"A" WORK AND PLAGIARISM FREE

In the wake of technological advances, the use of computers has played a major role especially in criminal justice (Moriarty, (2017). This paper has focused on the use of computer application technologies in criminology and the potential it has in legal systems. From enabling easy access for witnesses to search for accused peoples’ photographs on the screen and go through the whole court procedural activities. Moreover, criminals’ records can be monitored using databases and it is easy to make a follow-up on crimes they have committed in the past and the charges against them. Forensics can also be conducted and investigations can now be carried out easily and very fast. Also, when one is linked to cases, they can be easily identified using forensics and fingerprints. Portable laptops have also helped police officers in getting information and any important details related to a crime at any place without having to go back to their working stations. James (2017), argues that unlike in the past, investigations are done faster due to internet connections and ease of communication between community members and investigative officers through the use of phone gadgets.

Computers have broad variance in usage which has been enhanced by computer applications. For instance, massive record keeping systems have relied for reference on criminal accounts, case records and unresolved warranties. Incorporation of technology in criminology has just made the career easy and also improved livelihoods. Many police units now use computerized applications to keep up with the ever-rising crimes. There are different applications being used nowadays, from mobile technology, to use in-car computers, CCTV camera installations and also software such as the Computer Aided Dispatch. Investigators often use programmed record management systems to monitor information they obtain and guard it properly. With the current technology, it is possible to detect impending crimes, track stolen goods and the culprits, tell which time a crime occurred and also who committed it and where.

Computer applications:

1. In-Car Computer installations in police cars.

Blumstein (2018), contends that this application that allows traffic patrol police to effectively carry out their activities especially when vehicles violate traffic rules. In the current world, things are drifting toward being more computerized than handwritten (Maxfield & Babbie, 2014). Thus event arrest reports are being typed. It also means that after traffic references are written down, they are generated by the computers installed duplicating a copy to the person who breaks the rules. This is seen to reduce paperwork and improve the efficiency of police officers' work.

2. Computer Aided Dispatch

In the past, correspondents would use handwritten pieces of papers and postcards to keep a record of case numbers, correspondent officers and call logs for service and undertakings. Currently, according to Sieja et al (2018), dispatch software is being used by many police units to identify the fastest way to reach for police service, thus enabling immediate assistance to residents. Also, the software allows police units to tell where police officers are located using computers installed with GPS, and also they can report where they are in the time of need. Moreover, the software allows correspondent centers to keep a record of phone calls and cross allude them to matching case numbers and dispatch officer action.

3. Video Recording

This application has revolutionized the technological advancements in criminal justice. In the recent years, video recording has facilitated court proceedings by acting as an aspect of evidence. It is hard to deny something that is recorded and thus even witnesses can identify the convicts from the video. When launching investigations, investigative officers can use a video recording to aid their findings. When such proof is provided in a court of law, it is hard for suspects to run away from crimes. Moreover, many automated systems have wireless download once police cars get into the stations, decreasing interruption of officers and making sure that essential data that may be having some evidence is logged and recorded before long.

4. Case management databases

It entails the use of automatic case monitoring systems which provide information on the proceedings online. Databases containing information on cases provides the law enforcers to easily access information that they may need concerning convicts, respondents and witnesses. The online systems allow for more time in preparing for hearings in court lessening the burden of having to look for information.

5. Rapid Identification

This application enables law enforcers in getting biometric data from a person, more so thumbprint which is matched with the Federal Bureau of Investigations databases with criminal records. In many cases, this application helps identify a convict and establish whether they ever had a criminal history and if there are unsettled warrants. Moreover, it helps identify drivers' details and traffic police officer can attest to information provided in identification numbers.

6. Evidence Assets Recording

This entails recording of assets on online systems thus allowing investigative officers to easily obtain evidence and register it into the online systems before placing it into the applicable facility. Experts in handling evidence use this application in monitoring proof and placing it where appropriate either to the laboratory for examination, to the federals or prosecutor's office, or even into the assets room for custody (Ridgeway, 2018).

7. Computer simulation

This is not commonly applied in criminal justice although Wortley and Townsley (2016), contend that it is used by ecological criminal investigators to analyze and polish ideas, to forestall outcomes mounting up from diverse involvement adoptions, and to offer conversant policy regulation to crime management organizations.

More uses of computers include:

Crime detectives according to Maras (2015), make use of computers in various ways, they can analyze how a crime such as a bank robbery was schemed and the whole process of using computers. Also, Kennedy et al (2017) argue that individuals involved can be easily caught since cameras installed can act as supporting evidence. John et al (2014) in a panel formed discovered that crimes such as arson can be determined by devices to show what really caused them. Additionally, traffic cops use computers to search for vehicle identification numbers to determine if the cars are really legitimately owned by those driving them or stolen. Officers in charge simply send the identification numbers to the station's secretary who then informs the officer on call whether it is rightfully owned. Furthermore, law enforcers are able to file records of previous criminals which can be used as reference sources in courts of law to make judgments. These files are found in the computer systems thus saving time and space for bulky lists.

Databases provide information instantly and thus if a person is required to answer some interrogations they can be easily accessed. Besides, records of all citizens can be logged into to establish if they have had previous offenses, misbehaviors, and tickets, lessening the process of getting suspects arrested. Moreover, artificial intelligence, a computer technique, is used in dealing with legitimate proof, crime examination and identification, and also criminological examination. It is broadly used in generating outlook on the evidence, approaches of judgment and any other legal accounts. In addition, criminal identification, acumen, and examination use link investigation and drawing out information techniques (Farrell & Tilley, N. (2017).

Annotated Bibliography

1) Maras, M. H. (2015). Computer Forensics. Jones and Bartlett Learning.

The author seeks to explain different types of alphanumeric evidence which comprises various legal contemplations in the demonstration of proof. The book also gives an insight into automated evidence and the process of computer criminology and also gives rules guiding evidence. Moreover, the author discusses mobile phones investigation technology and how they are aiding in criminal justice.

2) Moriarty, L. J. (2017). Criminal justice technology of the 21st century. Charles C Thomas Publisher.

The author categorizes the different types of high-tech systems being used in criminology for effective operations of investigative officers. The book explains the various applications of computers in crime detection, identifying identification numbers, DNA examination, monitoring criminal records and aided dispatch. It also gives an insight into the use of biometrics in investigations to identify a suspect.

3) Maxfield, M. G., & Babbie, E. R. (2014). Research methods for criminal justice and criminology. Cengage Learning.

The authors argue that research in the field of criminology is aided by computer applications in the current world. Things have gone digital and using computers is making it easy for police officers to handle crimes and convicts. It also explains how subjects should be handled and different methods of evaluating crimes.

4) Wortley, R., & Townsley, M. (Eds.). (2016). Environmental criminology and crime analysis (Vol. 18). Taylor & Francis.

The book explains computer simulation and how environmental criminal investigators use analyze environmental factors to come up with evidence mounted on what is obtained. It also outlines interventions in criminal justice by law enforcers and legal disciplines. Additionally, the authors seek to establish approaches to crime detection and prevention.

5) James, P (2017). Technology, and the Future of Criminal Justice. Retrieved from:

https://futurism.media/technology-and-the-future-of-criminal-justice

The article written by James articulates the use of Artificial Intelligence in criminal investigations especially in cases to do with frauds. He explains how people get monitored using social media platforms and also using automated machines which identity with them which is making it hard for people to get away with crimes in the current century. He goes on to talk about audio and video recording which aid as evidence currently. Moreover, he depicts how activity logins in social media have adverse effects on citizens and using computer systems, law enforcers can detect crimes easily than in the past. While an internet meme, there are instances of authors and reporters doing research receiving a knock at the door simply because their browsing history triggered the right keywords.

6) John S, Dulani Woods, Richard Silberglitt & Brian A. Jackson (2014). Using future internet technologies to strengthen Criminal Justice. Retrieved from:

http://www.antoniocasella.eu/nume/RAND_Hollywood_2015.pdf

The article explains how the field of criminal justice is using modern technologies to enhance the dissemination of information and assessing crimes and criminal records. It also explains how internet linked devices to aid maintenance of monitoring of criminals in communities. It also articulates on connections of crimes to information technology and the features associated.

7) Sieja, E. M., Santos, R. A., & England, A. J. (2018). U.S. Patent Application No. 15/384,874.

This explains the use of computer-aided dispatch systems and methods of making use of fingerprints and identifiers in responding to crime incidents.

8) Piza, E. L., Caplan, J. M., & Kennedy, L. W. (2017). CCTV as a tool for early police intervention: Preliminary lessons from nine case studies. Security Journal, 30(1), 247-265.

The authors provide a variety of case studies on police involvement in proactive crime prevention. Specifically, the security journal looks into the use of CCTV and its use in detecting suspicious behavior and activities as it is dependent on a conventional of regularly based background rules to appeal their responsiveness to anything that interrupts with usual circumstances.

9) Blumstein, A. (2018). Science and Technology and the President's Crime Commission: Past and Future. Criminology & Public Policy, 17(2), 271-282.

The author seeks to elucidate the systems used to identify and recognize fingerprints and link them to offenses using computers. He talks of how dispatch officers collaborate in activities and how they use computer-supported commands from corresponding police officers. Moreover, he tries to link the use of technology in the past and associate it with advancements in the recent years. Furthermore, he continues to articulate how vehicles theft is being prevented and decreased incorporating in-cars computers which can be used as tracking systems.

10) Ridgeway, G. (2018). Policing in the Era of Big Data. Annual Review of Criminology, 1, 401-419.

In the wake of technology, big data is on the rise. Ridgeway explains how police departments have integrated computer applications in managing big data to ensure safekeeping and retrieval of information whenever it is required. Using databases, criminal records can be easily accessed and all those involved in court proceedings can monitor information. Moreover, he explains how the police can collect data and information using portable devices that they can use for recording.

11) Schuck, A. M. (2017). Prevalence and predictors of surveillance cameras in law enforcement: the importance of stakeholders and community factors. Criminal justice policy review, 28(1), 41-60.

The author seeks to discuss the current methods used in an investigation such as the use of cameras. Through computer applications such as video editing, evidence can be obtained from the cameras and be used for judgment and as charges against criminals.

12) Farrell, G., & Tilley, N. (2017). Technology for crime and crime prevention: A supply-side analysis. In Crime Prevention in the 21st Century (pp. 377-388). Springer, Cham.

The authors address how technology is being used for criminal activities and prevention measures against crimes. They give a closer look at approaches to criminal justice in the 21st century in their book. Also, they give insights on how to get substantial evidence on suspects from gadgets and devices being used currently.