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ANOVApre1.pptxANOVA
Abstract
Background
The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be
A combination of polls to draw on corruption-related data collected by a variety of reputable institutions
The CPI reflects the views of observers from around the world, including experts living and working in the countries and territories evaluated
CPI is the most widely used indicator of corruption worldwide
Corruption and the CPI
Illegal activities that are deliberately hidden
Only come to light through scandals, investigations, or prosecutions
No meaningful way to assess absolute levels of corruption in countries or territories on the basis of data
Shows how effective law enforcement, prosecutors, the court system, and the media are at investigating and exposing corruption
Captures perceptions of corruption of individuals in a position of power to offer assessments of public sector corruption is the most reliable method of comparing relative corruption levels across countries
Study Significance
The CPI is an indicator of perceptions of public sector corruption such as administrative and political corruption
Not a verdict on the levels of corruption of entire nations or societies, or of their policies, or the activities of their private sector
Citizens of those countries/territories that score at the lower end of the CPI often show the same concern about and condemnation of corruption as the public in countries that perform strongly
The country/territory with the lowest score is the one where public sector corruption is perceived to be greatest among those included in the list
The CPI provides no information about countries/territories that are not included in the index
Data Collection
Data sourced from 12 independent institutions specializing in governance and business climate analysis
The sources of information used for the 2014 CPI are based on data gathered in the past 24 months
Data was collected through the use of surveys
Surveys capture the perceptions of the extent of corruption in the public sector, from the perspective of business people and country experts in various countries/regions around the world
The CPI includes only sources that provide a score for a set of countries/territories and that measure perceptions of corruption in the public sector
Transparency International reviews the methodology of each data source in detail to ensure that the sources used meet Transparency International’s quality standards
How was the data measured?
A country/territory’s score indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale of 0-100
0 means that a country is perceived as highly corrupt
100 means that a country is perceived as very clean
Scores were averaged
A country's rank indicates its position relative to the other countries/territories included in the index
Ranks can change if the number of countries included in the index changes
Data Set
Independent variable – Region
North America
Europe
South America
Asia
Africa
Independent variable – Time period
1: 1998 – 2003
2: 2004 – 2009
3: 2010 – 2015
Dependent variable – CPI score
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Research Question 1
What is the role of time in a Region’s CPI score?
Research Question 2
Do CPI scores vary more by region or by time period?
Hypothesis 1
If the average CPI for a region is related to time, then we should see an improvement in the CPI score over time.
Hypothesis 2
If the CPI score increases for a region, then we should see a similar increase in other regions throughout the world.
Univariate Statistics
| Data | |
| Mean | 14.3 |
| Standard deviation | 19.9 |
| Standard error | 0.4 |
| Median | 4.7 |
| Minimum | 0.4 |
| Maximum | 92 |
| N | 2665 |
Region Statistics
| Africa | Asia | Europe | North America | South America | |
| Mean | 11.1 | 13.5 | 19 | 15.8 | 11.7 |
| Standard Deviation | 14.4 | 18.9 | 24.9 | 21.2 | 16.9 |
| Standard Error | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
| Median | 3.2 | 4.4 | 7.4 | 5 | 3.6 |
| Minimum | 1 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.5 |
| Maximum | 65 | 91 | 92 | 84 | 74 |
| N | 695 | 835 | 640 | 292 | 203 |
Time Period Statistics
| Time Period 1 | Time Period 2 | Time Period 3 | |
| Mean | 4.6 | 4.1 | 29.6 |
| Standard Deviation | 2.4 | 2.1 | 24.5 |
| Standard Error | 0.1 | 0.06 | 0.8 |
| Median | 3.9 | 3.3 | 28 |
| Minimum | 0.4 | 1 | 1 |
| Maximum | 10 | 9.7 | 92 |
| N | 600 | 1008 | 1057 |
One way Anova: Regions
| DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F Ratio | Probability | |
| Regions | 4 | 23581.2 | 5895.3 | 15.2 | <0.0001* |
| Error | 2660 | 1029675.3 | 387.1 | ||
| Total | 2664 | 1053256.5 |
Post Hoc: Connecting Letters Report
| Region | Mean | |||
| Europe | A | 19 | ||
| North America | A | B | 15.8 | |
| Asia | B | C | 13.5 | |
| South America | B | C | 11.7 | |
| Africa | C | 11.1 |
Levels not connected by same letter are significantly different
| Difference | Std Error | Lower CL | Upper CL | P-value | ||
| Europe | Africa | 7.9 | 1.1 | 4.9 | 10.8 | <0.001* |
| Europe | South America | 7.3 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 11.6 | <0.001* |
| Europe | Asia | 5.5 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 8.3 | <0.001* |
| North America | Africa | 4.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 8.4 | 0.0065* |
| North America | South America | 4.1 | 1.8 | -0.8 | 8.9 | 0.2 |
| Europe | North America | 3.2 | 1.4 | -0.6 | 7.0 | 0.1 |
| Asia | Africa | 2.3 | 1.0 | -0.3 | 5.1 | 0.1 |
| North America | Asia | 2.3 | 1.3 | -1.3 | 5.9 | 0.4 |
| Asia | South America | 1.8 | 1.5 | -2.4 | 6.0 | 0.7 |
| South America | Africa | 0.6 | 1.6 | -3.7 | 4.9 | 0.9 |
One way Anova: Time Period
| DF | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F Ratio | Probability | |
| Time Periods | 2 | 410793.2 | 205397 | 851 | <0.0001* |
| Error | 2662 | 642463.3 | 241 | ||
| Total | 2664 | 1053256.5 |
Post Hoc: Connecting Letters Report
| Time Period | Mean | ||
| 3 | A | 29.6 | |
| 1 | B | 4.6 | |
| 2 | B | 4.1 |
Levels not connected by same letter are significantly different
Post Hoc
| Difference | Std Error | Lower CL | Upper CL | P-value | ||
| 3 | 2 | 25.6 | 0.7 | 24.0 | 27.2 | <0.001* |
| 3 | 1 | 25 | 0.8 | 23.1 | 26.9 | <0.001* |
| 1 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | -1.3 | 2.4 | 0.8 |
Results
Time period one way Anova is statically significant
Post Hoc indicates Time Period 3’s mean is significantly different from the means of Time Period 1 and Time Period 2
Region one way Anova is statically significant
Post Hoc indicates Europe’s mean is significantly different from the means of Africa, South America, and Asia
Post Hoc also indicates that North America’s mean is significantly different from the mean of Africa
Literature
Conclusions
Results are based on perception
Full Story of Corruption
CPI application is limited
Captures perceptions of the extent of corruption in the public sector, from the perspective of business people and country experts
Transparency International produces a range of both qualitative and quantitative research on corruption, both at the global level from its Secretariat and at the national level through Transparency International’s network of National Chapters based in over 90 countries around the world.
Transparency International’s Other Research Products
Global Corruption Barometer (GCB)
Bribe Payers Index (BPI)
Global Corruption Report (GCR)
National Integrity System Assessments (NIS)
Transparency In Corporate Reporting
Recommendations
Future Research
References
Hartson, W. (2016, May 12). Top 10 facts about corruption. Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/top10facts/669514/top-ten-facts-corruption-Tackling-Corruption-Together-conference-London
Transparency International. (2018). How corrupt is your country? Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.transparency.org/ cpi2014 /in_detail
Scandal (TV Series 2012–2018). (2018). Retrieved October 16, 2018, from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1837576/
