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Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Annotated Bibliography

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Annotated Bibliography

1. Masten, S. J., Davies, S. H., & Mcelmurry, S. P. (2016). Flint water crisis: what happened and why?. Journal‐American Water Works Association, 108(12), 22-34.

This paper explains the situation that occurred in Flint starting from 2014 where there were elevated levels of lead in the drinking water for the residents. It also explains that the government officials took a long period before they made the decision to react to the issue. The paper provides an explanation of the effect that this had on the level of trusts that the community had with the state, the impact on the wellbeing of the people, and the effect on the economy of the region. Finally, this resource provides and explanation of the engineering and chemistry behind the occurrences in Flint and the extent to which the water system has recovered.

2. Butler, L. J., Scammell, M. K., & Benson, E. B. (2016). The Flint, Michigan, water crisis: a case study in regulatory failure and environmental injustice. Environmental Justice, 9(4), 93-97.

The article outlines the regulatory failures that are related to the regulation of federal drinking water and the failures in the enforcement and implementation of these regulations. It uses the Michigan situation to detail the failure of numerous regulators to respond or their provision of an inadequate response. It also provides a demonstration of how the Safe Drinking Water Act may be wrongly implemented, interpreted and weakly enforces. The authors provide an explanation that people may still receive contaminated water despite the fact that there are laws to protect them from unsafe drinking water.

3. Katner, A., Pieper, K. J., Lambrinidou, Y., Brown, K., Hu, C. Y., Mielke, H. W., & Edwards, M. A. (2016). Weaknesses in federal drinking water regulations and public health policies that impede lead poisoning prevention and environmental justice. Environmental Justice, 9(4), 109-117.

The article explains the failures of the regulatory community in the protection of the people of Flint after the water contamination which affected numerous people amounting to nearly 100,000. It provides an illustration of the available weaknesses in the implementation and oversight of the Lead and Copper Rule which was instituted by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The authors provide weaknesses and gaps in the implementation of the rule as well as in the process of oversight and enforcement. This is done by comparing the original intent of the rule and the current situation on the ground and also the lack of public education and a monitoring system for amount of lead in water.