Art/History

Macleod, John. " Carving Out a Nation; Andrew Carnegie: The King of Steel." The Herald, Aug 22, 1998, pp. 15. ProQuest, https://saintleo.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.saintleo.idm.oclc.org/docview/332523796?accountid=4870. This article will show the creation of boilers and the importance of these in the turn of the century. Show how steel was a luxury in the 1850’s, and how Carnegie turned luxuries into necessities. Steel was set for a boom in the US. With tremendous amounts of deposits of iron ore that had been found around the Great Lakes and Pennsylvania. The location of all the great rivers as waterways, transport was a cinch. Carnegie saw steel as so central to American life that he believed, with all his heart, that the cheaper you made steel the cheaper you made everything else become for the American civilization.

George M. Welling.. “American History from Revolution to Reconstruction and beyond” Outline of American History, August 2012 http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/outlines/history-1994/growth-and-transformation/railroads-regulations-and-the-tariff.phpRailroads became increasingly important to the growing nation, and unfair railroad practices went crazy. Rail lines extended cheaper rates to large shippers by rebating a portion of the charge, operated to the disadvantage of small shippers. Also, some railroads charged arbitrarily higher rates to some shippers than to others between certain points, regardless of distance. The new American way and why President Cleveland had to sign the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887

Carnegie, Andrew, and Vartan Gregorian. The Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. 1st ed. ed., Public Affairs, 2011. INSERT-MISSING-DATABASE-NAME, INSERT-MISSING-URL. This autobiography outlines the early days of railroads and the need for steel to build those railways in the late 1800’s. I will use this book to show how the steel rail company was organized in 1873. We will also look into his previous life, pre-Steel, to see how his upbringing helped shape the way he felt about hard work and factories.

Bridge, James Howard. The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company : A Romance of Millions. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991. I will show how early involvement in the iron industry and how large manufacturing help to spark this industry.The use of these “Lucy #1 and #2 Furnaces” in a growing industrial time set records for a number of years. Realizing that bridges need to be constructed throughout the country and railways needed to be developed, Carnegie focused on supplying steel rails to Valley railroad, PA Railroad and Allegheny Railroad.

Stouffs, Rudi, and Tunçer Bige. “Typological Descriptions As Generative Guides for Historical Architecture.” Nexus Network Journal: Architecture and Mathematics, vol. 17, no. 3, 2015, pp. 785–805., doi:10.1007/s00004-015-0260-x.