Voters Rights Act Impacting Today’s Voting Equality paper

Annotated bibliography-Voter Rights Act

Derfner, A. (1973). Racial Discrimination and the Right to Vote. Vand. L. Rev., 26, 523.

Voting without discrimination has gained a lot of substance as compared to the earlier years in the united states. This article written by Derfner, (1973), seeks to describe the laws of voting discrimination and how they have been developed over time. In order to clearly depict the laws and their importance the author looks into three historical periods in how they affected the voting rights in the United States of America. The period is looked into since the current state is a product of its tortured history. The first period is the decade of congressional reconstruction that is between 1967-1876, the second period is the period between 1982-1992 when the protection of the minority citizens voting rights were amended.

Motomura, H. (1982). Preclearance under Section Five of the Voting Rights Act. NCL Rev., 61, 189.

The voting rights act has been providing protection for the minority citizens in their areas of jurisdiction since the year 1965. Section five of that voter rights act has some clearance that has prevented changes in the voters rights act for over the years. That section states that for any changes in the laws that will touch on voting should be taken for preclearance to either the United States District court especially for the District of Columbia or presented for preclearance before the attorney general of the United States. Over the year the attorney general has been able to block any changes to the voting rights

The article by Professor Motomura Hiroshi seeks to define and articulate the contours used in section five for the determination of the preclearance in view of the objection letter written by the AG. The author realized that most of the changes to the voting rights were guided by a part of the retrogression test that was adopted in Beer vs. the United States by the Supreme Court.

Hartman, J. F. (1981). Racial Vote Dilution and Separation of Powers: An Exploration of the Conflict between the Judicial Intent and the Legislative Results Standards. Geo. Wash. L. Rev., 50, 689.

An upsetting and noteworthy showdown approaches amongst Congress and the Supreme Court over the requirements for a finding of racial vote weakening. The debate fixates on whether confirmation of an official plan to segregate in the erection or upkeep of electoral structures that do not uphold the voting right of the minority and to prove that such electoral structures are diminishing the 14th and the 15th amendment. the article further states that any discriminatory intent must be proven by any individual claiming racial vote dilution in accordance with a plurality ruling from the city of mobile vs. Bolden in the supreme court.

Finkelman, P. (2015). The Necessity of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Difficulty of Overcoming Almost a Century of Voting Discrimination. La. L. Rev., 76, 181.

According to the article 15 years ago civil rights act of 1964 was passed and it revolutionized the nation since the Supreme Court was so swift in enacting the laws. It was this period of time that the government adopted a legislation to vigorously enforce the fifteenth amendment. This amendment prohibited discrimination in voting based on the race, skin colour, ethnicity and the previous servitude. The article adds that the article was ratified by the poll tax amendment which prohibits the states from barring people from voting if they are not in a position to pay their taxes. The article then gives the reason why the American voting rights acts were including and the president that played an important role in ensuring that the voting rights are protected. The author concludes that despite the voting right and the amendment that has been put in place the African American has not been in a position to achieve any political influence in South Carolina or in the Deep South.

References

Derfner, A. (1973). Racial Discrimination and the Right to Vote. Vand. L. Rev., 26, 523.

Finkelman, P. (2015). The Necessity of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Difficulty of Overcoming Almost a Century of Voting Discrimination. La. L. Rev., 76, 181

Hartman, J. F. (1981). Racial Vote Dilution and Separation of Powers: An Exploration of the Conflict between the Judicial Intent and the Legislative Results Standards. Geo. Wash. L. Rev., 50, 689

Motomura, H. (1982). Preclearance Under Section Five of the Voting Rights Act. NCL Rev., 61, 189.