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AP2-LabUnit-9FemaleReproductiveSystem.ppt
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Human Anatomy and Physiology II Lab
The Female System
BIOL 222L
_________________________________

Dr. Joseph Orban

Distinguished Professor and

Director of Biomedical Research Development

Southern University at Shreveport Louisiana

[email protected]

318-670-9360

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Warning

  • The Lab material including diagrams and any other illustrations for the subject of Female and Male Reproduction is intended for mature audience. All discussions and material are intended only for educational purposes. Visual and audio discretion is advised.

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The Essence of Sex
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  • Reproduction

One property of a living thing

Great variety of methods

  • Sexual reproduction

Each offspring has 2 parents and receives genetic material from both

Provides genetic diversity

Foundation for survival and evolution of species

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Embryonic Development

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Testosterone and Estrogen

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Development of External Genitalia

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Vulva – Female External Genitalia

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Female Perineum Showing Vulva

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Components of Female Perineum

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Structures of Female Reproductive System

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Female Reproductive Tract
with Ligaments

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Anatomy of Ovary

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  • 10 cm long, muscular tube lined with ciliated cells
  • Major portions

Narrow isthmus near uterus

Body (ampulla): middle portion

Flares distally into infundibulum
with fimbriae

  • Enclosed in superior
    margin of broad
    ligament (mesosalpinx)

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

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Embryo Transit in Uterine (Fallopian) Tube

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Female Sexual Response

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Body Changes in Pregnancy

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Pregnant Female with Full-term Fetus

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Pregnancy and Childbirth

  • Gestation (pregnancy)

Lasts an average of 266 days from conception to childbirth

Gestational calendar measured from first day of the woman’s last menstrual period (LMP)

  • Birth is predicted 280 days from LMP

The duration of pregnancy is described in 3 three month intervals called trimesters

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Pain of Labor
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Ischemia of myometrium – muscle hurts when deprived of blood as each labor contraction restricts uritine circulation

Stretching of cervix, vagina and perineum

Episiotomy (incision of vulva to widen vagina) to prevent random tearing of vagina tissue

Large fetal head in a narrow pelvic outlet

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Stages of Labor -- Early Dilation

  • Widening of cervical canal by effacement (thinning) of cervix to reach 10 cm -- diameter of fetal head
  • Rupture of fetal membranes and loss of amniotic fluid

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Stages of Labor -- Late Dilation

Dilation reaches 10 cm in 24 hours or less in primipara (first baby) and in as little as few minutes in multipara

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Stages of Labor -- Expulsion

  • Time baby’s head enters vagina until delivery

30 to 60 minutes in primipara and about a minute in multipara

  • Valsalva maneuver helps to expel fetus

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Crowning (Expulsion Stage)

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Expulsion Stage (cont.)

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Placental Stage

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Breasts
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  • Overlies pectoralis major

Conical body, nipple at apex

Axillary tail contains many lymphatic vessels

  • Nipple surrounded by areola

Dermal blood vessels closer to surface

Melanocytes darken during pregnancy

Smooth muscle contracts wrinkling skin and erecting nipple in response to cold, touch and arousal

  • Suspensory ligaments from skin, muscle
  • Nonlactating breast has little glandular tissue

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Anatomy of Lactating Breast

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Breast Cancer
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  • 1 out of 8 American women
  • Tumors begin with cells from mammary ducts

May metastasize by lymphatics

  • Symptoms may include palpable lump, skin puckering, skin texture and drainage from nipple
  • Most breast cancer is nonhereditary

Some stimulated by estrogen

  • Risk factors include

Aging, ionizing radiation, carcinogenic chemicals, alcohol, smoking and fat intake

70% of cases may have no risk factors

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Breast Cancer Treatment
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  • Lupectomy – removal of tumor only
  • Mastectomy – removal of tumor and breast tissue
  • Radial mastectomy – removal of breast plus underlying muscle, fascia and lymph nodes
  • Surgery is followed with chemotherapy
  • A natural looking breast can be constructed from skin, fat and muscles from other parts of the body

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Cancer Screening and Treatment

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