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Sexual Assault Among College Students

Student name: Kusum Syangbo

Instructor: Dr. Elizabeth Wachira

Class: HHPH- 416- 01E

Date: 09/03/2021

Texas A&M University, Commerce

Part A: Annotated Bibliography

Article 1: Sexual assault incidents among college undergraduates: Prevalence and factors associated with risk

Mellins, C. A., Walsh, K., Sarvet, A. L., Wall, M., Gilbert, L., Santelli, J. S., ... & Hirsch, J. S. (2017). Sexual assault incidents among college undergraduates: Prevalence and factors associated with risk. PLoS one, 12(11), e0186471.

Abstract

Sexual assault on college campuses is a public health issue. However varying research methodologies (e.g., different sexual assault definitions, measures, assessment timeframes) and low response rates hamper efforts to define the scope of the problem. To illuminate the complexity of campus sexual assault, we collected survey data from a large population-based random sample of undergraduate students from Columbia University and Barnard College in New York City, using evidence based methods to maximize response rates and sample representativeness, and behaviorally specific measures of sexual assault to accurately capture victimization rates. This paper focuses on student experiences of different types of sexual assault victimization, as well as sociodemographic, social, and risk environment correlates. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were used to estimate prevalences and test associations. Since college entry, 22% of students reported experiencing at least one incident of sexual assault (defined as sexualized touching, attempted penetration [oral, anal, vaginal, other], or completed penetration). Women and gender nonconforming students reported the highest rates (28% and 38%, respectively), although men also reported sexual assault (12.5%). Across types of assault and gender groups, incapacitation due to alcohol and drug use and/or other factors was the perpetration method reported most frequently (> 50%); physical force (particularly for completed penetration in women) and verbal coercion were also commonly reported. Factors associated with increased risk for sexual assault included non-heterosexual identity, difficulty paying for basic necessities, fraternity/sorority membership, participation in more casual sexual encounters (“hook ups”) vs. exclusive/monogamous or no sexual relationships, binge drinking, and experiencing sexual assault before college. High rates of re-victimization during college were reported across gender groups. Our study is consistent with prevalence findings previously reported. Variation in types of assault and methods of perpetration experienced across gender groups highlight the need to develop prevention strategies tailored to specific risk groups.

Annotated Bibliography

Students who are found on campuses may be classified as adults. For this research, we will analyze sexual assault, which could also refer to sexual abuse among college undergraduates according to research carried out by Mellins, C. A., Walsh, K., Sarver, A. L., Wall, M., Gilbert, L., Santelli, J. S., ... & Hirsch, J. S. (2017). The researchers state that sexual assault in universities is now a public health concern. After carrying out a study on some students in universities in New York City, Barnard College, and Columbia University, the risk factors associated with sexual assault included casual encounters, having a non-heterosexual identity, membership in fraternities, or sororities, and binge drinking.

Article 2: Rape Resistance: A Critical Piece of all Women’s Empowerment and Holistic Rape Prevention

Ullman, S. E. (2020). Rape resistance: A critical piece of all women's empowerment and holistic rape prevention. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 1-21.

Abstract

In an ecological model, many strategies and tools are needed to help respond to sexual assault in terms of risk, response, recovery, and prevention. A holistic strategy should be based on empirical research evidence and informed by a critical intersectional analysis of women’s social location/gender inequality in society. In addition, rape prevention should include efforts to increase women’s ability to avoid rape and its associated deleterious outcomes. This article critically reviews arguments and research regarding rape resistance and self-defense training to support a multi-faceted rationale for including rape resistance as a central piece of rape prevention efforts in a society characterized by high rape rates. Contrary to some arguments against resistance training, I argue that rape resistance is not mutually exclusive or contradictory to other forms of rape prevention, including bystander intervention, which ultimately also relies on individuals to intervene to stop sexual assaults. Community responsibility is important, but should not be framed as better than other forms of individual and collective empowerment or sufficient to stop rape. An effective approach must include education, prevention, and activism at multiple levels of the social ecology.

Annotated bibliography

The article focuses on primary prevention, which entails preventing the occurrence of sexual assault. Specific efforts to prevent sexual abuse are mainly directed toward the adult population in colleges, mainly focusing on females. Here they teach self-defense skills and avoidance. Therefore, the researchers believed that they should educate the younger population who mainly experienced sexual abuse in their dating and even when they did not know the future.

Article 3: The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA): Historical Overview, Funding, and Reauthorization

Sacco, L. N. (2019). The violence against women act (VAWA): historical overview, funding, and reauthorization. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA): historical overview, funding, and reauthorization.

Abstract

Promotion of societal norms that promote against sexual violence by coming up with bystander approaches or mobilizing men and boys and teaching them how to treat women while they are young. There could also be teaching skills to prevent sexual violence, which entails teaching how to practice safe and healthy intimate and dating locally. The community members could address the sexual violence risks within the community through environmental approaches such as enhancing safety. The teachers in schools could improve and monitor the safety of the adult students at the community level. There could also be psychosocial support within the close members of a locality by supporting victims or survivors by offering victim-centered services and ensuring the follow up of treatment for victims of sexual abuse Relationships skills to young adults.

Moreover, empowerment-based training for both young men and women and promoting healthy sexuality could also work. At the state level, there could be promoting activities to support girls and women by strengthening the women economically and providing leadership opportunities for girls. The state could also develop policies that can be applied in the workplace setting to avoid sexual violence within the work environment.

Annotated Bibliography

The bystander interventions successfully prevent rape or sexual abuse because they change the behaviors and attitudes of the bystanders. In addition, the federal government provides intervention through grants. According to the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), the government provides funding to tribal, state, local and territorial bodies and even nonprofit organizations; and universities to fund various things such as services and training to end violence against women with disabilities and Transitional Housing Assistance Grants for Victims of Sexual Assault, and Domestic Violence among others.

Part B: Literature Review Methodology and Matrix

Literature Review Methodology

An exploration of literature that involves credible publications and research articles was conducted to develop this literature review. The keywords used to find these articles were sexual abuse in adults. However, it was realized that there is plenty of research on sexual abuse in children since almost all articles talking about the same. Unfortunately, there wasn't much information on sexual abuse in adults specifically. Yet, there was evident material on sexual abuse in college students on strategies and interventions. Therefore keywords such as rape and sexual assault were used instead to find more data on the given topic since they bear the same meaning as sexual abuse. The first search words were sexual abuse, followed by strategies to prevent sexual abuse, and lastly, the interventions to prevent sexual abuse. The research results were limited to research carried out from 2017 to date, and the interventions were intertwined with the prevention.

Literature Review Matrix: Focus on Sexual Assault among College Students

Author(s), Year, Title of Journal Article, Journal Name, Vol #, Page Numbers (APA 7th) (In text citation)	A few key points (or findings) from the article	Determinants of sexaual assault strategies to reduce the cases	Why are these points/findings important to health Education/promotion? (What is the “real world” application?)
Mellins, C. A., Walsh, K., Sarvet, A. L., Wall, M., Gilbert, L., Santelli, J. S., & Hirsch, J. S. (2017). Sexual assault incidents among college undergraduates: Prevalence and factors associated with risk. PLoS one, 12(11), e0186471.	Risk factors associated with sexual assault include 1. Casual encounters 2. Having a non-heterosexual identity, 3. membership in fraternities or sororities, 4. binge drinking.	People should avoid casual encounters., having a non-heterosexual identity, and membership in fraternities or sororities for students or even binge drinking for they are breeding ground for sexual assault	The study is important because it teaches people on the risk factors of sexual abuse.
Ullman, S. E. (2020). Rape resistance: A critical piece of all women’s empowerment and holistic rape prevention. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 1-21	To prevent rape the article points out two prevention strategies being 1.Acquiring self-defense skills 2. Avoidance	Women and men should acquire self-defense skills and avoidance to prevent themselves from being victims of sexual abuse.	The study is important because it teaches people on prevention strategies of sexual abuse among them being to acquire self-defense skills and avoiding risk factors.
Sacco, L. N. (2019). The violence against women act (VAWA): historical overview, funding, and reauthorization. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA): historical overview, funding, and reauthorization.	3. interventions could be state local or national and the interventions include 1.Education 2.Offering grants 3.Psychosocial support for victims Among others	The state and the community have a part to play in intervening against sexual violence.	The study is important because it informs us on interventions made by the community and the state and nation actors towards sexual abuse.

References

Mujal, G. N., Taylor, M. E., Fry, J. L., Gochez-Kerr, T. H., & Weaver, N. L. (2021). A systematic review of bystander interventions for the prevention of sexual violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(2), 381-396.

Schewe P.A. (2008) Interventions to Prevent Sexual Violence. In: Doll L.S., Bonzo S.E., Sleet D.A., Mercy J.A. (eds) Handbook of Injury and Violence Prevention. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-29457-5_12

Ullman, S. E. (2020). Rape resistance: A critical piece of all women’s empowerment and holistic rape prevention. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 1-21.

Violence prevention strategies (2021) Centre for Disease Control and prevention . Online source retrieved from

https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/sexualviolence/prevention.html