Annotated Bibliograghy

1.

Freeman, S. (2011). Improving cognitive treatments for delusions. Schizophrenia Research, 132, (2–3), 135-139. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.08.012

generation CBT for psychosis was successful but the strength of the treatment was weak and as the author states similar to those of clozapine (an antipsychotic used as a last resort for psychosis). Therapy is not up to date as it should be for delusions as delusion are understood quite well and therapy needs to catch up. The treatment of CBT for psychosis is similar to CBT treatment for anxiety.

Pay attention to single symptoms in psychosis

2.

Munro, Alistair (May 1992) Psychiatric Disorders Characterized by Delusions: Treatment in Relation to Specific Types. Psychiatric Annals, 22, 5, ProQuest Central pg. 232

3.

Ho-wai So, S., Roisin Peters, E., Swendsen, J., Garety, P.A., & Kapur, S. (2014) Changes in delusions in the early phase of antipsychotic treatment – An experience sampling study. Psychiatry Research 215, 568-573

Summarize including the research question addressed in the source, if applicable, and major findings.

Evaluate the usefulness of the source for your literature review, making sure to directly state why the source is informative for your specific topic

Three dimensions of delusions are always present in factor analyses and they are a conviction, distress, preoccupation, and disruption to life. More studies need to be done to learn how delusions respond to antipsychotic. Conviction has been least amenable to change shows the studies. Many studies ponder the question, “why does conviction exist?” There have been studies that show that reasoning bias including “Jumping to conclusion (JTC)” bias and by patients being inflexible contributes to the maintenance of delusions. JTC has also shown that the dimension of conviction of delusions and the severity of delusions is influenced by JTC. Delusions improve during the first few weeks of treatment and some studies show improvement in the first few hours.

It was hypothesized that delusion distress and preoccupation would reduce significantly over two weeks of antipsychotic treatment; but not a conviction. Female participants showed a higher response on all four delusion dimensions compared to the male participants. 57% of the participants showed the JTC bias. The no-JTC group showed a larger improvement in conviction and distress and with their delusions in general.

This study is important for my literature review and further studies because the three dimensions of delusions: distress, preoccupation, and conviction are important for the clinical implications of treatment. If we take into account these three dimensions it will benefit further research and treatments.

4.

The efficacy of a new translational treatment for persecutory delusions: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (The Feeling Safe Study)

Freeman et al. (2016) Trials, 17:134. doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1245-0

Summarize including the research question addressed in the source, if applicable, and major findings.

Evaluate the usefulness of the source for your literature review, making sure to directly state why the source is informative for your specific topic

This study looks at how individuals with persecutory delusions, unfounded beliefs, believe that others are trying to harm them. We know that treatments for persecutory delusions need to be improved. The first-line treatment is usually medication and this has drawbacks as well: side effects, non-compliance, residual symptoms. The author shows that the maintenance of persecutory delusions has 6 components that we need to take into account while treating delusions and they are: worry, negative self-beliefs, unusual experiences, sleep dysfunction, reasoning bias and safety behaviors. Treatment needs to target these maintenance factors. The strongest test so far in the literature has been in reducing worry where “The Worry Intervention Trial” which took place with 150 patients and had a 95% follow-up rate. At a 6 month follow up it showed that 2/3 of the reduction in the delusions that patients experienced were due to a decrease in worry. Also increases in psychological well-being and psychiatric symptoms. There was also a pilot study that took place before the study that the authors did and this study (The Self-Confidence Study) looked at 30 patients who had persecutory delusions and increased positive self-beliefs by using techniques to decrease negative self-beliefs. The treatment had an effect size of 1.0 for positive self-beliefs and 1.2 for psychological well-being, reductions in negative self-beliefs 0.24 and the delusions 0.6.

Other studies have looked at 31 patients with persistent delusions and used the treatment “Thinking Well” reasoning intervention to reduce delusional conviction, effect size 0.6 compared to standard care.

5.

Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 355-367, 1994

Chadwick, P.D.J. & Lowe, C.F. A cognitive approach to measuring and modifying delusions. Behav. Res. Ther.

3 studies completed on the measurement and modification of delusions in this study. The authors were influenced by verbal self-regulation of behavior and Maher’s work where he stated that a delusion experience.n was a normal attempt to make sense of abnormal perceptual experience. The patients who are distressed and puzzled over delusions try to make a meaningful explanation for them. Maher said that the meaning people make and the process they go through to get the meaning may not be too different than that of a person who has a “normal belief.” He said that” bizarre perceptions demand bizarre explanations.” He says that delusions are rational for what the individual is experiencing (auditory hallucination for example) and the people are incorrect.

This study looked at paranoid, grandiose, control and identity delusions. Recent studies show that people with delusions have biased reasoning.

6. the effect of delusion and hallucination types on treatment response in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder

This study looked at what effect the type of delusion and hallucination had on the treatment response of 116 inpatients all diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder. Religious and delusions of poisoning the most commonly noted. Patients with religious or grandiose delusions had the longest hospitalization and patients with sexual, religious and grandiose delusions had strong predictors for poor response to treatment. The same patients were prescribed more antipsychotic drugs and social functionality was less. Hallucinations did not affect therapy however visual hallucinations correlated with disease scores when patients were admitted.

7.Metacognitive Training for Delusion in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A Case Report

People with schizophrenia have deficits in their metacognition, or “thinking about thinking.” this case report is about a 34-year-old woman with persecutory beliefs that did not respond to several courses of antipsychotics meds and ECT therapy. Metacognitive training was implanted between the patient and a therapist. The patient learned how jumping to conclusions about events without proper evidence could lead to an incorrect explanation, how emotions of self and others could be misinterpreted and how memory about something could get distorted.

Usefulness for my Literature Review: I need to know if patients have deficits in their metacognition and how it relates to recovery.

8.

Virtual reality in the treatment of persecutory delusions: randomized controlled experimental study testing how to reduce the delusional conviction