant to the
right. It is used to distinguish words from others
within your text.
Italics can be combined with minimal or maximal
capitalisation to show titles, names of ships and
other vehicles, scientific names, and technical terms.
Cottrell, S. (2013). The study skills handbook (4th ed.). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave,
Macmillan.
Note. Adapted from Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (pp. 87–224), by American Psychological Association, 2010,
Washington, DC: Author. Copyright 2010 by the American Psychological Association.
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Section 4: What is Academic Integrity?
Incorrect referencing techniques (even if they are innocent mistakes) can lead to problems with ‘plagiarism’. The word ‘plagiarism’ comes from the
Latin word ‘plagiarius’—meaning ‘kidnapper’. According to the Oxford Student’s Dictionary plagiarism is ‘the act of copying another person’s ideas,
words or work and pretending they are your own’ (2007, p. 529). In other words, you would be plagiarising if you copied the ideas, words or thoughts of
the authors of your research without acknowledging them in your paragraphs, even if you have paraphrased. This includes using another student’s work,
or your own previously submitted work, without acknowledging or citing it. Always act with integrity and use correct referencing techniques to make
sure you don’t accidentally plagiarise someone else’s work. Plagiarism is considered serious misconduct and must be avoided at all times. You should
avoid plagiarism and report it because:
Plagiarism is unethical.
Plagiarism does not allow you to develop as an academic writer.
Plagiarism attracts severe penalties.
How will they know I have plagiarised?
While enrolled at CQUni, each time you upload an assignment it is processed through the Turnitin program. This is a program that checks for similarity
between your work and others; therefore identifying possible plagiarism in your assignment. You can learn to use Turnitin to check your assignment for
accidental plagiarism before you submit your final copy to your lecturer. Watch the video: https:/my.cqu.edu.au/group/learning-and-
teaching/videos/monday-morning-mentor
If it seems you have plagiarised, you will be sent an email to advise you that plagiarism has been detected in your assignment. You will need to answer
the email and explain what happened. You may also be required to attend some academic integrity training. You may face severe academic penalties,
including possibly failing and being withdrawn from the course.
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Steps for avoiding plagiarism
Record the sources you use. Before beginning to take notes from any source, record all the bibliographic information.
Take careful notes. Take carefully written notes. Develop a system to distinguish between what you have copied directly from
the source, (directly quoted), what you have put in your own words (paraphrased or summarised), and your
comments about the information in that source.
Paraphrase appropriately. Change words and structure of the original work keeping only technical words the same.
Use in-text citations in every written
draft.
Get into the habit of including citations in-text (author, date) as you write each draft of your assignment.
Keep your work secure. Avoid sharing paper or electronic drafts of your work with other students.
Use Turnitin to check for text
matching on assignment drafts.
You can use the Turnitin software to check your draft assignment for evidence of matching text before
submission.
Section 5: How to create in-text citations and reference list items
This Abridged Guide to the APA Referencing Style provides a number of examples showing how to reference specific sources in the text of your
assignment (in-text) and in the reference list. However, this guide does not contain an exhaustive list of examples so it may be necessary to examine
more than one example, or a combination of examples, to identify the best way to reference a specific item. Sometimes you need to problem solve to
decide how to reference the item you have used.
When adding a reference to the reference list, you must provide the reader with enough information to enable them to locate the source. The following
specific examples of referencing, and the examples provided in Section 3, will help you to work out what kind of information you need to collect about
your source. Find one of the examples in this guide similar to your source and gather similar information for your citation. Then if you are still unsure,
you can ask the Academic Learning Centre (ALC) to assist you. Look out for ALC advertised workshops.
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Books (Hard copy)
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
One author
Include the author’s family name and the year of
publication.
Rogers (2015) outlines three. . .(p. 10).
Rogers (2015) claims “. . .” (p. 10).
Rogers, B. (2015). Classroom behaviour: A
practical guide to effective teaching,
behaviour management and colleague
support. London, UK: Sage Publications
Ltd.
Two authors
For citations, only use an ampersand (&) when
the authors’ names are given within parentheses
in-text. Use ‘and’ when the authors’ names are
incorporated in the text. For the reference list,
use & between the last two authors’ names.
White and Wyn (2013) outline. . .(p. 3).
Gender equality and indigenous youth are
two points of discussion covered in detail
(White & Wyn, 2013, p. 3).
White, R., & Wyn, J. (2013). Youth and society.
South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University
Press.
Three to five authors
In text citations
The first citation uses all the authors’ surnames.
For all subsequent citations of the same
resource, only use the first author’s surname
followed by ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’) and
the year.
Reference List
Use an ampersand (&) between the second from
last and the last authors’ names when written
within parentheses.
First citation
Following the process will ensure that you
have a hygienic work station (Palladino,
Green, & Roemuss, 2016, p. 34).
Subsequent citations
. . .(Palladino et al., 2016, p. 34).
Palladino, L., Green, M., & Roemuss, K. (2016).
Professional hairdressing. South
Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning
Australia.
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Six to seven authors
In text citation
For six or more authors, give only the first
author’s surname as listed on the source,
followed by ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’) and
the year.
Reference list
Include the family names and initials of ALL the
authors. Separate the authors with commas and
use an ampersand (&) before the last author.
Sriraman et al. (2014) . . .
. . . (Sriraman et al., 2014, p. 25).
Sriraman, B., Cai, J., Lee, K., Lianghuo, F.,
Shimuzu, Y., & Sam, L. (2014). Abstracts
of the first sourcebook on Asian research in
mathematics education: China, Korea,
Singapore, Japan, Malaysia and India.
Charlotte: Information Age Publishing.
Eight or more authors
In text citation
For six or more authors, give only the first
author’s surname as listed on the source,
followed by ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’) and
the year.
Reference list
If there are eight or more authors, give the
names of the first six followed by an ellipsis
(three full stops) and the name of the last
author/editor, without the use of an ampersand.
See Appendix J for guidance on how to reference
multiple authors in a reference list.
Berman et al. (2018) explain the history
and purpose of women’s roles in nursing,
and how these have changed over time
(p. 55).
. . . (Berman et al., 2018, p. 55).
Berman, A., Kozier, B., Erb, G. L., Snyder, S.,
Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T. A., . . . Stanley,
D. (2018). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals
of nursing: Concepts, process and practice
(4th Australian ed., Vol. 1). Melbourne,
Vic.: Pearson Australia.
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Multiple works—same author, published in
different years
In-text citation
When including two works by the same author in
the same parentheses, place them in
chronological order according to the date of
publication (i.e. oldest to newest).
Recent research has indicated that. . .
(Brown, 2014, 2015).
Brown, M. (2014). Wipeout water world: An
accounting practice set using MYOB
AccountRight version 19. Frenchs Forest,
NSW: Pearson Education.
Brown, M. (2015). Pedro’s Pizzas: An accounting
practice set using MYOB AccountRight
version 19. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson
Education.
Multiple works—same author/s, same year
In-text citation
When including multiple works by the same
author published in the same year, add a lower-
case letter (a, b, c, etc.) to the year. The letters
relate to the alphabetical order of the titles.
Reference list
Letters should also be included next to the year.
According to Ahmed (2013a), the Pakistan
army were called to restore order in the
Punjab province (p. 6).
Ahmed (2013b) recounts the chronological
events of the Punjab Province of British
India (p. 5).
Ahmed, I. (2013a). The Pakistan Garrison State:
Origins, evolutions, consequences (1947–
2011) (1st ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press.
Ahmed, I. (2013b). The Punjab partitioned and
cleansed. New Delhi, India: Rupa
Publications India.
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Works by different authors with the same
family name, same year
In-text citation
If there are two or more authors with the same
surname, include the first author’s initials in all
in text citations, even if the year of publication
differs.
Reference list
Be sure to place these sources in alphabetical
order according to their surname, and then
according to their first initial and finally the
date.
The role that humankind plays in
shaping. . . (A. Jones, 2012, p. 170).
G. Jones (2012) pointed out the importance
of sustainability in the management of
certain environments (p. 220).
Jones, A. (2012). Human geography: The basics.
New York, NY: Routledge.
Jones, G. (2012). Current research in
sustainability. Prahran, Vic.: Tilde
Publishing.
No author but an authoring body (institution,
corporation or other organisation)
It has been suggested that “ . . . ”
(Organization for Economic Cooperation &
Development [OECD], 2014, p. 23).
Organization for Economic Cooperation &
Development. (2014). Leadership for 21st
century learning. Washington, WA:
Brookings Institution Press.
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Source within a source: Secondary resource
When referring to an author (primary source)
read in another publication (secondary source)
Note. Use secondary sources sparingly. Only use
when the original work is not in print,
unavailable, or not available in English. Try to
find and use the primary source if possible.
In text citation
First, cite the original source of the idea
(primary reference) and follow this with the
source in which you found it (secondary source).
Reference list
Include only the author/s of the secondary source
(i.e. the source you actually read).
Research suggests that many patients make
sense of illness through their spirituality
(Crawford et al., 1998, as cited in Evans,
Nizette & O’Brien, 2016).
Crawford et al. (1998, as cited in Evans,
Nizette & O’Brien, 2016) suggest that
“spirituality underpins the meaning that
people make of illness” (p. 6).
Crawford et al. (1998, as cited in Evans,
Nizette & O’Brien, 2016) suggest that
many patients make sense of illness
through their spirituality.
Evans, K., Nizette, D., & O'Brien, A. (2016).
Psychiatric and mental health nursing (4th
ed.). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier.
Referring to two primary sources within the
one secondary source
Thoughtful listening enhances a patient’s
sense of humility (Gunasekara et al., 2014;
Shattell et al., 2006, as cited in Evans,
Nizette & O’Brien, 2016).
Evans, K., Nizette, D., & O'Brien, A. (2016).
Psychiatric and mental health nursing (4th
ed.). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier.
No date can be established
Use this infrequently
Lansdown (n.d.) found “. . .” (p. 13). Lansdown, M. (n.d.). Bridging courses.
Rockhampton, Qld: CQUniversity.
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Approximate date only can be established
See also Appendix E: Abbreviations and their
uses.
Information security is deemed critical and
Mjølsnes (ca. 2012) suggests. . .
Mjølsnes, S. F. (Ed.). [ca. 2012]. A
multidisciplinary introduction to
information security. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press.
Several sources are cited at once
Do not overdo this!
Alphabetise according to the name of the first
author in each source. Use semicolons to
separate sources. List each author as a separate
entry in the reference list. Paraphrasing is
essential in order to cite the essence of what the
authors all agree upon.
Research suggests. . .(Jones, Rogers, &
Fitzpatrick, 2017; McCrae & Nolan, 2016).
Recent studies (Jones et al., 2017; McCrae
& Nolan, 2016) agree that. . .
Jones et al. (2017) and McCrae and Nolan
(2016) agree that. . .
Jones, J. S., Rogers, V. L., & Fitzpatrick, J. J.
(2017). Psychiatric mental health nursing:
An interpersonal approach (2nd ed.). New
York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
McCrae, N., & Nolan, P. (2016). The story of
nursing in British mental hospitals: Echoes
from the corridors. London, England:
Routledge.
Second or later edition
Reference list
If it is not the original work or first edition,
include the number and the abbreviation ‘ed.’
after the title in parentheses.
“Mentors have many roles, but the core of
mentoring is partnership” (Evans, Nizette,
& O’Brien, 2016, p. 43).
Evans, K., Nizette, D., & O'Brien, A. (2016).
Psychiatric and mental health nursing (4th
ed.). Chatswood, NSW: Elsevier.
Edited work
Some books have separate authors for each
chapter. When referring to only one authored
chapter, see below for guidance.
Daly, Speedy, and Jackson (2014) explore
now the context of nursing has changed
over . . .
Daly, J., Speedy, S., & Jackson, D. (Eds.). (2014).
Contexts of nursing. Sydney, NSW:
Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone.
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Chapter in an edited work
Citation
The author of the chapter is used for citations.
Reference list
Use the author of the book chapter.
Grehan (2014) argues that. . .(p. 39).
. . .(Grehan, 2014, p. 39).
Grehan, M. (2014). Visioning the future by
knowing the past. In J. Daly, S. Speedy, &
D. Jackson (Eds.), Contexts of nursing (3rd
ed., pp. 38–50). Sydney, NSW: Elsevier,
Churchill Livingstone.
One volume of multi-volume work Berman et al. (2018) indicate. . .(p.45).
. . .(Berman et al., 2018, p. 45).
Berman, A., Kozier, B., Erb, G. L., Snyder, S.,
Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T. A., . . .
Stanley, D. (2018). Kozier and Erb's
fundamentals of nursing: Concepts,
process and practice (4th Australian ed.,
Vol. 1). Melbourne, Vic.: Pearson
Australia.
One issue or volume in an edited series Body image is influenced by complex
factors (Healey, 2014, p. 35).
Healey, J. (Ed.). (2014). Issues in society: Positive
body image (Vol. 372). Thirroul, NSW:
Spinney Press.
Book chapter available in CQUniversity
Course Resources Online (CRO)
Reference a book chapter in CRO as whole book.
However, a chapter in an edited book is
referenced as a “chapter in an edited work”.
The law for nurses. . .(Staunton &
Chiarella, 2017).
Staunton, P. J., & Chiarella, M. (2017). Law for
nurses and midwives (8th ed.). Chatswood,
NSW: Elsevier.
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E-books
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
E-book available on the web
Note 1. If there is no publisher information,
include the book’s DOI at the end of the
reference, without the words “retrieved from”. If
there is no DOI, include the publisher URL.
Note 2. Include the type of electronic edition (if
available) in square brackets after the title.
Note 3. Use chapter heading when page
numbers are not available: (Chapter 8, para.
14). If there are no chapters, include the nearest
heading followed by the number of paragraph
after it: (Growth plan, para. 2.).
. . .(Štumpf, 2017, p. 5).
Štumpf (2017) defines. . .(p. 5).
Koutoukidis, Stainton, and Hughson
(2016) propose that. . .(p. 53).
Štumpf , M. (2017). Electromagnetic reciprocity in
antenna theory. http://doi:10.1002/
9781119466420
Koutoukidis, G., Stainton, K., & Hughson, J.
(2016). Tabbner’s nursing care: Theory
and practice (7th ed.). [Kindle Edition].
Retrieved from https://www.elsevier.com
E-book chapter available on the web
When the author of an individual chapter in an
edited work is provided, reference the chapter as
a “chapter in an edited work”. However, include
the type of electronic edition (if available) in
square brackets after the book title.
Piirto (2016) argues that. . .(p. 134). Piirto, J. (2016). The five core attitudes and seven
I’s of the creative process. In R. A.,
Beghetto & J. C., Kaufman (Eds.),
Nurturing creativity in the classroom (2nd
ed., pp. 131–161). https://doi.org/10.1017/
9781316212899.011
Lovett, R. (2014). A history of health services for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
people. In O. Best, & B. Fredericks (Eds.),
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Yatdjuligin: Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander nursing & midwifery care
(pp. 31–48). Retrieved from
http://www.cambridge.org
E-book available via ACQUIRE
Reference list
If the e-book is only found in ACQUIRE, the
database URL may be used. Generally, database
URLs are not used as they may change over
time.
According to Guo (2016) the main
categories of differential equations. . .
(p. 10).
Guo, W. (2016). Advanced mathematics for
engineering and applied sciences.
Retrieved from
http://hdl.cqu.edu.au/10018/1042146
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Journals and magazines
Each reference includes the following details in this order: author’s surname, author’s initial(s), year of publication, article title (in minimal
capitalisation), name of journal (in italics and maximal capitalisation), volume number (in italics), issue number (in parentheses), page range, + DOI or
URL. The volume number, issue number and page range are usually printed at the top of the article above the abstract. This information can also be
found in the footers of the pages.
Use the DOI or URL flow chart to help select the correct information to form a complete reference for your selected journal article: See Appendix G.
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Journal article with a DOI
This includes journals found in the following
databases: CQUniversity’s Library Search,
CQUniversity’s Course Resources Online (CRO),
Online databases (e.g. EBSCO, OVID, or
ProQuest, UpToDate , Google Scholar etc.)
When available, use the http format below, without
the words “retrieved from”. It enables the reader
to locate the article easily:
https://doi.org/10.xxxx/xxxxx
doi:10.XX.XXXX is also acceptable.
Hamacher et al. (2016) claim. . .(p. 172).
. . .(Hamacher et al., 2016, p. 172).
Chapman, Smith, and Martin (2014)
recommend that “. . .” (p. 6).
The barriers include “. . .” (Chapman,
Smith, & Martin, 2014, p. 6).
Hamacher, A., Kim, S. J., Cho, S. T., Pardeshi, S.,
Lee, S. H., Eun, S. J., & Whangbo, T. K.
(2016). Application of virtual, augmented,
and mixed reality to urology. International
Neurourology Journal, 20(3), 172–181.
https://doi.org/10.5213/inj.1632714.357
Chapman, R., Smith, T., & Martin, C. (2014).
Qualitative exploration of the perceived
barriers and enablers to Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander people accessing
healthcare through one Victorian
Emergency Department. Contemporary
Nurse, 48(1), 48–58.
doi:10.5172/conu.2014.48.1.48
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Journal article without a DOI
This includes journals found in the following
databases: CQUniversity’s Library Search,
CQUniversity’s Course, Resources Online (CRO),
Online databases (e.g. EBSCO, OVID, or
ProQuest, UpToDate, Google Scholar etc.)
Example 1: If a journal article does not have a
DOI number, give the home page URL of the
journal. You may have to search for this.
Example 2: Database URLs should not be used as
the data may change over time. However,
sometimes the journal home page is on a
publisher’s web site because the journal does not
have its own web site. In this case, use the online
publishing URL. Ulrichsweb database has web site
details for most journals. See second example:
Wiley.
Example 1
Klaus and Steinwedel (2015). . .(p. 409).
. . .(Klaus & Steinwdel, 2015, p. 409).
Example 2
Conlon and Bush (2015) argue that
mental health and. . .(p. 339).
. . .(Conlon & Bush, 2015, p. 339).
Example 1
Klaus, K., & Steinwedel, C. (2015). Maggot
debridement therapy: Advancing to the
past in wound care. MedSurg Nursing,
24(6), 407-411. Retrieved from
https://www.medsurgnursing.net
Example 2
Conlon, M. M. M., Bush, C. J., Ariyaratnam, M.
I., Brennan, G. K., & Owtram, R. (2015).
Exploring the compatibility of mental
health nursing, recovery-focused practice
and the welfare state. Journal of
Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing,
22(5), 337–343. Retrieved from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.
1111/%28ISSN%291365-2850
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Journal article without a DOI (continued)
Example 3: Most journal articles do not require a
retrieval date; however, on rare occasions, an
article may need a retrieval date if it is retrieved
from a database where the article is periodically
updated. These articles/journals often have editors.
See Example 3 in the right hand column:
UpToDate.
Example 3
Williams and Nieuwsma (2016) claim
that. . .
. . .(Williams & Nieuwsma, 2016).
Example 3
Williams, J., & Nieuwsma, J. (2016). Screening
for depression in adults. In J. A. Melin
(Ed.), UpToDate. Retrieved February 1,
2017, from https://www.uptodate.com/
contents/screening-for-depression-in-
adults
Journal article available through
CQUniversity’s Course Resources Online (CRO) Cite and reference as original source. See Journal
with a DOI or Journal without a DOI.
Hard copy journal without a DOI
Most journal articles are now accessed online.
Include relevant URL if accessing information
online.
Darvin and Norton (2015) propose. . .
(p. 42).
Research suggests that identity is. . .
(Darvin & Norton, 2015, p. 42).
Darvin, R., & Norton, B. (2015). Identity and a
model of investment in applied linguistics.
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 35,
36–56.
No volume or issue number
If both the volume and issue number are not
provided, include the month or the season (e.g.
2008, Spring).
Class conscious reveals. . . (Kauffmann,
1993, p. 30).
Kauffmann, S. (1993, October 18). On films:
Class consciousness. The New Republic,
30. Retrieved from
https://newrepublic.com
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Online magazine article
Always evaluate information found in magazines
for “scholarliness”—including bias, validity,
trustworthiness of the authors etc. Magazines are
not generally considered scholarly sources for
research.
. . .(Waldegrave, 2017, p. 99). Waldegrave, N. (2017, May). Express yourself!.
Business Review Australia, 90–103.
Retrieved from
https://issuu.com/businessreviewaustralia
/docs/braus_may2017
Hard copy newspaper articles
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Newspaper article with an author
In the reference list, do not omit the word “The”
from any newspaper’s name.
Higgins (2014) suggests that
“Australian diplomats played a key
role” (p. 3).
Higgins, E. (2014, December 10). Consul key in
China ice escape. The Australian, p. 3.
Newspaper article without an author
In-text citation
Short titles are included with date in the place of
the author: . . . (Emission Goal, 2018).
Long titles are shorted and places in double
quotation marks in the place of the author:
. . . (“Greek PM Calls,” 2014).
Reference list
If there is no author, move the whole title to the
author position.
According to The Australian, the
political situation in Greece is
contentious, with parties vying for
power in a turbulent situation (“Greek
PM Calls,” 2014).
Greek PM calls risky presidential election after
bailout extension. (2014, December 10).
The Australian, p. 9.
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Online newspaper articles
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Newspaper article with an author available via
the web
URLs should be black, active and underlined.
In the reference list do not omit the word “The”
from any newspaper’s name.
Towell (2014) reported that “15,000
public servants. . .will launch a
campaign of ‘civil disobedience’. . .over
pay and conditions disputes” (p. 1).
Towell, N. (2014, December 11). Human services
public servants begin industrial campaign
over pay offer. The Canberra Times.
Retrieved from http://www.canberratimes.
com.au/national/public-service
Newspaper article with no author available
Note. Always check the validity of a site that has no
author or sponsor. The use of such sites is
discouraged.
In-text citation
Short titles are included with date in the place of
the author:
. . . (Emission Goal, 2018).
Long titles are shorted and places in double
quotation marks in the place of the author:
. . . (“Greek PM Calls,” 2014).
Reference list
If there is no author, move the whole title to the
author position.
The Investor’s Business Daily
(“Lifelong Learning,” 2018) discusses
expanding skill sets as the best way to
approach career change.
Lifelong learning is the key to career shifts. (2018,
January 3). Investor’s Business Daily.
Retrieved from
https://www.investors.com/
news/management/
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Online book review—newspaper Reynolds (2017) suggests
that. . .(para. 1).
Reynolds, B. (2017, February 3) Last words
[Review of book Last words, by B.
Dickins]. Herald Sun. Retrieved from
http://www.heraldsun.com.au
Reports
Use minimal capitalisation for the title of a report, but always capitalise proper nouns.
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Report (hard copy – individual author)
In-text citation
When there are three to five authors of one
resource, list them all in the first in-text citation.
After that, only include the first author followed by
et al. to indicate the other authors.
For resources with six or more authors, only use
the first author’s name followed by et al. for each
in-text citation.
First citation
According to Fredericks, Longbottom,
McPhail-Bell, and Worner (2016). . .
(p. 4).
Subsequent citations
Fredericks et al. (2016) argue. . .(p. 7).
. . .(Fredericks et al., 2016, p. 7).
Fredericks, B. L., Longbottom, M., McPhail-Bell,
K., & Worner, F. (2016). Dead or deadly
report: Waminda Aboriginal women’s
health service. Rockhampton, Qld:
CQUniversity.
Report (online—individual author/s)
Reference list
If the author or corporate author of the report is
not the publisher, identify the publisher as part of
Through investigating the literacy
experiences of children in early
childhood, the researchers came to the
conclusion that. . .(Scholfield, Bradbeer,
Scholfield, K., Bradbeer, S., Lyons, M., Johnson,
K., & Williams. J. (2014). Literacy project
report 2014. Retrieved from Southern
Grampians Local Action Group:
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
the retrieval statement: Retrieved from Agency
Name web site: http://www.xxxx
Lyons, Johnson, & Williams, 2014,
p. 2).
http://gsgllen.org.au/wp-content/uploads
/Literacy-Project-Report-2014-FINAL-
1.pdf
Report (online—corporate author) Recent data shows that socio-economic
gaps exist between disadvantaged and
non-disadvantaged students in Chile
(UNESCO, 2017, p. 206).
United National Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organisation. (2017). The global
education monitoring report 2017/8.
Retrieved from https://www.en. unesco.
org/gem-report.
Government report (online—corporate author) When authorising mental health
examinations. . .(Queensland Health,
2016, p. 3).
Queensland Health. (2016). Annual report 2015-
2016. Retrieved from http://www.
parliament.qld.gov.au
Government report (hard copy—individual
author/s)
An adaptive management cycle contains
many elements which involve a number
of processes (Brawata, Stevenson, &
Seddon, 2017, p. 7).
Brawata, R., Stevenson, B., & Seddon, J. (2017).
Conservation effectiveness monitoring
program: An overview [Technical Report].
Canberra, Australia: Environment,
Planning and Sustainable Development
Directorate.
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Conference papers
If the year the paper was presented differs from the year it was published, give the year of publication.
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Conference paper in published proceedings
(hard copy)
If published proceedings are individual, cite and
reference them as books. If the proceedings are
published regularly, cite and reference them as
journals.
Reference list
If the year in which the paper was presented differs
from the year it was published, give the year of
publication.
To consider the appropriateness of
interpreter qualifications, it is important
to. . .(Gamal, 2014, p. 97).
Gamal, M. Y. (2014). The world of police
interpreting. In. A. Arnall, & A. Gentile,
(Eds.), AUSIT 2012. Proceedings of the
“JubilaTIon 25” Biennial Conference of
the Australian Institute of Interpreters and
Translators (pp. 93–102). Newcastle upon
Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars
Publishing.
Conference paper in published proceedings
(online)
When thinking about the inclusion of
visual arts as part of a teaching
program. . .(Baker & Astell, 2015,
p. 10).
Baker, W., & Astell, S. (2015). Visual arts
education, teacher choice, accountability
and curricula in Tasmanian K-6 primary
schools. Proceedings of the Australian
Association for Research in Education:
Refereed papers from the 15th Annual
Conference, 1–12. Retrieved from
https://aare.edu.au/data/2015_Conference/
Full_papers/42_William_Baker.pdf
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Conference paper online Wilson (2017) presents her research
from the perspective of. . .(p. 5).
Wilson, V. (2017). Fukushima and beyond:
Teaching trauma survivors. Paper
presented at the JALT Annual Conference.
Retrieved from http://jalt-
publications.org/node/4/articles%20/6039-
fukushima-and-beyond-teaching-trauma-
survivors
Unpublished manuscript—thesis In her thesis, Olaithe (2014) examines
the relationship between…
Olaithe, M. (2014). Neurocognitive disturbance in
obstructive sleep apnoea: Mechanisms of
harm. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).
School of Psychology, University of
Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Referencing a web page or a standalone document on the web
Include the following details in this order: author’s surname, author’s initial(s), year, title of document or web site and finally the web address.
Remember, for online sources, the author is not always a person. Instead, it could be an organisation, a company, a government department, etc. URLs
should be black, active and underlined.
For in-text citations, write the organisation’s name in full followed by the acronym in brackets for the first in-text citation. Subsequent in-text citations
only use the acronym. See examples below. In addition, see Appendices C to E for more detail about abbreviations and acronyms.
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Standalone document on the web
In text
Within the body of text, the title of standalone
documents such as a report, dissertation, thesis etc.
is in maximal capitalisation and in italics.
Reference list
The title of a downloaded document is in minimal
capitalisation; however, the first letter of any
proper noun (Australia) is capitalised.
First citation
The Creative Generation: State Schools
Onstage 2018 document illustrates the
importance of creativity (Department of
Education and Training [DET], 2017,
p. 2).
Subsequent citations
. . .(DET, 2017, p. 2).
First citation
The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses
outlines that nurses have four core
responsibilities (International Council
for Nurses [ICN], 2018, p. 1).
Subsequent citations
. . .(ICN, 2018, p. 1).
Department of Education and Training. (2017).
Creative generation: State schools onstage
2018. Retrieved from https://det.qld.gov.au
International Council for Nurses. (2018). The ICN
code of ethics for nurses. Retrieved from
http://www.icn.ch/who-we-are/code-of-
ethics-for-nurses/
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Information on a web page
Note 1. If the web page provides information via
both the PDF and HTML, it is easier to cite the
page number on a PDF document. Downloaded
HTML information may not have a page number.
Note 2. When quoting online information, use the
page numbers. if visible. If page numbers are not
provided, use paragraph numbers. When there are
no paragraph numbers, provide the closest heading
as well as the number of paragraphs following it.
See notes on paragraph numbers in Appendix E
and the JBI example.
CareSearch (2017) suggests
the. . .(para. 1).
. . .(CareSearch, 2017, para. 1).
“. . .” (The Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI],
2016, p. 3).
The recommended practice for hand
“. . .” (The Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI],
2016, Recommended practice, para 1).
CareSearch. (2017). Preferred place of death.
Retrieved from https://www.
caresearch.com.au
The Joanna Briggs Institute. (2016). Basic hand
hygiene. Retrieved from
http://connect.jbiconnectplus.org
MIMS Australia. (2018). Pramin. Retrieved from
https://www-mimsonline-com-au
Primary historical source on the web
Example: diary
When the page number or paragraph number is not
provided, use the nearest title in quotation marks
and the number of paragraphs following it.
Example: letter
Diary
Nightingale’s diary (1896 as cited in
British Library, 2018, “A diary of a
Nightingale nurse,” para. 1) highlighted
the importance of. . .
Letter
Florence Nightingale’s letter to Sir
Benjamin William Farr highlights their
collaboration on sanitary reform
(Nightingale to B. W. Farr, ca. 1958).
British Library. (2018, January 17). A diary of a
Nightingale nurse. Retrieved from
http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/
item106505.html
Nightingale, F. [ca. 1858]. [Letter to Benjamin M.
Farr]. Retrieved from
http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Example: Classical work
For very old works, when the date is inapplicable,
cite the translation date after trans. For major
classical works, e.g. ancient Greek or Roman
works, or religious works a reference list entry is
not required because these sources are widely
available.
Classical work
The Republic outlines. . .(Plato, trans.
1980).
Information on the web with no date
The copyright date often found at the bottom of the
web page is not necessarily the date of publication.
Proceed with caution when a resource does not
provide a publication date. Use infrequently.
Locsin (n.d.) outlines that the 2,724,570
nurses in Australia form the largest
cohort of medical health practitioners
(Employers, para 1).
Locsin, A. (n.d.). Wages & benefits for a
registered nurse. Retrieved from
http://work.chron.com
Radio transcript from a web site
If it is not evident from the title of the transcript,
use brackets to include a description of form
[Podcast transcript], [Speech transcript],
[Interview transcript], etc.).
Psychiatrist, Dr Iain McGilchrist
suggests that only 2% of neurons in each
hemisphere of the brain cross (ABC
Radio National, 2017).
ABC Radio National (Producer). (2017,
November 26). All in the Mind: The
divided brain. [Podcast transcript].
Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au
Television transcript The Australian Story Without Rhyme or
Reason confirmed that the Ruszczyk
family. . .(ABC Television, 2017).
ABC Television (Producer). (2017, November
20). Australian story: Without rhyme or
reason [Program transcript]. Retrieved
from http://www.abc.net.au/austory
/without-rhyme-or-reason/9172024
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Government documents
Give the organisation’s name in full the first time you refer to it, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Use only the abbreviation in subsequent
citations. If the site has a search facility, include only the main page URL address. See also section titled Reports.
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Standalone document from a government web
site
In-text citation
For in-text citations, the title of a standalone
document such as a report [technical, government
etc.] is in maximal capitalisation and in italics
within the body of text.
Reference list
Use the government department or agency as
author.
The title of a downloaded document within a
reference list is in minimal capitalisation; however,
the first letter of any proper noun (Australia) is
capitalised.
Department of Education and Training
(DET, 2017) indicates. . .(p. 1).
The National Strategic Framework for
Rural and Remote Health is a tool for
governance and. . .(Department of
Health, 2017, p. 5).
Queensland Curriculum and Assessment
Authority (QCAA, 2010) provides. . .
(p. 10).
Violence prevention is. . .(Queensland
Health, 2016, p. 5).
Department of Education and Training. (2017).
Preparing students for success in senior
secondary. Retrieved from
https://det.qld.gov.au
Department of Health. (2013). National strategic
framework for rural and remote health.
Retrieved from http://www.health.gov.au
Queensland Curriculum and Assessment
Authority. (2010). Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander languages: P-10
Queensland syllabus. Retrieved from
http://www/ qcaa.qld.edu.au
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Queensland Health. (2016). Occupational violence
prevention in Queensland Health’s
hospital and health services: Taskforce
report. Retrieved from https://www.health.
qld.gov.au
Australian Bureau of Statistics online
Note. When quoting online information, use the
page numbers if visible. If page numbers are not
provided, use paragraph numbers. When there are
no paragraph numbers, provide the closest heading
as well as the number of paragraphs following it.
See JBI example. See section on paragraphs below
for more advice about using headings.
The Australian Bureau of Statistics
(ABS, 2016) indicates that the
population of New South Wales. . . (The
population of Australia is 24.4 million,
para. 4).
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Census of
population and housing: Australia
revealed, 2016 (cat. no. 2024.0). Retrieved
from http://www.abs.gov.au
Government media releases According to Commonwealth Scientific
and Industrial Research Organisation
(CSIRO, 2014) “insects originated at the
same time as the earliest land-based
plants” (p. 1).
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation. (2014, November 6).
Scientists reveal secrets of insect evolution
[Media release]. Retrieved from
https://www.csiro.au/en/News/News-
releases/2014/Scientists-reveal-secrets-of-
insect-evolution
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Fact sheet Advice provided by the Department of
Health (2015) lists ways in which tick
bites can be prevented (p. 3).
Department of Health. (2015). Tick bite
prevention [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from
http://www.health.gov.au
Web sites from the same author, same year
Order in accordance with web page title
(alphabetically).
Reference list
Proper nouns in the web page title are capitalised:
names of places, people etc.
According to Queensland Health
(2017a), the clinical services
provided. . .(p. 2).
New design features
include. . .(Queensland Health, 2017b,
p. 2).
According to Queensland Health
(2017c), Sunshine Coast University
Hospital will develop. . .(p. 4).
Queensland Health. (2017a). Clinical services
[Fact sheet]. Retrieved from
http://www.health.qld.gov.au
Queensland Health. (2017b). Ecologically
sustainable design [Fact sheet]. Retrieved
from http://www.health.qld.gov.au
Queensland Health. (2017c). Sunshine Coast
University Hospital overview [Fact sheet].
Retrieved from http://www.health.
qld.gov.au
Patents
In-text citation
Provide the patent number and the issue date.
Reference list
Provide the inventor’s name.
The Australian Provisional Patent
2017904561 (2017) formalised and
protected the solar pool heater. . .
. . .(Australian Provisional Patent
2017904561, 2017).
Carroll, P. (2017). Australian Provisional Patent
2017904561. Woden, ACT: IP Australia.
Carroll, P. (2017). Australian Provisional Patent
2017904561. Retrieved from
http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au
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Legal documents
For detailed guidelines, the APA style guide refers readers to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (2010); however, this does not cover
Australian law and cases. Therefore, the Australian Guide to Legal Citation should be consulted when referencing international legal documents.
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Legislation
In references to legislation, the year is in italics as
it is considered to be part of the title of the Act.
The Medical Treatment Act 1989 (Qld)
states. . .
... by virtue of s 25.2 of the Aged Care
Act 1997 (Cth). . .
"A restrictive intervention may only be
used on a person. . ." (Mental Health Act
2013 (NT) sch 1 cl 2).
(Corporations Amendment Bill 2006
(Cth))
(Transport Accident Further
Amendment Bill 2013 (NSW) sch 1
item 9)
Aged Care Act 1997 (Cth). Retrieved from
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/cons
ol_act/aca199757/
Environmental Legislation Amendment Bill 2013
(Cth). Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au
Note. The URL for this Act is not considered too
long, so is included in this entry.
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Legislation and regulation abbreviations
Many abbreviations are used when citing legal
documents. These abbreviations are explained in
Appendix E of this document.
When citing government legal or standards documents, use the abbreviation s. or ss. for
pinpoint references. Examples of the abbreviations that may be required include a section or
sections (‘s’ and ‘ss’ respectively).
For example:
The ss. 4–7 of the Copyright Act of 1968 outlines. . .
The Copyright Act (1968), ss. 4–7 clearly indicates. . .
In s. 4 of the Casino Control Ordinance, a number of. . .
When citing regulation/s, use the abbreviations r. and rr.
For example:
The Copyright Regulations, rr. 18–19 underpins. . .
1. The Commonwealth’s Copyright Regulations, r. 18 provides. . .
Standards
Standards are documents that set out
specifications, procedures and guidelines that aim
to ensure products, services, and systems are safe,
consistent, and reliable.
They are based on industrial, scientific, and
consumer experience.
AS 4685.0:2017 (Standards Australia,
2017) provides guidance on the
development, installation, inspection,
maintenance and operation of
playgrounds.
Online
Standards Australia. (2017). Playground
equipment and surfacing – Part 0:
Development, installation, inspection,
maintenance and operation (AS
4685.0:2017). Retrieved from
https://www.saiglobal.com/
Hard copy
Standards Australia. (2017). Playground
equipment and surfacing – Part 0:
Development, installation, inspection,
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
maintenance and operation (AS
4685.0:2017). Sydney, NSW: SAI Global
Limited.
Government debates recorded in Hansard Hon. Peter Wellington (Commonwealth,
Parliamentary Debates, March 20 2017)
moved that “. . .” (p. 2266).
Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of
Representatives, 20 March 2017, 2266.
Retrieved from
http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Busi
ness/Hansard
Queensland Parliament, Record of Proceedings, 26
October 2017, 3331. Retrieved from
https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/work-
of-assembly/hansard
Law cases
To cite specific page numbers, do not use the
abbreviation p. or pp.
Round brackets are used when the report series is
organised by volume numbers, square brackets are
used when the reports are organised by year.
Brackets in citations should match the brackets in
sources.
According to the case of Rogers v
Whitaker (1992). . .
(Hot Holdings Pty Ltd v Chappel v Hart
[1998] HCA55)
Rogers v Whitaker (1992) 175 CLR 479
Chappel v Hart [1998] HCA55. Available from
http://www.austlii.edu.au/
Note. The URL for this Case is quite long, so the
database URL is used hence the word available is
used rather than retrieved from.
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Coroner’s report The inquest findings from the State
Coroner, Mr Michael Barnes highlights
that. . .(Office of the State Coroner,
2011, p. 21).
The inquest findings highlight. . .
(Office of the State Coroner, 2011,
p. 21).
Office of the State Coroner. (2011). Inquest into
the death of Ryan Charles Saunders (COR
4449/07(0). Retrieved from
http://www.courts.qld.gov
University-provided study materials
Texts reproduced in a university unit should be cited and referenced as an original resource; see section related to books, book chapters, journals, e-
books etc.). University provided study materials such as Study Guides may be referenced. However, try to source published or reputable resource
material where possible. The sources below should not be used too frequently. Other sources that you have located while researching are more suitable.
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Lecture notes (unpublished)
“When lecture notes are available only from the
teacher, via course management software (such as
Blackboard), or from someone who took notes
during a lecture, cite this as a personal
communication” (APA, 2012, p. 31).
According to G. Busch (personal
communication, November 23, 2017)
the issue. . .
G. Busch (personal communication,
November 23, 2017) suggests that. . .
. . .(G. Busch, personal communication,
November 23, 2017).
n/a
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Lecture material—not hard copy (e.g.
whiteboard notes)
This should not be included in the reference list.
Treat it the same as personal communication and
indicate the author and date in your assignment.
According to G. Busch (personal
communication, November 23, 2017)
the issue. . .
G. Busch (personal communication,
November 23, 2017) suggests that. . .
. . .(G. Busch, personal communication,
November 23, 2017).
n/a
University-provided electronic and multimedia study materials
Texts reproduced in a university unit should be cited and referenced as an original resource; see section related to books, book chapters, journals,
e-books etc.). University provided study materials such as Study Guides may be referenced. However, try to source published or reputable resource
material where possible. The sources below should not be used too frequently. Other sources that you have located while researching are more suitable.
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Unit notes available on CQUniversity e-Units
(Moodle)
“When lecture notes are available only from the
teacher, via course management software (such as
Blackboard), or from someone who took notes
during a lecture, cite this as a personal
communication” (APA, 2012, p. 31).
According to G. Busch (personal
communication, November 23, 2017)
the issue. . .
G. Busch (personal communication,
November 23, 2017) suggests that. . .
n/a
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
. . .(G. Busch, personal communication,
November 23, 2017).
PowerPoint presentation on Moodle
PowerPoints in Moodle (closed learning platform)
are not included in the reference list; cite as
personal communication.
See specialised sources for referencing a
PowerPoint widely available on the web.
According to G. Busch (personal
communication, November 23, 2017)
the issue. . .
G. Busch (personal communication,
November 23, 2017) suggests that. . .
. . .(G. Busch, personal communication,
November 23, 2017).
n/a
Discussion board message posted to Moodle
Moodle forum posts cannot be retrieved by other
researchers; therefore, Moodle posts are cited as
personal communication: See specialised sources
for referencing open source forums.
According to T. Brown (personal
communication, December 6, 2017). . .
n/a
Echo360 presentation
Cite as personal communication
. . . (T. Brown, personal communication,
November 23, 2017).
n/a
Video on a Moodle site
Cite as personal communication for lecture videos.
Cite as video podcast for information widely
available.
According to Professor B. Knight
(personal communication, December 12,
2017). . .
n/a
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Personal communication Conversations, lectures,
lecture notes, placements, practical study, live
interviews, letters, forum post on Moodle and
personal email messages are cited in-text, but not
included in the reference list.
According to Associate Professor A.
Ambrosetti (personal communication,
December 5, 2017). . .
n/a
Source referred to in a study guide: Secondary
resource Warning: Only use this type of
referencing if the original cannot be found. Try to
locate and use the primary source if possible. Use
secondary sources sparingly.
In-text citation
First cite the original source of the idea (primary
reference) and follow this with the source from
which you read it (secondary source).
Reference list
In the reference list, only include the author/s of the
secondary source (i.e. the source you actually
read).
Brown, Kim, Stichler, and Fields (2010,
as cited in Heidke, 2017) warn. . .
Heidke, P. (2017). NURS11158 Evidence
informed nursing practice: Study guide
Term 1 2017. Retrieved
https://moodle.cqu.edu.au
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Multimedia on the web
Always evaluate information found in these sources for ‘scholarliness’—including bias, validity, trustworthiness of the authors etc.
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Audio or video podcastNote 1. A podcast is a
digital source in the form of an audio or video file
which can be download from the web.
Note 2. Provide the name of the program (italics).
Identify the type of podcast or file (e.g. audio or
video etc. in square brackets after the program
title.
Note 3. As podcasts are able to be searched,
provide the home page URL rather than the full
URL.
Mitochondria are a fuel
source. . .(Kruszelnicki, 2017).
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (2017). . .
There is a need to explore our moral and
social interactions with nature (Safina,
2015).
Kruszelnicki, K. (2017, November 21).
Mitochondria: Fiery powerhouses
[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration. (2017, October 20).
Action cam footage from October 2017
spacewalk [Video podcast]. Retrieved
from https://nasa.gov
Safina, C. (2015, October). Carl Safina: What
are animals thinking and feeling?
[Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.ted.com/
iTunes or other eStore downloads
If the date of digitalisation was different from the
recording date, give the date of the original
recording in round brackets after the publication
information.
Starting a budget can seem
overwhelming; however, the right tips
can provide significant savings (Pape,
2017).
Pape, S. (2017). The barefoot investor: The
only money guide you’ll ever need
[Audiobook]. Retrieved from
http://www.apple.com/ au/itunes
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Specialised sources
In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Brochure or Pamphlet
Reference list
Place type of source in square brackets after the
title.
The risk factors of falling include age,
medical history, coordinate and mental
state (The Joanna Briggs Institute, n.d.).
The Joanna Briggs Institute. (n.d.). Falls in
care settings [Brochure]. Retrieved
from http://connect.jbiconnectplus.org/
ViewPdf. aspx?0=140&1=9
DVD
Reference list
Place type of source in square brackets after the
title.
Jersey Boys tells the story of four young
men who get into trouble together before
forming a band (Eastwood, 2014).
Eastwood, C. (Producer). (2014). Jersey boys
[DVD]. New York, NY: Warner Bros.
Pictures.
Eastwood, C. (Producer). (2014). Jersey boys
[DVD]. Retrieved from
https://www.amazon.com
Film/Movie In the film Jersey Boys, Eastwood (2014)
allows his characters to break the fourth
wall to engage with the audience.
Eastwood, C. (Producer & Director). (2014).
Jersey boys [Motion picture]. New
York, NY: Warner Bros. Pictures.
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
One episode of a television series
In-text citation
Tip: Place the name of the episode in double
quotation marks but the TV series name in italics.
Reference list
If a broadcast transcript is available, reference
sources as a television transcript. Transcripts from
programs such as Australian Story are available
online. See “television transcript” for referencing
guidance.
The main Romper Stomper character,
Gabrielle warns that “. . .” (Reid &
Robertson, 2018).
Reid, D. (Writer), & Robertson, J. N.
(Director). (2018). Chaos [Television
series episode]. In J. Edwards
(Producer), Romper Stomper. Sydney,
NSW: Stan.
Webisode
An episode of a television series downloaded from
the web.
The main Romper Stomper character,
Gabrielle warns that “. . .” (Reid &
Robertson, 2018).
Reid, D. (Writer), & Robertson, J. N.
(Director). (2018). Chaos [Television
series episode]. In J. Edwards
(Producer), Romper Stomper. Retrieved
from https://www.stan.com.au
Television advertisement
Note. Write company name as it appears. See
example overleaf for referencing multiple
corporate authors.
. . .(Them Advertising, 2015).
Them Advertising. (2015, November 30). Pope
products: The better way to water
[Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube. com/
watch?v=dvlV8x05EZ4
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
The 2017 Stop Smoking before It Starts
campaign highlights . . . (ZAC Creative,
AT Creative, & RT Films, 2017).
ZAC Creative., AT Creative., & RT Films.
(2017, November 19). Stop smoking
before it starts [Video file]. Retrieved
from https://www. stopsmoking
beforeitstarts.org.au
Creative work in multimedia format
(e.g. multiple types on the one CD or program)
Like a version captures the flavour of
contemporary. . . (Triple J, 2017).
Triple J. (Ed.). (2017). Like a version (Vol.
13). Retrieved from
https://shop.abc.net.au/ triple-j-like-a-
version-13-2cd
An artistic work (e.g. a painting, photographs,
images.
Note 1. Where artist details are provided, cite and
reference accordingly.
Note 2. Where no author details have been
provided, place the title of the work in the
author/artist position.
Note 3. Insert square brackets after the title to list
the type of medium e.g. photograph, online image,
sculpture, painting etc.
Note 4. When including the image in text or in an
appendix, see section on tables and figures about
how to cite: Appendix K.
Neuwirth (2017) captures the. . .
The Falling Man (2006) illustrates and
captures motion.
Barak (ca. 1880) depicts the ceremony
through hi vivid use of. . .
Drew, R. (2017). Lucky strike [Photograph].
Retrieved from
https://www.nationalgeographic .com
The falling man [online image]. (2006).
Retrieved December 7, 2017 from
http://ananyah.com
/blog/2006/03/16/the-falling-man
Barak, W. [ca. 1880]. Ceremony with rainbow
serpent [painting]. Melbourne, Vic.:
National Gallery of Victoria.
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Song lyric
Writer of song in author’s position.
The words to Beautiful (Mauboy,
Hinshaw, Mishan, & Delazyn, 2013, track
1) fit the up-tempo track. . .
Mauboy, J., Hinshaw, C., Mishan, C., &
Delazyn, D. (2013). Beautiful
[Recorded by Jessica Mauboy] On
Beautiful. [CD] Brooklyn, NY: Genius
Media Group.
Musical score for a stage show The score by Bock (1964). . . Bock, J. (Composer). (1964). Fiddler on the
roof [Musical score]. New York, NY:
Warner Chappell.
Software packages
. . .(Clarivate Analytics, 2016). Clarivate Analytics. (2016). EndNote (X8)
[Software update]. Retrieved from
http://endnote.com
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
To reference a Facebook update, write Facebook
update in square brackets after the update title.
To reference a Facebook page, write Facebook
page in square brackets after the word timeline.
Provide the URL “permalink” for archived posts
(available by clicking on the time/date stamp at the
top of the post). When the archived URL is used, no
retrieval date is necessary.
Plans to automate essay scoring have not
been implemented (ABC News, 2018).
Gates (n.d.) Facebook page explores
issues of public health and. . .
ABC News. (2018, January 29). Robot
marking of NAPLAN tests scrapped.
[Facebook update]. Retrieved from
https://www. facebook.com/
abcnews.au/posts/ 10158046171864988
Gates, B. [Bill]. (n.d.). Timeline [Facebook
page]. Retrieved January 15, 2018,
from https://www.facebook.Com/
BillGates/
YouTube
Warning: Where possible, try to locate the video
file from a reputable host site. See video podcast
example.
Note. Credit the poster as the author. Provide the
real name in the following format: Author, A. A.,
followed by the user name inside brackets (if
available). Only include the user name, without
brackets, If the person’s real name is unavailable.
Carl Safina highlights the need for
humans to explore their moral and social
relationship nature (TED, 2015).
TED. (2015, December 15). What are animals
thinking and feeling?: Carl Safina
[Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube .com/watch ?v=-
wkdH_wluhw
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Give the Tweeter’s name, if known, followed by
their screen name in square bracket.
If the Tweeter’s name is not known, use their screen
name instead. In this case, it should not go in
square brackets.
Provide the URL “permalink” for archived
messages (available by clicking on the time/date
stamp at the top of the message). When the
archived URL is used, no retrieval date is
necessary.
Gillard (2017) celebrates. . . Gillard, J. [JuliaGillard]. (2017, October 19).
Congrats to Jacinda Ardern and the NZ
Labour team. After many nail-biting
days, a great result! JG [Tweet].
Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/JuliaGillard/ status
/920899268327518208
Blog
Indicate the type text using square brackets after
the title. Use “Blog post” for original post but
“Blog comment” for a comment on an original
post. Use “Re:” at the start of the blog comment.
Myers (2108) suggests. . .
. . .(Myers, 2017).
. . .(Greenwood, 2018).
Greenwood (2018). . .
Myers, P. Z. (2018, January 15). Erasing
women from media [Blog post].
Retrieved from https://freethoughtblogs
.com/pharyngula/
Greenwood, G. (2018, January 15). Re:
Erasing women from media [Blog
comment]. Retrieved from
https://freethoughtblogs
.com/pharyngula/2018/01/15/erasing-
women-from-media/#comments
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In-text citation examples Model to follow in the reference list
Message posted to a newsgroup, forum post, or
discussion group
Note. As unit forums on Moodle are not available
to everyone, content should be cited as personal
communication; see section on personal
communication below.
Ho’s (2009) response to the report was
vehement.
Ho, C. (2009, November 25). Re: The UN
report on conditions for Indigenous
Australians [Discussion group
message]. Retrieved from
http://www.indigenoushealth
.com.au/discussion /message/65
Wiki Needs assessment can be defined
as. . .(“Needs Assessment,” n.d).
Needs assessment. (n.d). In Wikia. Retrieved
December 8, 2017, from
http://psychology .wikia.com/wiki/
Needs assessment
Interview on radio
See audio podcast or radio transcript.
Personal communication
Conversations, letters and personal email
messages, are not included in a reference list.
M. Wren (personal communication,
January 10, 2017) indicated that. . .
Evidence given. . .(H. Petty, personal
communication, July 17, 2017).
n/a
Atlas (with an editor)
Note. When including the image in text or in an
appendix, see section on tables and figures about
how to cite: Appendix K.
The position of the new city is to be in
south-east Queensland (Eales, 2003, Map
34).
Eales, S. (Ed.). (2003). The Jacaranda atlas
(3rd ed.). Brisbane, Qld: John Wiley &
Sons.
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Atlas (without an editor)
As there is no editor, the title of the atlas takes that
place and is written with capital.
The monsoon trough moves south over
the landmass of north Western Australia
(Jacaranda atlas, 2010, p. 40).
Jacaranda atlas (7th ed.). (2010). Brisbane,
QLD: John Wiley & Sons.
Map
Note. When including the image in text or in an
appendix, see section on tables and figures about
how to cite: Appendix K.
. . .reading from this map (Queensland
Government Department of Natural
Resources and Mines, 2015).
Queensland Government Department of
Natural Resources and Mines
(Cartographer). (2015). Queensland
geological compilation plots. [Hard
copy geological maps]. Retrieved from
https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au
Encyclopaedia (with author/editor) Stage actors require a broad range of
skills to use in theatre (Williams, 2015).
Williams, S. (2015). The Cambridge
encyclopedia of stage actors and
acting. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
Encyclopaedia article available on the web or
via a database
The renowned rebellion occurred at the
Eureka goldfield (“Australia”, 2014).
Australia. (2014). In Encyclopaedia
Britannica. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/
Dictionary (online definition) The definition of
magnetism. . .(“Magnetism,” 2014).
Magnetism. (2014). In Oxford dictionaries.
Retrieved from
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com
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Dictionary (hard copy) The Gibson walking splint. . .(Harris,
Nagy, & Vardaxis, 2014).
Harris, P., Nagy, S., & Vardaxis, N. (Eds.).
(2014). Mosby’s dictionary of medicine,
nursing & health professions (3rd ANZ
ed.). Sydney, NSW: Elsevier.
Tables and figures
In text citation
Indicate that the source has been adapted from, or
is from, another resource in the caption below: See
Appendix K for specific templates, caption
examples and reference list examples.
Reference list
Full source details should be shown in the
reference list.
Figure: Information below figure
Figure 1. Net overseas migration in
Australia 1976 to 2016. Adapted from
“2071.0 Cultural Diversity in Australia,
2016,” by Australian Bureau of Statistics,
2017 (http://www.abs.gov. au). In public
domain.
Table: Note below table
Note. Adapted from “3412.0 Migration,
Australia, 2015–2016,” by Australian
Bureau of Statistics, 2017 (http://www.
abs.gov.au). In public domain.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017).
Cultural diversity in Australia, 2016
(cat. no. 2071.0). Retrieved from
http://www.abs.gov .au
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017).
Migration, Australia, 2015–2016 (cat.
no. 3412.0). Retrieved from
http://www.abs.gov .au
How to reference an App
Sometimes there will be no author. In this case, you
can use the title.
. . .(Skyscape, 2013). Skyscape. (2013). Skyscape Medical
Resources (Version 1.17.42) [Mobile
application software]. Retrieved from
http://itunes.apple .com
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PowerPoint (not in Moodle)
PowerPoint widely available (e.g. online but not in
Moodle, are cited in text and included in the
reference list.) However, PowerPoints in Moodle
are not included in the reference list; cite as
personal communication.
Note. If date of publication is not present on the
slides, click the file tab to locate the date.
. . .( Department of Education, 2018). Department of Education. (2018). Infection
Control [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved
from http://education.qld.gov.au/
health/safety/hazards/infection.html
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Appendices
Appendix A: What do the terms and abbreviations used in this guide mean?
Key terms Explanation
Appendix An appendix (single) or appendices (multiple) is placed after the reference list. Each appendix is on a new
page. The word Appendix is in the centre with an identifying capital letter (e.g. Appendix A). Each appendix
is placed in order that they appear in the text. When referring to information contained in an Appendix, write
a sentence clearly stating where that information can be found. Example: The survey used can be found in
Appendix A. Or, you can use referencing brackets to direct the reader to the information (see Appendix A).
For guidance on how to refer to a table placed in an appendices, see Section 2: How to use tables and figures.
Author The person, group or organisation that created the source. There may be single or multiple authors; or single
or multiple editors; or organisations may be credited as authors rather than specific individuals. If the source
has no designated author you may use the title in place of the author.
Bibliography A complete list of all sources consulted when preparing a piece of work, whether cited in-text or not. It
records the full publication details of each source in the same way as for a reference list. Use a bibliography
only if specifically requested to do so.
Copy or reproduce Inserting an image, figure or table from a source into your own work without modifying it in any way. If you
reproduce a table or figure within your work, you should label appropriately. See section on tables and
figures and Appendix K.
E-book (e-book) An e-book is an electronic version of a hard copy book that can be downloaded. However, printed copies
may not exist, and the e-book may be the only version of the text. You may find a complete book or chapters
of the e-book. Some of these are free and other must be bought from publishers or suppliers.
In-text citation or in-text
referencing
This is an acknowledgement of any paraphrased or quoted information used within an assignment. It is a
record of the author, date of publication and sometimes page number of any sources used. Use surnames for
in-text citations (no initials). The position of the in-text citation varies depending on whether you use author
prominent or information prominent citations. An essay with few or no citations will be a cause of concern,
and it and may indicate plagiarism or limited research. See Section 2.
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Key terms Explanation
Journal article Journals are collections of articles that are published on a regular basis to report current research within a
discipline. Journals are sometimes referred to as magazines, periodicals or serials.
Paraphrase Paraphrasing is putting someone else’s ideas into your own words. When you paraphrase, you must provide
an in-text citation to show that the material comes from another source. With regard to page numbers, “when
paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, you are encouraged to provide a page. . .
number, especially when it would help an interested reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex
text” (APA, 2010, p. 171). Check with your lecturer for their preference around the inclusion of page
numbers when paraphrasing and summarising.
Quotation A direct quotation is the exact reproduction of someone's words which is marked with double quotation
marks or other special formatting. It requires a citation. See Section 2: How to use direct quotes.
Reference list The complete list of all sources paraphrased or quoted used in your work. The reference list appears at the
end of your work. It records the full publication details of each source, and it is arranged in alphabetical
order. Every in-text citation should appear in the reference list, and every item in the reference list should be
mentioned at least once in the assignment. Additionally, the citations that appear in the text must have the
same spellings and dates as the ones in the reference list. See Appendix H for a checklist.
Source The place where the information was found. Source type refers to whether the source is a book, article, web
site etc. and whether it is a hard copy or electronic. Referencing rules differ for each source type.
Summary A brief account of another person’s ideas or research in your own words. A summary of a work or section of
a work, or a general reference to someone's work or ideas, requires a citation.
URL This is the abbreviation for Uniform Resource Locator. It also known as the web address. When including a
URL for a source found on the web it is not necessary to include a long URL if the web site has a search
engine. Leave the URL to break or fit the line in its own way; do not use enter or a space to push the URL to
a new line. If it is pushed onto a new line, the extra enter will make it impossible for the automatic
alphabetiser. Look at the ALC Computing Moodle site to find out how to use Sort to alphabetise for your
reference list.
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Appendix B: Symbols and their use
Symbol Use in citations and references
&
Ampersand
The ampersand symbol represents the word “and”.
Note. See Appendix I for citing multiple authors and
Appendix J for referencing multiple authors.
The ampersand is used to abbreviate “and” and is used between authors’ names in
information prominent citations in text (in the parentheses) and in the reference list.
However, use the word “and” when providing an author prominent in-text citation
with two or more authors (i.e. as part of the sentence)
Citation
Eighty per cent of students prefer feedback (Smith & Jones, 2018, p. 5).
Smith and Jones (2018). . .(p. 5).
Reference list
Smith, N. & Jones, B. (2018). Title: Subtitle. Location of publisher: Publisher.
( )
Round brackets (parentheses)
Round brackets, or parentheses, come in pairs and
contain material that help clarify a point, but often
indicate the information within is less important than
what surrounds it.
Parentheses are used to enclose a citation within the text of an essay. The use of
parentheses (a word or phrase inserted) for other purposes should be avoided in
academic writing. Use wording to show the value of a piece of text rather than using
parentheses. If something is not important enough to include in the main text,
consider leaving it out completely.
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Symbol Use in citations and references
[ ]
Square brackets
In-text Citation
Example 1
For information prominent citations, use square brackets
within a parentheses when adding an acronym or
initialisms to your writing for the first time.
Example 2
Use square brackets when adding extra words to
quotations that help the reader to understand the
meaning. This is useful when you need to fit a quotation
into your own sentence correctly. When editing
quotations, avoid changing the quotation’s meaning.
Example 3
Square brackets are also used with sic to indicate that a
spelling error was present in the original text.
Reference list
Place square brackets may be placed after a title to
indicate a type of resource e.g. video or audio podcast,
photograph, brochure etc. See chart for individual
resources.
Citation
Example 1
The impact of this program has been dramatic (World Health Organization
[WHO] 2011).
Example 2
In fact, Rumelhart (1981) asserts that schemata “are the fundamental
elements upon which all information processing depends. . .[and play a large
role] in guiding the flow of processing in the system” (pp. 33–34).
Example 3
In his report, “the building inspector estimated that there [sic] house was a
fire hazard” (Wilson, 2013, p. 32).
Reference list
Kruszelnicki, K. (2017, November 21). Mitochondria: Fiery powerhouses [Audio
podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au
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Appendix C: Acronyms formed from the initial letters of words, and their use
Acronyms Examples
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of
each word in a long name that can be said as a word. You
must not create an acronym of your own. Use the existing
ones that are recognised, for example, Technical and
Further Education (TAFE), or Queensland and Northern
Territory Aerial Services Ltd (QANTAS).
The first time an acronym is used you must give the full
name followed by the acronym in parentheses. After that
the acronym may be used in place of the full name or
phrase. Always use the full name or phrase in the
abstract section of your document.
An author prominent in-text citation
The first time you use a name that you want to shorten to an acronym or initialism
type the name in full and then type the acronym or initialism in parentheses after it:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011), this program has
had a dramatic impact. This is demonstrated by the data emerging from this
study (WHO, 2011).
An information prominent in-text citation
The first time you use a name that you want to shorten to an acronym or initialism
use the name in full and then type the acronym or initialism in square brackets after
it.
The impact of this program has been dramatic (World Health Organization
[WHO] 2011). This is demonstrated by the data emerging from this study
(WHO, 2011).
Reference list
World Health Organization. (2011). Health impact assessment: Glossary of terms
used. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hia/about/glos/en/index1.html
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Appendix D: Initialisms and their use
Initialisms Examples
Initialisms are a series of capital letters made up of the
initial letters of a series of words. Initialisms cannot be
said as a word; for example: USA (initialism for United
States of America) or NLA (initialism for National
Library of Australia)
The first time an initialism is used, give the full name or
phrase followed by the initialism in parentheses. After
that, the initialism may be used in place of the full name
or phrase. Always use the full name or phrase in the
abstract in your assignment.
In academic writing, initialisms are introduced in the same way as acronyms.
An author prominent in-text citation
A draft study of course choices by Department of Education, Employment and
Workplace Relations (DEEWR, 2008) revealed that “there were no significant
gender differences in the reasons respondents chose to study engineering” (p. 2).
An information prominent in-text citation
A recent government study reports that. . .(Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS],
2013).
Reference list
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Australian social trends: Pregnancy and
work transitions, 2013 (cat. no. 4102.0). Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov
.au/
DOI
Digital Object Identifier
Many journal articles and other online documents are
assigned a DOI, which is a unique string of letters and
numbers that identifies a document. All DOIs begin with
the number 10 and can often be found on the first page of
a journal article, or in the database citation information.
If present the DOI should be included at the end of the
reference. A DOI can also be given in the form of a web
Shariff, J. F. (2011). Navigating assisted death and end-of-life care. Canadian
Medical Association Journal, 183(6), 634–644. doi:10.1503/cmaj.091845
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Initialisms Examples
address: http://doi.org/ This preferable for retrieval
purposes. Note that the words “retrieved from” are not
necessary for a web address DOI.
n.d.
no date
Used when no publication year is found. Look carefully
for publication dates as they can be hard to find on web
sites. You may find the date by checking for a copyright
link.
Citation
Lansdown (n.d.) found that “. . .” (p. 13).
Reference list
Lansdown, M. (n.d.). Bridging courses. Rockhampton, Qld: CQUniversity.
p.
single page
Quotation: Page numbers are required when directly
quoting. If the page number is not available, use a
paragraph number. When there are no paragraph
numbers, provide the closest heading as well as the
number of paragraphs following it. For examples, see
section below on the use of paragraph numbers .
Paraphrasing: “When paraphrasing or referring to an
idea contained in another work, you are encouraged to
provide a page or paragraph number, especially when it
would help an interested reader locate the relevant
passage in a long or complex text” (APA, 2010, p. 171).
Check with your lecturer for their preference around the
inclusion of page numbers when paraphrasing and
summarising.
Citation—Quotation
Priest (2018) states that “20% of. . .” (p. 4).
Research suggests that “. . .” (Priest, 2018, p. 4).
Citation—Paraphrase
Priest (2018) states that. . .(p. 4).
. . .(Priest, 2018, p. 4).
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Initialisms Examples
pp.
multiple pages
Citation
Use pp. when referring to a quote or data from multiple
pages. Use a comma between numbers for pages that are
not in sequence.
Reference list
The use of p. and pp. is not required when referring to
whole books, journal articles or web sites. However, pp.
may be used when referring to a chapter in a book. See
Chapter in an Edited Work.
Citation
. . .(Llias, 2017, pp. 511–512).
. . .(Owen, 2018, pp. 1, 4 & 6).
Reference list
Journal
Llias, B. (2017) Interstate arbitration in international tax disputes. Journal of
International Dispute Settlement, 8(3), 507–534. doi:10.1093/jnlids /idx003
Chapter in an edited work
Grehan, M. (2014). Visioning the future by knowing the past. In J. Daly, S. Speedy,
& D. Jackson (Eds.), Contexts of nursing (3rd ed., pp. 38–50). Sydney,
NSW: Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone.
r. or rr.
regulation or regulations
To aid your reader to locate the specific information you
cited, you should give the unit of division.
In the text of your work, you should write:
. . .the Copyright Regulations, rr. 18–19
If it is at the beginning of the sentence, you should write:
Regulation 18 of the Copyright Regulations (Cwlth).
s. or ss.
sections in legal documents
To help your reader locate the specific section or
subsection that your information comes from, you should
give a pinpoint reference to the relevant section or
subsection.
In the text of your work, you should write:
Civil Proceedings Act 2011 (Qld) s. 7
Unless it is at the beginning of the sentence, for example:
Section 4 of the Casino Control Ordinance 1988.
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Appendix E: Abbreviations and their use
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word. Words can be shortened in a number of ways, including omitting parts of the interior of the word, or
cutting off the end of a word. If the end of the word is removed to create an abbreviation then a full stop is added. If the interior of the word is removed,
leaving the last letter, no full stop is needed. Here are examples.
Abbreviations and explanations of their use in
references Examples
cat. no.
catalogue number
A catalogue number is used to identify an item in a record.
It is used for tracking purposes.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Australian social trends: Pregnancy and
work transitions, 2013 (cat. no. 4102.0). Retrieved from http://www.abs.
gov.au/
ca.
circa
From Latin meaning ‘around’ or ‘about’. Used when we
can only approximate the publishing date. Square brackets
are placed around the approximate date instead of
parentheses. This approximation may be made by looking
at the latest entry in the reference list of the source.
Queensland Education Department. [ca. 1995]. Draft policy on school discipline,
Queensland Education Department. Gladstone, Qld: Author
Comp.
Compiler
The person who assembles a training or educational
package is called a compiler.
Use the same format as for an edited book, but use (comp.) instead of (Ed.).
Ed. or Eds.
editor or editors
An editor is a person, or a number of people, who assist an
author to publish. They may select and prepare material,
Citation
Crisp and Taylor (2015) outline. . .
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Abbreviations and explanations of their use in
references Examples
or organise and manage contributions to a multi-author
book.
Note. When the plural, editors, is abbreviated, the interior
of the word is removed, leaving the last letter.
Note. You do not use Ed. for in-text citations.
Reference list
Crisp, J., & Taylor, C. (Eds.). (2005). Potter and Perry’s fundamentals of nursing
(2nd ed.). Sydney, NSW: Mosby Elsevier.
ed.
edition
When books are revised and issued a second or third time
(or more) publishers show the difference between versions
by indicating the edition. This is necessary as the editions
differ from one another as each version has different
information.
Note. The interior of the word is removed, leaving the last
letter.
Wilson, J. (2006). Infection control in clinical practice (3rd ed.). Edinburgh, New
York: Bailliere Tindall.
Journal titles
These may be abbreviated in catalogues when they are
very long and sometimes an initialism is used. It is
recommended that you locate and use the full name of the
journal in your reference list. See also information about
initialisms above.
BMJ or Br Med J
The British Medical Journal
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para.
Paragraph
Paragraph number: If the page number is not available,
use a paragraph number.
When there is no paragraph number, provide the closest
heading as well as the number of paragraphs following it.
Note. Longer headings may be shortened and placed in
quotation marks. See example provided.
Citation
Paragraph number
A BP spokesperson reported that “the new construction includes a containment cap
with a built-in ‘blow-out preventer’, the device that failed to cut off the oil flow”
(Mann, 2010, para. 4).
Short heading + paragraph number
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2016) indicates that “one in four people
in Australia (26%) were born overseas” (The population of Australia is 24.4
million, para. 4).
Long heading + paragraph number
The ABS (2016) indicated that the 2016 census revealed that “but more than one in
five Australians (21%) spoke a language besides English at home” (“More than
one in five,” para. 1).
(Original heading: “More than one in five of us speak a language other than
English at home”)
Vol. or Vols.
volume or volumes
Sometimes books are one part of a set or series with each
book in the set or series being labelled a volume.
Journals publish a set number of volumes each year, so
volume numbers are used to identify in which volume an
article appears. However, do not include the words “Vol.”
or “Vols.” when referencing journals. Place the journal
volume number in italics after the journal title. If the
journal does not use volume numbers but gives the season
Book
Corsini, R. J., (Ed.). (1994). Encyclopaedia of psychology (Vol. 4). New York,
NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Journals
Beemster, M. (2008, Spring). Saving the Southern Bell Frog. Australian Landcare,
27–29.
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or the month, include the season or the month after the
publication year. Shariff, J. F. (2011). Navigating assisted death and end-of-life care. Canadian
Medical Association Journal, 183(6), 634–644. doi:10.1503/cmaj.091845
Kauffmann, S. (1993, October 18). On films: Class consciousness. The New
Republic, 30. Retrieved from https://newrepublic.com
Appendix F: Latin words and their use as abbreviations
Universities are steeped in history and some of the remnants of the past include Latin words and their abbreviations. Popular abbreviations such as etc.,
e.g. or i.e. should be kept to a minimum in academic writing. Below are examples of Latin words (or their abbreviations), used inside parentheses when
citing in text or in the reference list.
Latin words Example in citation or reference list
et al.
abbreviation for “et alia” meaning “and others”
When a work has three to five authors, include all authors for
the first in-text citation, but in subsequent citations only use
the surname of the first author, followed by et al.
When a source has more than six authors, cite only the
surname of the first author followed by et al. every time.
There should always be a full stop after “al.” as the end of the
word has been removed to create an abbreviation.
Do not italicise et al.
In-text citation
First citation
. . .(Robbins, Millett, Cacioppe, & Waters-Marsh, 2001).
Subsequent citation
. . .(Robbins et al., 2001).
The reference list must show all the authors
Robbins, S. P., Millett, B., Cacioppe, R., & Waters-Marsh, T. (2001).
Organisational behaviour (3rd ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Prentice
Hall Australia.
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Sic
means ‘thus’ or ‘so’
Used in a quotation, in italics and in square brackets. It
indicates that the word directly before it is an error that
appeared in the original text that has not been corrected. This
is to preserve the authenticity of the quotation. This error may
be incorrect spelling, punctuation or grammar.
Note. The square brackets are not italicised.
In his report, “the building inspector estimated that there [sic] house was a
fire hazard” (Wilson, 2013, p. 32).
Circa
means ‘around’ or ‘about’
It is abbreviated to ca.
Used when an approximate publishing dates is available.
Place square brackets around the approximate date instead of
parentheses. This approximation may be made by looking at
the latest entry in the reference list of the source you are
using.
Queensland Education Department. [ca. 1995]. Draft policy on school
discipline. Gladstone, Qld: Author.
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Appendix G: Referencing a journal article with a DOI or URL
When referencing a journal article, it can be difficult to know what information to include to
form a complete reference. Use the flow chart below to clarify whether to include a DOI,
URL or less commonly database information at the end of the reference.
Note 1. If a journal article does not have a DOI number, give the home page URL of the
journal. You may have to search for this.
Note 2. Database URLs should not be used as the data may change over time. However,
sometimes the journal home page is on a publisher’s web site because the journal does not
have its own web site. In this case, use the online publishing URL. Ulrichsweb database has
web site details for most journals.
Note 3. Most journal articles do not require a retrieval date; however, on rare occasions,
articles may need a retrieval date if they are retrieved from databases where articles are
periodically updated. These articles/journals often have editors.
Figure 9. A flow chart to help students reference a journal article. Adapted from “A DOI or
URL Flow Chart,” by American Psychological Association, 2009 (http://blog.apastyle.org/files /doi- and-url-flowchart-8.pdf). In public domain.
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Appendix H: Check your reference list
Check Key point
The reference list begins on a new page. It should be the last page of your assignment;
however, an appendices goes after the reference list.
Margins are set at least 2.54 cm top and bottom and left and right.
Font style and size is same as for the rest of the assignment: Times New Roman 12 pt.
Line spacing in the reference list is double line.
The title is References and it is not in bold, but it is centred, and has the same font style
and size as the document.
The reference list is aligned with the left margin.
All lines after the first line of each entry should be indented half an inch (1.25cm) from
the left margin. This is called a hanging indentation.
A blank line space is not used after each reference.
Numbers, letters and bullet points are not used to indicate new references.
The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order according to the author’s surname
(family name). The surname must be written in full and initials used to represent given
names.
References by the same author in different years should be ordered by year. Place the
oldest work first.
References by the same author that have been published in the same year are listed
alphabetically according to the title of the book/article and a lower-case letter is added to
the date, in both the reference list and in-text citations; for example: Education
Queensland. (2007a). Education Queensland. (2007b).
If there is no author or authoring body, the reference is listed alphabetically according to
the title of the article. If a source is authored by an organisation rather than an individual,
it is listed alphabetically according to the organisation’s name. For example: Education
Queensland.
URLs are active, black and underlined. Most word processing packages will
automatically underline an Internet address, so this needs to be corrected.
Long URLs can be shortened to give the home page URL, but only if there is a search
function available on the web site.
Any reference that starts with a number precedes the alphabetical listing and is listed
numerically; for example, 3D Networks. (2007). Delivering on. . . will appear before
Anderson, J. (2013)…
Every in-text citation appears in the reference list, and every item in the reference list is
to be mentioned at least once in the assignment. Additionally, the citations that appear in
the assignment itself must have the same spelling and dates as the ones in the reference
list. Exception: Personal communication may be included in-text; however, it does not
need to be included in the reference list.
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Appendix I: Quick guide for citing multiple authors
Type of Citation First citation in
text
Subsequent
citations in text
Parenthetical
format, first
citation in text
Parenthetical
format,
subsequent
citations in text
One work by one
author
Walker
(2018). . .
Walker
(2018). . .
(Walker, 2018) (Walker, 2018)
One work by two
authors
Walker and
Allen (2014). . .
Walker and
Allen (2014). . .
(Walker & Allen,
2014)
(Walker & Allen,
2014)
One work by
three authors
Bradley, Smith,
and Soo
(2015). . .
Bradley et al.
(2015). . .
(Bradley, Smith,
& Soo, 2015)
(Bradley et al.,
2015)
One work by four
authors
Bradley,
Ramirez, Soo,
and Walsh
(2016). . .
Bradley et al.
(2016). . .
(Bradley,
Ramirez, Soo, &
Walsh, 2016)
(Bradley et al.,
2016)
One work by five
authors
Walker, Allen,
Bradley,
Ramirez, and
Soo (2017). . .
Walker et al.
(2017). . .
(Walker, Allen,
Bradley,
Ramirez, & Soo,
2017)
(Walker et al.,
2017)
One work by six
or more authors
Wasserstein et al.
(2016)
Wasserstein et al.
(2016)
(Wasserstein et
al., 2016)
(Wasserstein et
al., 2016)
Groups (readily
identified through
abbreviation) as
authors
National Institute
of Mental Health
(NIMH, 2017). . .
NIMH (2017). . . (National
Institute of
Mental Health
[NIMH], 2017)
(NIMH, 2017)
Groups (no
abbreviation) as
authors
University of
Kent (2018). . .
University of
Kent (2018). . .
(University of
Kent, 2018)
(University of
Kent, 2018)
Note. How to cite multiple authors within text. Adapted from Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (p. 177), by American Psychological Association, 2010,
Washington, DC: Author. Copyright 2010 by the American Psychological Association.
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Appendix J: Quick Guide for Referencing Multiple Authors
Number of
authors Reference
One author Walk. B. (2018).
Two authors Walker, J. E., & Allen, S. (2014).
Three authors Bradley, T., Smith, J., & Soo, D. (2015).
Four authors Bradson, S., Ramirez, Z., Soo, D., & Walch, A. (2016).
Five authors Walker, J. E., Allen, S., Bradley, T., Ramirez, Z., & Soo, D. (2017).
Six authors Walker, J. E., Allen, S., Bradley, D., Ramirez, Z., Win, R., & Soo, D.
(2017).
Seven authors West, J., Allen, S., Ball, D., Rod, Z., Win, R., Soo, D., & Xi, D. (2017).
More than seven
authors
Provide the first
six followed by
ellipsis and the
final author. No
ampersand is
required.
West, J., Allen, S., Ball, D., Rod, Z., Win, R., Soo, D., . . .Fest, H. (2017).
Institution,
corporate author
(no acronym or
initialisation is
required for the
reference list)
Correct: National Institute of Mental Health. (2017).
Incorrect: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2017).
Note. Examples of how to reference multiple authors with a reference. Adapted from
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (p. 193–215), by American
Psychological Association, 2010, Washington, DC: Author. Copyright 2010 by the American
Psychological Association.
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Appendix K: Citing and referencing figures and tables
When including a figure (image) or table into an assignment, provide a copyright statement
below the figure or table as well as a reference in the reference list. The table below provides
guidance and examples: The template demonstrates what to include under the figure or table.
The example copyright statement demonstrates how a student might cite each type of
resource; the corresponding reference list entry indicates how to reference the figure or table
in a reference list.
Image source Template or example
Journal article, copyrighted
Template
From [or Adapted from/Data in column 1 are from] “Title of Article,” by
A. N. Author and C. O. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. xx.
Copyright [year] by Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or Adapted]
with permission.
Example
copyright
statement
From “Social Media: A Contextual Framework to Guide Research and
Practice,” by L. A. McFarland and R. E. Ployhart, 2015, Journal of Applied
Psychology, 100, p. 1656. Copyright 2015 by the American Psychological
Association.
Corresponding
reference entry
McFarland, L. A., & Ployhart, R. E. (2015). Social media: A contextual
framework to guide research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology,
100, 1653–1677. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039244
Journal article, creative commons license
Template From [or Adapted from/Data in column 1 are from] “Title of Article,” by
A. N. Author and C. O. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. xx.
Creative commons license abbreviation.
Example
copyright
statement
From "Maximizing the Persuasiveness of a Salesperson: An Exploratory
Study of the Effects of Nonverbal Immediacy and Language Power on the
Extent of Persuasion," by N. M. Gadzhiyeva and K. L. Sager, 2017,
Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33, p. 89. CC BY-NC-
ND.
Corresponding
reference entry
Gadzhiyeva, N. M., & Sager, K. L. (2017). Maximizing the persuasiveness
of a salesperson: An exploratory study of the effects of nonverbal
immediacy and language power on the extent of persuasion. Journal of
Work and Organizational Psychology, 33, 89–93.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2017.03.001
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Whole book
Template
From [or Adapted from/Data in column 1 are from] Title of Book (any
edition or volume information, p. xxx), by A. N. Author and C. O. Author,
year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Copyright [year] by Name of
Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission.
Example
copyright
statement
Adapted from Managing Therapy-Interfering Behavior: Strategies From
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (p. 172), by A. L. Chapman and M. Z.
Rosenthal, 2016, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Copyright 2016 by the American Psychological Association.
Corresponding
reference entry
Chapman, A. L., & Rosenthal, M. Z. (2016). Managing therapy-interfering
behavior: Strategies from dialectical behavior therapy. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
Edited book chapter
Template
From [or Adapted from/Data in column 1 are from] “Title of Chapter,” by
A. N. Author and C. O. Author, in A. N. Editor (Ed.), Title of Book (any
edition or volume information, p. xxx), year, Place of Publication:
Publisher. Copyright [year] by Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or
Adapted] with permission.
Example
copyright
statement
From “The Cortex: Regulation of Sensory and Emotional Experience,” by
D. Christian, in N. Hass-Cohen and R. Carr (Eds.), Art Therapy and
Clinical Neuroscience (p. 63), 2008, London, England: Jessica Kingsley.
Copyright 2008 by Jessica Kingsley. Reprinted with permission.
Corresponding
reference entry
Christian, D. (2008). The cortex: Regulation of sensory and emotional
experience. In N. Hass-Cohen & R. Carr (Eds.), Art therapy and clinical
neuroscience (pp. 62–75). London, England: Jessica Kingsley.
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Web site
Template
From [or Adapted from/Data in column 1 are from] “Title of
Web Document,” by A. N. Author and C. O. Author, year
(http://URL). Copyright [year] by Name of Copyright Holder.
Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission.
Example copyright
statement
From “Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity: Data, Trends
and Maps. Alabama Indicator Details Percent of Adults Aged 18
Years and Older Who Are Obese,” by Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2015
(http://nccd.cdc.gov/NPAO_DTM/DetailedData.aspx?
indicator=29&statecode=30). In the public domain.
Corresponding reference
entry
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Nutrition,
physical activity and obesity: Data, trends and maps. Alabama
indicator details percent of adults aged 18 years and older who
are obese. Retrieved from
http://nccd.cdc.gov/NPAO_DTM/DetailedData.aspx
?indicator=29&statecode=30
Note. Table with templates, copyright examples and reference entries for figures and tables
reproduced from journal articles, books, book chapters and web sites. From “Navigating
Copyright for Reproduced Images: Part 4. Writing the Copyright Statement,” by American
Psychological Association, 2016 (http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/tables-and-figures/). In public
domain.
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Index
Abbreviations ........................................ 79
Paragraph number ................................... 81
Academic Integrity ............................... 27
Avoiding plagiarism ................................. 28
Have I plagiarised? .................................. 27
Acronyms .............................................. 75
Appendices ............................................ 71
Books (Hard copy) ................................ 29
Approximate date ..................................... 34
Book chapter in CQUniversity CRO ........ 35
Chapter in an edited work ........................ 35
Edited work .............................................. 34
Editions .................................................... 34
Multiple works same author, published
in different years ................................... 31
Multiple works same author, same year... 31
No author but an authoring body ............. 32
No date can be established ....................... 33
One author ............................................... 29
One issue or volume in an edited series ... 35
One volume of multi-volume work ........... 35
Several sources......................................... 34
Six or more authors .................................. 30
Source withing a source
Secondary source ........................................ 33
Three to five authors ................................ 29
Two authors .............................................. 29
Two primary sources within the one
secondary source .................................. 33
Works by different authors with the same
family name and same year .................. 32
Citing multiple authors (Quick
guide) ................................................. 86
Conference papers ................................ 45
E-Books .................................................. 36
Government documents ....................... 50
Australian Bureau of Statistics ................. 51
Fact sheet ................................................. 52
Media releases ......................................... 51
Same author, same year ........................... 52
Standalone document ............................... 50
Initialisms .............................................. 76
Journals and magazines ....................... 38
Database URLs ........................................ 39
DOI or URL Flow Chart .......................... 84
From CQUniversity’s CRO ...................... 40
Hard copy journal without a DOI ............ 40
Hard copy with no volume or issue
number .................................................. 40
Journal article with a DOI ....................... 38
Journal article without a DOI .................. 39
Online magazine ...................................... 41
UpToDate ................................................. 38
Key terms .............................................. 71
Latin words ........................................... 82
Law cases ............................................... 55
Coroner's report ....................................... 56
Legal documents ................................... 53
Hansard.................................................... 55
Legislation................................................ 53
Standards ................................................. 54
Multimedia on the web ........................ 60
Audio or video podcast ............................ 60
eStore ....................................................... 60
iTunes ....................................................... 60
Newspaper articles ............................... 41
Hard copy................................................. 41
Online ....................................................... 42
Paraphrasing ........................................... 6
Page numbers ............................................. 7
Rules ........................................................... 7
Steps ........................................................... 6
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Quotations ............................................... 9
Long ......................................................... 12
Page numbers ........................................... 77
Paragraph numbers ................................. 77
Short ......................................................... 11
Steps ......................................................... 10
Reference list ......................................... 19
Authors' names ......................................... 25
Books ........................................................ 20
Captialisation and italics ......................... 25
Check list .................................................. 85
Document on the web ............................... 23
Journal article from the web .................... 22
Journal articles with a DOI ..................... 21
Law cases ................................................. 23
Long URL ................................................. 24
Publication details ................................... 24
Web page .................................................. 23
Referencing a web page ....................... 47
Document on the web ............................... 47
HTML ....................................................... 48
No date ..................................................... 49
Page numbers ........................................... 48
Paragraph numbers ................................. 48
PDF .......................................................... 48
Primary historical source ........................ 48
Radio transcript ....................................... 49
Television transcript ................................. 49
Referencing multiple authors (Quick
guide) ................................................. 87
Reports .................................................. 43
Government, with individual authors ....... 44
Hard copy ................................................. 43
Online Government, with corporate
author ................................................... 44
Online with individual authors ................. 43
Specialised sources ............................... 61
App ........................................................... 69
Artistic work ............................................. 63
Atlas with editor ....................................... 67
Atlas without an editor ............................. 68
Blog .......................................................... 66
Book review .............................................. 43
Brochure .................................................. 61
Creative work—mulitmedia ..................... 63
Dictionary (hard copy)............................. 69
Dictionary on the web .............................. 68
Discussion group ..................................... 67
DVD ......................................................... 61
Encyclopaedia with author/editor ............ 68
Film or movie ........................................... 61
Forum post ............................................... 67
Images ...................................................... 63
Interview on radio .................................... 67
Map .......................................................... 68
Musical score ........................................... 64
Newsgroup message ................................. 67
Painting .................................................... 63
Pamphlet .................................................. 61
Personal communication.......................... 67
Photographs ............................................. 63
PowerPoint (not in Moodle) .................... 70
Software packages ................................... 64
Song's lyrics ............................................. 64
Tables and figures .................................... 69
Television ................................................. 62
Television advertisement .......................... 62
Television episode .................................... 62
Twitter ...................................................... 66
Webisode .................................................. 62
Wiki .......................................................... 67
YouTube—with creator’s name ................ 65
Styles of citation in-text .......................... 7
Author prominent ....................................... 7
Information prominent ............................... 7
Summarising ........................................... 8
Rules ........................................................... 9
Steps ........................................................... 8
Symbols ................................................. 73
Tables and figures ................................ 15
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Citing ........................................................ 88
Figures ..................................................... 17
Tables ....................................................... 15
Turnitin ................................................. 27
University-provided electronic and
multimedia study materials ............ 57
Discussion board message posted to
Moodle .................................................. 58
Echo360 presentation .............................. 58
Personal communication.......................... 59
PowerPoint presentation on Moodle ....... 58
Source in study guide
Secondary resource ..................................... 59
Unit notes on Moodle ............................... 57
Video on Moodle ...................................... 58
University-provided study materials .. 56
Lecture material—not-hard copy ............. 57
