Biology - Anatomy homework

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Annotated Bibliography

Semiloore akerele

Doctorate degree in public health, Walden University

PUBH 8032

Dr. Schroeder

Sept 29, 2024

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Bipolar illness is a complicated mental health issue that affects millions globally.

Healthcare practitioners across disciplines must address it due to its ubiquity and influence on

everyday life. This annotated bibliography compiles contemporary material on bipolar illness,

covering diagnosis, treatment, and physical health issues. The selected articles examine bipolar

disorder's clinical aspects, epidemiology, pathophysiology, evidence-based treatment, and future

research. This bibliography synthesizes these perspectives to emphasize the multifaceted nature

of bipolar disorder and the importance of early diagnosis, effective treatment, and a

comprehensive approach that integrates mental and physical health to improve patient outcomes

and reduce morbidity and mortality.

Goes, F. S. (2023). Diagnosis and management of bipolar disorders. BMJ, 381(1), e073591.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-073591

This article examines bipolar disorders (BDs), which are complicated, recurring mood

disorders that afflict 2% of the worldwide population. The sickness often starts in young

adulthood and causes disability and untimely death, according to the author. BD is often

misdiagnosed, resulting in missing early intervention and harmful therapy. Despite over

15 authorized treatment choices, the paper notes that effectiveness and adverse effects

typically limit patient outcomes. Lithium is the most effective medication, although few

individuals attain complete remission. Though their long-term safety and tolerability are

unknown, atypical antipsychotics are increasingly used to treat bipolar depression. Goes

advocates combination treatment and adjuvant psychotherapy to address BD symptoms'

complexity throughout stages. Targeted therapy for causative processes are possible as

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BD pathophysiology is more understood. Currently, professional judgment and

collaborative decision-making are essential for addressing this condition. This article will

inform my discussion on the difficulties in diagnosing and treating bipolar illness,

emphasizing the necessity for an all-encompassing strategy that incorporates

pharmaceutical and psychological aspects.

Jain, A., & Mitra, P. (2023, February 20). Bipolar disorder. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

Jain and Mitra's (2023) comprehensive study of bipolar disorder (BD) offers an in-depth

analysis of the condition's origin, classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy.

The disorder's development is linked to genetic predisposition, especially chromosome 11

markers, according to their comprehensive assessment. BD patients commonly have

dopamine and serotonin abnormalities, which affect mood regulation. The biological

approach is key to understanding why BD patients suffer dramatic mood swings from

mania to sadness. Environmental variables like stress and trauma complicate the

disorder's appearance, showing that biological and environmental components interact.

BD is difficult to diagnose, especially because to its symptom overlap with major

depressive illness and schizophrenia, according to Jain and Mitra. Misdiagnosis or

delayed therapy due to diagnostic uncertainty complicates patient care and management.

Their knowledge of pathophysiology and diagnostic problems is essential for

comprehending the condition holistically and explaining mood dysregulation processes in

my work. I can better contextualize BD's molecular roots, tying genetic and

neurotransmitter dysfunctions to clinical presentations, and emphasize the continued

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problems in identifying and treating this complex psychiatric disorder by using this

material.

Lane, N. M., & Smith, D. J. (2023). Bipolar disorder: Diagnosis, treatment and future

directions. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 53(3), 192–196.

https://doi.org/10.1177/14782715231197577

This review covers bipolar disorder's clinical characteristics, epidemiology,

pathophysiology, and evidence-based treatment. It emphasizes the disorder's prevalence

as a mental disease with recurring mania (or hypomania) and significant depression, as

well as its high morbidity and early death. Due to its cross-specialty importance,

clinicians across disciplines must be able to recognize and treat bipolar illness. The article

discusses bipolar disorder's physical health impact, including drug side effects, and the

need of pharmacological treatment safety. Lane and Smith explore bipolar disorder's

prognosis and advise future therapy and research, including the need for better

management techniques that combine physical and mental health. This source will be

helpful in my examination of the holistic approach to treating bipolar disease,

emphasizing the significance of mental and physical health and guiding future research to

improve patient outcomes.

Nierenberg, A. A., Agustini, B., Köhler-Forsberg, O., Cusin, C., Katz, D., Sylvia, L. G.,

Peters, A., & Berk, M. (2023). Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A

Review. JAMA, 330(14), 1370–1380. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.18588

This detailed overview shows how bipolar illness (BD) affects 8 million U.S. adults and

40 million globally. The article describes BD's recurring depressive episodes, which

frequently resemble severe depressive episodes, and manic and hypomanic episodes with

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different mood and behavioral alterations. The usual age of onset is 15–25 years,

highlighting the prevalence of depressive symptoms. The typical delay in seeking proper

therapy after a depressive episode is nine years, yet early identification and treatment

improve long-term results. Mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate, lamotrigine) and atypical

antipsychotics (quetiapine, aripiprazole) are the main treatments, while antidepressants

may cause side effects. Comorbidities including metabolic syndrome, which increase

health risks and shorten life expectancy in BD patients, are also discussed in the essay.

The high suicide incidence in this demographic emphasizes the need for proper

management. In my article, I will utilize this source to offer important bipolar illness

prevalence and impact data and argue for early diagnosis and complete treatment.

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References

Goes, F. S. (2023). Diagnosis and management of bipolar disorders. BMJ, 381(1), e073591.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-073591

Jain, A., & Mitra, P. (2023, February 20). Bipolar disorder. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558998/

Lane, N. M., & Smith, D. J. (2023). Bipolar disorder: Diagnosis, treatment and future directions.

Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 53(3), 192–196.

https://doi.org/10.1177/14782715231197577

Nierenberg, A. A., Agustini, B., Köhler-Forsberg, O., Cusin, C., Katz, D., Sylvia, L. G., Peters,

A., & Berk, M. (2023). Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Review. JAMA,

330(14), 1370–1380. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.18588