Introduction with a general thesis Historical background/context for your topic taken from an article found in an encyclopedia Three subcategories for your 15 sources Conclusion (these will be given and expanded on) [Proper citation and footnotes in Chica

Ahmad, Aziz. “The Shrinking Frontiers of Islam.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 7, no. 2 (April 1976): 145-59. A historical look into the regional areas Islam has influenced but had some minor or major setbacks. The regions discussed are Spain, the Balkans, Crimea, Central Asia, Africa, India, Southeast Asia.

Black, Antony. “Islamic Views of International Order.” Rivista di Storia della Filosofia 52, no. 1 (1997): 129-40. A look into the treatment of ‘dhimmis’ by Islam. The article discusses how Islam views and treat other peoples from different backgrounds and including them in “protected classes”, which include Christians, Jews, Hindus, etc… (page 135)

Boojamra, J L. “Christianity in Greater Syria: Surrender and Survival.” Byzantion 67, no. 1 (1997): 148-78. The subject of this paper is precisely where, how, and when Christians survived as a faith community within the “nation” of Islam. A more pessimistic view of things; this paper gives the impression that Islam is a conquering and dominating ruthless force.

Brodeur, Patrice C. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, 1st ed., s.v. “Christianity and Islam.” New York: Gale, 2004. This article in the encyclopedia talks heavily about the history of Christian-Muslim relations starting from the inception of Islam until the modern era. An excellent resource when looking into how the two ideologies co-existed during a large time period.

Coope, Jessica A. “Religious and Cultural Conversion to Islam in Ninth-Century Umayyad Cordoba.” Journal of World History 4, no. 1 (Spring 1993): 47-68. The purpose of this article is to examine the process of conversion to Islam in one part of the medieval world. The article argues that understanding the conversion to Islam in that time period will provide understanding of conversion into a new group identity or culture.

Desnoyers, Charles A., and Peter Von Sivers, and George B. Stow. Patterns of World History: Brief Third Edition. New York: Oxford University Press. 2018. A textbook that details the rise and history of Islamic civilization starting from Chapter 10.

Griffith, Sidney H. The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2008. This book gives an example of how Christian-Islamic relationships were flourishing and harmonious during the golden age of Islam in the city of Baghdad. Gives an insight into the benefits performed and received by both parties.

Hitti, Philip K. Capital Cities of Arab Islam. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1973. This book mentions the city of Baghdad and how its significance in world history affected people of all backgrounds, including Christianity and the Church.

Jurji, Edward J. “The Islamic Setting in the History of Religions.” Islamic Studies 8, no. 4 (December 1969): 301-17. This article is about the core beliefs and theology of Islam and its practices. It shows on many occasions the relationship between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity on a fundamental level.

Kelsay, John. Love and Christian Ethics. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. 2016. A specific chapter in this book discusses the Muslim discourse of neighborly love and provides further insight into the Christian-Islamic relationship of medieval Middle East.

Kopanski, Ataullah Bogdan. “Islam in Italy and in its Libyan colony.” Islamic Studies 32, no. 2 (Summer 1993): 191-204. A history of Islamic and Christian life within Italy and the surrounding areas. A clash and resolution between the two distinct backgrounds and cultures set within a specific geographical location.

O’Callaghan, Joseph F. A History of Medieval Spain. New York: Cornell University Press. 1975. This book offers insight into the Christian movement and Church in a reclaimed 11th century Spain. It shows how Christianity reestablished the Church while building on the foundations of previous residents; growing culturally and spiritually.

Sahner, Christian C. Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2018. This article provides insight into the opposing view that differs from most of the other sources. The article states a question of why Umayyad and ‘Abbasid officials executed Christian martyrs.

Schick, Robert. “Christian Life in Palestine during the Early Islamic Period.” The Biblical Archaeologist 51, no. 4 (December 1988): 218-21, 239-40. A discussion of Christian life during the earliest days of Islam centered specifically around Palestine. Contains images for reference.

Stephan, Rita. The Veil. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2008. This book gives us a unique perspective on relationships between Islam and Christianity throughout the historical context of Syria from a woman’s perspective.

Von Grunebaum, Gustave E. “Pluralism in the Islamic World.” Islamic Studies 3, no. 2 (June 1962): 37-59. This journal article speaks in depth about the development and early stages of Islam across the Arabian Peninsula and further out to Spain and West China. There are brief mentions of similarities and differences between the Islamic faith and Christianity both from a theological and practical perspectives.