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~ APA Documentation
, and Format
The documentation style of the American Psychological Association is used in psychology and some other social sciences and is very similar to the styles in sociology, eco- nomics, and other disciplines. The following adapts the APA style from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. (2001).
Note The APA provides occasional updates of its style and answers to frequently asked questions at http:// www.apastyle.01'glfaqs.html.
41a APA parenthetical citations
Citation formats
In the APA style, parenthetical citations in the text refer to a list of sources at the end of the text. The basic paren- thetical citation contains the author's last name and the date of publication. Unless none is available, the APA re- quires a page or other identifying number for a direct quotation and recommends an identifying number for a paraphrase.
1. Author not named in your text
One critic of Milgram's experiments insisted that the sub-
jects "should have been fully informed of the possible effects on them" (Baumrind, 1968, p. 34).
~·::~"'i.at"~,.,.,;Aa"'-'-¥R ~:{>~,;.~y ''',,!,'l;;,~it; ~~-;"'J!':!<,";:i~~:r>'g';,-0'«: \"~"1:< ~ ~.' PA' P.arenthetlcal:Cltatlons\\~r,:',~,,;;e;, ..·. ~"~~'&"-&,~1;e;·ii\~Ai;K':;~~"::?;"~~~Y~"~:ft.:.,4""t-'ek~";';,."~:Of:"
1. Author not named in your text 174 2. Author named in your text 175 3. A work with two authors 175 4. A work with three to five authors 175 5. A work with six or more authors 175 6. A work with a group author 175 7. A work with no author or an anonymous work 175 8. One of two or more works by the same author(s) pub-
lished in the same year 175 9. Two or more works by different authors 176
10. An indirect source 176 11. An electronic source 176
174
APA parenthetical citations 175
Author named in your text
1I1I,1Imrind(1968) insisted that the subjects in Milgram's
ul.udy "should have been fully informed of the possible ef- 1'()O~8on them" (p. 34).
J. A work with two authors
Popinsky and DeStefano (1987) demonstrated that a
toacher's language often reveals hidden biases.
ne study (Pepinsky & DeStefano, 1987) demonstrated hid-
den biases in a teacher's language.
4. A work with three to five authors
First reference:
Pepinsky, Dunn, Rent!, and Corson (1993) further demon-
strated the biases evident in gestures.
Later references:
In the work of Pepinsky et al. (1993), the loaded gestures in-
cluded head shakes and eye contact.
5. A work with six or more authors
One study (Rutter et al., 1996) attempted to explain these ge-
ographical differences in adolescent experience.
6. A work with a group author
An earlier prediction was even more somber (Lorenz Re- search, 1997).
7. A work with no author or an anonymous work
One article ("Right to Die," 1976) noted that a death-row in-
mate may crave notoriety.
For a work that lists "anonymous" as the author, use this word in the citation: (Anonymous, 1999).
8. One of two or more works by the same author(s) published in the same year
At about age seven, most children begin to use appropriate
gestures to reinforce their stories (Gardner, 1973a).
(See the reference for this source on p. 180.)
176 APAdocumentation and format
9. Two or more works by different authors
Two studies (Herskowitz, 1994; Marconi & Hamblen, 1990)
found that periodic safety instruction can dramatically re-
duce employees' accidents.
10. An indirect source
Supporting data appear in a study by Wong (cited in Mar-
coni & Hamblen, 1990).
11. An electronic source {J;J Electronic sources can be cited like printed sources, usu-
ally with the author's last name and the publication date. When quoting or paraphrasing electronic sources that number paragraphs instead of pages, provide the para- graph number preceded by the symbol "f' if you have it, or by "para."
Ferguson and Hawkins (1998) did not anticipate the "evi-
dent hostility" of participants ('1 6). If the source does not have numbering of any kind, pro- vide just the author's name and the date.
Footnotes for supplementary content
When you need to explain something in your text-for in- stance, commenting on a source or providing data that don't fit into the relevant paragraph-you may place the supplementary information in a footnote. Follow the in- structions for footnotes in the Chicago style (p, 189). Be careful not to overuse such notes: they can be more dis- tracting than helpful.
41 b APA reference list
In APA style, the in-text parenthetical citations refer to the list of sources at the end of the text. In this list, titled "References," you include full publication information on every source cited in your paper. The reference list falls at the end of the paper, numbered in sequence with the pre- ceding pages. The sample opposite shows the elements and their spacing.
Arrangement Arrange sources alphabetically by the author's last name or, if there is no author, by the first main word of the title.
Spacing Double-space all entries. Indention Begin each entry at the left margin, and
indent the second and subsequent lines one-half inch or five to seven spaces.
APAreference list 177 Shortened title and page
1------------.t1-"-----~~number (~e p. 186) ,
Dating Violence 1 References -- Center
Cates, R. L., Rutter, C. H., Karl, J., Linton, M., & Smith, K.
'--y--'(1997). Premarital abuse: A social psychological per- 5-7 spaces . Double-
or '/," spective. Journal oj Family Issues, 13(1), 79-90. space
Cortes, L. (2000). Beyond date rape: Violence during court-
ship. ElectronicJoumal oj Intimate Violence, 5(2). Re-
trieved March 16, 2001, from http://www.acast.nova
.edu/health/psy/file-disc/file50.html ~I
~Glaser, R., & Rutter, C. H. (Eds.). (1994). Familial violence ! [Special issue]. Family Relations, 33.
Authors For works with up to six authors, list all au- thors with last name first, separating names and parts of names with commas. Use initials for first and middle names. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name. See model 3 on the next page for treatment of seven or more authors.
Publication date Place the publication date in paren- theses after the author's or authors' names, followed by a period. Generally, this date is the year only, though for some sources (such as magazine and newspaper articles) it includes month and sometimes day as well.
Title In the title of a book or article, capitalize only the first word of the title, the first word of the subtitle, and proper nouns;' all other words begin with small let- ters, In the title of a journal, capitalize all significant words. Italicize the titles of books and journals, along with any comma following. Do not italicize or use quota- tion marks around the titles of articles.
City of publication For print sources that are not pe- riodicals (such as books or government publications), give the city of publication. The following American cities do not require state names as well: Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco. Follow their names with a colon. For most other cities, add a comma after the city name, give the two-letter postal abbreviation of the state, and then add a colon. (Youmay omit the state if the publisher is a univer- sity whose name includes the state name, such as "Uni- versity of Arizona.")
Publisher's name For nonperiodical print sources, give the publisher's name after the place of publication and a colon. Use shortened names for many publishers
178 APA documentation and format
(such as "Morrow" for William Morrow), and omit "Co.," "Inc.," and "Publishers." However, give full names for as- sociations, corporations, and university presses (such as "Harvard University Press"), and do not omit "Books" or "Press" from a publisher's name.
Page numbers Use the abbreviation "p." or "pp." be- fore page numbers in books and in newspapers, but not in other periodicals. For inclusive page numbers, include all figures: "667-668."
Punctuation Separate the parts of the reference (au- thor, date, title, and publication information) with a pe- riod and one space. Do not use a final period in refer- ences to electronic sources, which conclude with an electronic address (see pp. 181-84).
Books
1. A book with one author
Rodriguez, R (1982). A hunger of memory: The education of
Richard Rodriguez. Boston: Godine.
2. A book with two to six authors
Nesselroade, J. R, & Baltes, P. B. (1999). Longitudinal
research in the study of behavioral development. New
York: Academic Press.
3. A book with seven or more authors
Wimple, P. B., Van Eijk, M., Potts, C. A., Hayes, J., Obergau,
W. R, Zimmer, S., et al. (2001). Case studies in moral
decision making among adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
4. A book with an editor
Dohrenwend, B. S., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (Eds.). (1994).
Stressful life events: Their nature and effects. New York: Wiley.
5. A book with a translator
Trajan, P. D. (1927). Psychology of animals. (H. Simone,
Trans.). Washington, DC: Halperin.
6. A book with a group author
Lorenz Research, Inc. (1997). Research in social studies teach-
ing. Baltimore: Arrow Books.
APA reference list 179 , "'''?i.;,'?tJ.r!r~~~:;.~~_.,~'f.~'~~';~",.~ :-Jji"~MT.~~~i;?~*-1i:~ ,,"" '~"';:iIif:1APAiRefe t1!l\,·• .?~~WM
,r~t~!l"~':R;"",!>r~~*"\ity ~"~~~
Hooks I, !\ book with one author 178
A book with two to six authors 178 ,,, A book with seven or more authors 178 4. A book with an editor 178 !'i. A book with a translator 178 6. A book with a group author 1 78 7. A book with no author or an anonymous book 180 8. Two or more works by the same author(s) published
in the same year 180 9. A later edition 180
10. A work in more than one volume 180 11. An article or chapter in an edited book 180
Periodicals
12. An article in a journal with continuous pagination throughout the annual volume 180
13. An article in a journal that pages issues separately J 81 14. An abstract of a journal article J 81 15. An article in a magazine 181 16. An article in a newspaper 181 17. An unsigned article 181 18. A review 181
Electronic sources 19. A journal article published online and in print 182 20. An article in an online journal 182 21. A journal article from an electronic database 182 22. An abstract from an electronic database J 82 23. An article in an online newspaper 182 24. An entire Web site J 82 25. An independent document on the Web 182 26. A document from the Web site of a university or gov-
ernment agency 183 27. An online government report 183 28. A multipage online document 183 29. A part of an online document 183 30. A retrievable online posting 183 31. Electronic mail or a nonretrievable online posting J 84 32. Computer software 184
Other sources 33. A report 184 34. A government publication 184 35. An abstract of a dissertation 184 36. A published interview J 85 37. A motion picture 185 38. A musical recording 185 39. A television series or episode 185
180 APAdocumentation and format
7. A book with no author or an anonymous book
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1998).
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
For a work whose author is actually given as "Anony- mous," use this word in place of the author's name and al- phabetize it as if it were a name.
8. Two or more works by the same author(s) published in the same year
Gardner, H. (1973a). The arts and human development. New
York: Wiley.
Gardner, H. (1973b). The quest for mind: Piaget, Levi-Strauss,
and the structuralist movement. New York: Knopf.
9. A later edition
Bollinger, D. L. (1975). Aspects of language (2nd ed.). New
York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
10. A work in more than one volume
Reference to a single volume:
Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln CR.
P. Basler, Ed.). (Vol. 5). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers
University Press.
Reference to all volumes:
Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.
P. Basler, Ed.). (Vols. 1-8). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers
University Press.
11. An article or chapter in an edited book
Paykel, E. S. (1994). Life stress and psychiatric disorder:
Applications of the clinical approach. In B. S. Dohren-
wend & B. P. Dohrenwend (Eds.), Stressful life events:
Their nature and effects (pp. 239-264). New York: Wiley.
Periodicals: Journals, magazines, newspapers
12. An article in a journal with continuous pagination throughout the annual volume
Emery, R. E. (1992). Marital turmoil: Interpersonal conflict
and the children of divorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92,
310-330.
APAreference list 181
I ~. An article in a journal that pages issues separately
ucey, J. (1998). Management participation in corporate
buy-outs. Management Perspectives, 7(4),20-31.
14. An abstract of a journal article
l!;rnery,R. E. (1992). Marital turmoil: Interpersonal conflict
and the children of discord and divorce. Psychological
Bulletin, 92, 310-330. Abstract obtained from
Psychological Abstracts, 1992,69, Item 1320.
15. An article in a magazine
Auletta, K. (2001, January 15). Final offer. The New Yorker, 40-46.
16. An article in a newspaper
Kolata, G. (2001, January 7). Kill all the bacteria! The New
York Times, pp. Bl, B3.
17. An unsigned article
The right to die. (1976, October 11). Time, 121,101.
18. A review
Dinnage, R. (1987, November 29). Against the master and
his men [Review of the book A mind of her own: The life
of Karen Horney]. The New York Times Book Review,
10-11.
Electronic sources
~..-:;;;;.# J;J In general, the APXs electronic-source references begin as those for print references do: author(s). date, title. Then you add information on when and how you retrieved the source. For example, an online source might conclude Re- trieved August 6, 2001, from http://sites.unc.edu/-danielJ social_constructionism! (in APA style, no period follows an electronic address at the end of the reference). When you need to divide an electronic address from one line to the next, APA style calls for breaking only after a slash or before a period. Do not hyphenate an electronic address.
Try to locate all the information required by a model, referring to pages 136-37 for help. However, if you search [or and still cannot find some information, then give what you can find. If a source has no publication date, use "n.d." (for no date) in place of a publication date (see model 28, p. 183).
182 APAdocumentation and format
19. A journal article published online and in print
Palfrey, A. (1996). Choice of mates in identical twins [Elec-
tronic version]. Modern Psychology, 4(1), 26-40.
20. An article in an online journal
Wissink, J. A. (2000). Techniques of smoking cessation
among teens and adults. Adolescent Medicine, 2.
Retrieved August 16, 2001, from http://www.easu.edu/
AdolescentMedicine/2-Wissink.html
21. A journal article from an electronic database
Wilkins, J. M. (1999). The myths of the only child. Psy-
chology Update 11(1), 16-23. Retrieved December 20,
1999, from ProQuest Direct database.
22. An abstract from an electronic database
Wilkins, J. M. (1999). The myths of the only child.
Psychology Update, 11(1), 16-23. Abstract retrieved
December 20, 1999, from ProQuest Direct database.
23. An article in an online newspaper
Pear, R. (2001, January 23). Gains reported for children of
welfare to work families. The New York Times on the
Web. Retrieved January 23,2001, from http://www
.nytimes.coml2001/01/23/national/23IWELF.html
24. An entire Web site (text citation)
The APA's Website provides answers to frequently asked
questions about style (http://www.apa.org).
Cite an entire Web site (rather than a specific page or doc- ument) by giving the electronic address in your text.
25. An independent document on the Web
Anderson, D. (2001, May 1). Social constructionism and
MOOs. Retrieved August 6,2001, from http://sites
.unc .edu/-daniel/social_constructionisml
APAreference list 183
6. A document from the Web site of a university or government agency
M nnell, L. M., Koenig, B. A., Greely, H. T., & Raffin,
1'.A. (2001, August 17). Genetic testing and Alzheimer
disease: Has the time come? Retrieved September 1,
2001, from Stanford University, Project in Genomics,
Ethics, and Society Web site: http://scbe.stanford.edu/
pges
27. An online government report
U.S.Department of Commerce. National Telecommunications
and Information Administration. (1999, July). Falling
through the net: Defining the digital divide. Retrieved
April 12, 2001, from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/
ntiahome/digitaldividel
28. A multi page online document
Elston, C. (n.d.). Multiple intelligences. Retrieved June 6,
2001, from http://education.comlteachspace/
intelligencesl
29. A part of an online document
Elston, C. (n.d.). Logical/math intelligence. In Multiple
intelligences. Retrieved June 6, 2001, from
http://education.comlteachspace/intelligences/
logical.jsp
30. A retrievable online posting
'lourville, M. (2001, January 6). European currency reform.
Message posted to International Finance electronic
mailing list, archived at http://www.liasu.edu/
finance-dlI46732
Include postings to discussion lists and newsgroups in our list of references only if they are retrievable by oth-
)1'5. The source above is archived (as the reference makes plain) and thus retrievable at the address given.
184 APAdocumentation and format
31. Electronic mail or a nonretrievable online posting (text citation)
At least one member of the research team has expressed
reservations about the design of the study (L. Kogod, per-
sonal communication, February 6, 2000).
Personal electronic mail and other online postings that are not retrievable by others should be cited only in your text, as in the example above.
32. Computer software
Project scheduler 9000 [Computer software). (2001).
Orlando, FL: Scitor.
Other sources
33. A report
Gerald, K. (1958). Micro-moral problems in obstetric care
(Report No. NP-71). St. Louis: Catholic Hospital Associ-
ation.
Jolson, M. K. (1981). Music education for preschoolers (Report
No. TC-622). New York: Teachers College, Columbia
University. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.
ED 264 488)
34. A government publication
Hawaii. Department of Education. (2000). Kauai district
schools, profile 1998-99. Honolulu, HI: Author.
Stiller, A. (1996). Historic preservation and tax incentives.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior.
U.S. House. Committee on Ways and Means. (1991). Medicare
payment for outpatient physical and occupational therapy
services. 102d Cong., 2d Sess. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
35. An abstract of a dissertation
Steciw, S. K. (1986). Alterations to the Pessac project of Le
Corbusier. Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 565C.
(UMI No. 2164877)
Delaune, M. L. (2001). Child care in single-mother and single-
APApaper format 185 father families: Differences in time, activity, and stress.
lJnpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cali-
fornia, Davis.
.36. A published interview
Ill'isick, W. C. (1988, July 1). [Interview with Ishmael Reed).
Publishers Weekly, 41-42.
For an interview you conduct yourself, use an in-text par- cnthetical citation, as shown in model 31 (opposite) for a nonretrievable online posting.
37. A motion picture
Spielberg, S. (Director). (1993). Schindler's list [Motion Pic-
ture). United States: Viacom.
American Psychological Association (Producer). (2001).
Ethnocultural psychotherapy [Motion picture). (Available
from the American Psychological Association, 750
First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242, or on-
line from http://www.apa.org/videos/4310240.html)
38. A musical recording
Siberry, J. (1993). Sweet incarnadine. When I was a boy [CD).
Burbank, CA: Reprise.
39. A television series or episode
Taylor, C., Cleveland, R, & Andries, L. (Producers). (2001).
Six feet under [Television series). New York: HBO.
Cleveland, R (Writer), & Engler, M. (Director). (2001). Dillon
Michael Cooper [Television series episode). In C. Taylor,
R Cleveland, & L. Andries (Producers), Six feet under.
New York: HBO.
41c APA paper format The APA Publication Manual distinguishes between docu- ments intended for publication (which will be set in type) and those submitted by students (which are the final opy), The guidelines below apply to most undergraduate
papers. Check with your instructor for any modifications to this format.
186 APA documentation and format
Note See pages 176-78 for the APAformat of a refer- ence list. And see pages 97-102 for guidelines on type fonts, lists, tables and figures, and other elements of doc- ument design.
Margins Use one-inch margins on the top, bottom, and right side. Add another half-inch on the left to ac- commodate a binder.
Spacing and indentions Double-space your text and references (See p. 188 for spacing of displayed quota- tions.) Indent paragraphs and displayed quotations one- half inch or five to seven spaces.
Paging Begin numbering on the title page, and num- ber consecutively through the end (including the refer- ence list). TypeArabic numerals (1, 2, 3) in the upper right, about one-half inch from the top.
Place a shortened version of your title five spaces to the left of the page number.
Title page Include the full title, your name, the course title, the instructor's name, and the date. Type the title on the top half of the page, followed by the identify- ing information, all centered horizontally and double- spaced. Include a shortened form of the title along with the page number at the top of this and all other pages.
Title page
t'I," ~ Dating Violence
May 6, 2001
An Assessment of
Dating Violence on Campus
Karen M. Tarczyk
Sociology 213
Mr. Durkan
Center horizontally and double-space
Abstract Summarize (in a maximum of 120 words) your subject, research method, findings, and conclusions. Put the abstract on a page by itself.
APA paper format 187
Abstract
t't{' Dating Violence l
Double- Little research has examined the patterns of abuse and space
violence occurring within couples during courtship. With I a questionnaire administered to a sample of college stu- ~
~
No Indention Abstract __ Center
dents, the extent and nature of such abuse and violence
Body Begin with a restatement of the paper's title and then an introduction (not labeled). The introduction concisely presents the problem you researched, your re- search method, the relevant background (such as related studies), and the purpose of your research.
First page of body
Dating Violence 3
An Assessment of } l 1/{' or Center 5-7 spaces Datmg VIOlence on Campus Double-
~ In recent years, a great deal of attention has been space 1'/2" I"
~ devoted to family violence. Numerous studies have been ....L..-______ -----1
premarital violence was a problem of "abusive relation-
ships" as well as "abusive individuals" (p. 90).
1"1 The next section, labeled "Method," provides a de-
tailed discussion of how you conducted your research, in- .luding a description ofthe research subjects, any materi- lis or tools you used (such as questionnaires), and the procedure you followed. In the illustration on the next page, the label "Method" is a first-level heading, format- ted as in the sample. When you need second- and third- level headings in addition, use the following formats, al- ways double-spacing:
First-Level Heading
econd-Level Heading
Third-level heading. Run this heading into the toxt paragraph.
188 APA documentation and format Later page of body
Dating Violence 4 All the studies indicate a problem that is being ne-
glected. My objective was to gather data on the extent and
nature of premarital violence and to discuss Possible inter_ pretations.
Method ~ Double-space
7 I conducted a survey of 200 students (134 females,
Sample
66 males) at a large state l!niversity in the northeastern
United States. The sample COnsisted of students enrolled in
The "Results" section (labeled with a first-level head- ing) summarizes the data you collected, explains how you analyzed them, and presents them in detail, often in ta-bles, graphs, or charts.
The "Discussion" section (labeled with a first-level heading) interprets the data and presents your Conclu_ sions. (When the discussion is brief, you may Combine it With the previous section under the heading "Results andDiscussion. ")
Long quotations Run into your text all quotations of forty words or less, and enclose them in quotation marks. For quotations of more than forty Words, set them off from your text by indenting all lines one-half inch or five to seven Spaces, double-spacing above and below. For stu- dent papers, the APA allows single-spacing of displayedquotations:
Echoing the opinions of other Europeans at the time, FreUd (1961) had a Poor Viewof Americans:
The Americans are really too bad .... Competi_ tion is much more pungent With them, not suc- ceeding means civil death to everyone, and they have no private resources apart from their prOfession, no hobby, games, love or other in- terests of a CUltured person. And success means money. (p. 86)
Do not use quotation marks arOund a quotatioll dIH"IIIII'"in this way.
