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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY – APPLICATION 3 18

Introduction

The use of Information Technologies in the business process is a wide and ever changing filed that is conferring various benefits and challenges in the field of business process managements. Various organizational structure challenges, and employee have exerted various resistances and challenges but the provision of the solutions have been studied and presented. This paper presents the summaries of various studies, objects, methodologies used, the study limitations and assumptions and a concise comment on the resource in relation to the source of the resource and recommendations on further studies in each study to better understanding in the entire field.

Albadvi, A., Keramati, A., & Razmi, J. (2007). Assessing the impact of information technology on firm performance considering the role of intervening variables: organizational infrastructures and business processes reengineering. International Journal of Production Research, 45(12), 2697-2734. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.

The scope of this paper is on the relationship between information technology (IT) use and the firm general performance in the consideration of the variables like infrastructure and process reengineering intervening in organizations. The purpose of the research was to establish the roles of the intervening variables on the relationship between IT and firms performance. The instruments to be used in research of the relationship between IT and the firms performance and the role of the two intervening important variable focused on which were reengineering of the processes (BPRM) and organizational infrastructure (OIS) in the IT and firm performance relationship were presented. The study based on the empirical filed survey design where 200 car part producers were administered with questionnaires. The questionnaires addressed the OIS, BPRM, Performance measurement (PER) and IT usage (ITU). The findings of this study demonstrated that there was a moderating effects of the organizational infrastructure and the mediating roles of the business process reengineering on the association between IT use and the performance of a firm. The IT usage was significantly high in pecuniary affairs of most companies. Organizational infrastructures was significantly considered in most companies and that IT usage significantly influenced the products production reengineering process. This information was very resourceful in the entire coursework and also raised the confidence of the body of resources used in finding this information. The underlying assumptions of the study was that the measures used in this study had a high internal consistency thus giving highly correlated answers hence high stability of the used measures. The limitations of the study was a small sample population that was corrected by the stability of the study measures (Hofstede et al., 1990). The other limitation was the high number of respondents that were willing to share objective information on the company’s performance compared to those willing to answer subjective performance questions. The finds may therefore be undermine the degree confidence of the results thus risking the accuracy of the findings. The study identified opportunities for further studies which included the possibilities for research on the other variables that are associated with the usage of IT and its influence on the company performance. This would include management styles, quality of management among others. A study could also be done using the second-generation simultaneous equation models (SEMs) to analyze to generate further knowledge on the model used in this study.

Baark, E. (1999). Engineering consultancy: An assessment of IT-enabled international delivery of services. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 11(1), 55-74. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.

The scope and focus of the study was on the engineering consultancy service delivery in the worlds markets and the use of telecommunication and Information Technology (IT) in the production and competent delivery of engineering designs consultancy services. The research aimed at examining the role of Information Technology in shifting the modes of internationalization of engineering sector focusing on the potential of IT-enabled services production and delivery which may increase the trade of the different engineering consultancy services in the sector. The article made use of a collection of data from empirical studies to obtain the findings on the role of IT in the transformation of the businesses and architectural and construction firms. The finds indicated that IT-enabled production of engineering services and delivery of these services fundamentally transformed the patterns of trade and entire investment in the sector. Large firms were revealed to be using the telecommunication and IT to promote interconnectivity and cooperation among various projects, groups and offices. It has brought about economies of scale which places them in an advantaged position over competitors in the global markets which may further the integration of the designs, partnership and projects to strengthen the design-build methodologies in such projects. The assumptions of the study was that the transfer of the IT across the international borders were free and that most countries were accessible to them. The limitations of the use of IT among many companies indicated the high cost of acquisition of the technologies and so reduced the consideration for investment in their use. Again, though the speed of the transfer of information among the departments in companies using IT, their re-use was hindered by the inability of the companies to follow the right procedures to relocate, retrieval and restoring of the information in a particular formats thus resulting to the sub-optimal use of the IT systems. In addition, many legacy systems, lack of protocols and standards of information dissemination and concerns for long term use of the information. The opportunities for further studies was the redesigning of the business processes that are associated with project works so that the interests and capabilities of different inside and outside organizational groups are integrated in a certain design. The information from this resource is an eye opening for the companies to invest in the use of IT in information dissemination, transformation of trade and expansion of the business process in reengineering. The resource of the information is largely credible and reliable for the promotion of IT in companies.

Devaraj, S., & Kohli, R. (2000). Information technology payoff in the health-care industry: a longitudinal study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 16(4), 41-67.

The scope of the study was on the importance of investments of the Information Technology (IT) in the payoffs in companies. Many organizations have questioned the benefits of investments in IT especially in the Business processes reengineering (BPR) initiatives. The study also focused on the impact of IT on non-financial performance on customer satisfaction and the quality of services produced. The aim of the study was to determine the role of IT on the organizational performance in terms of the payoff systems. The study employed a longitudinal research design where data was collected from eight hospitals that were registered as members of a national health system of the U.S. a decision support system (DSS), was used to help in the collection of data. The estimates of the cost of the expected services and the expected payments were compared in this study. The cross-sectional view of the hospitals coupled with data on the time-series was appropriate in examining the corporate effect of IT usage on the measure of profitability and the quality while controlling the other factors. The findings of the article indicated that measures of profitability were positive and significantly correlated with others and satisfaction of customers too. Again, labor correlated positively with capital and support variables. The IT investment capital affected both the net patients’ returns per day and also with the net patients’ returns on admission. Investment in IT did not increase organizational profitability. The results supported relationship in IT-performance after a specific time lags, and also supported IT contingent impact on BPR that were practiced by most hospitals. The assumption of the study was that the models 1 and 2 would show diverse relationship in the BPR and IT capital and BPR and IT support. Again, it was assumed that data that was to be collected showed normal distribution and that observed heteroscedasticity in relation to Whites test. The limitations included the trouble to identify impacts of technology on other factors which contribute to the organizational performance. The short time that were involved could not conclusively realize benefits of technology investment. The resource on the information on the relationship between IT and performance and the general effects of IT and the BPR on performance too was credible and informative for the hospitals. The resource and the body of information were well correlated and provided a concrete information that will be useful in employment of IT in hospitals payoff.

Lee, K. T., & Chuah, K. B. (2001). A SUPER methodology for business process improvement-An industrial case study in Hong Kong/China. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 21(5/6), 687-706.

The study focused on the continuous improvement of the Business Process Improvement, business benchmarking (BPB) and business reengineering (BPR) within the domains of manufacturing companies. These areas have become key in the increase effort for improving efficiency and productivity in the their processes. Companies complexities in organiZational structure and involve very many processes, the need of this companies vary-considerably. This study presented a SUPPER methodology in the actual case study. It aimed at demonstrating a SUPPER method that is useful in drawing a road map that will enable the company more better world class performance through a guided path. The phase one of the involves the Selection of the identified problematic process that is considered very useful in satisfying customers needs and promoting the companies image thus placing it in a better competitive position in the a market. Making changes in the identified processes will give the company a better direction of improvement. Phase two involves the Understanding the process. It concerns the flow, architecture and activities involved in the process, thus establishing the weakness and problems of the process. Phase three involves Proceeding with measurement of process. The stage involves defining operations, measuring their performance, value of the tasks and performance gaps by means of benchmarking on the predetermined goals in each activity or subtasks. The process reveals the gaps in the activities and the competitive position of the company in relation to its competitors. Phase four is the Execution of the process of improvement in the proceed identified. It involves improving the identified problems in the tasks to a desired level of output which is complimentary to the customers expectations. The fifth phase is the review of the improvement done on the process identified. In this process, the outcomes of the improvement activities are compared to the expectations of the customers. A positive result will give the company a go ahead to other processes that have problems. On a case study on the application of SUPER method in the Bold Ware Optical (Metal) Manufactory Limited established that the use of CPI was fundamentally relying on the level of understanding of capability of the process and also the causative of the gaps in the process. Therefore CPI produced more information on BPR-like which was used in analyzing business operations whereas “problem areas matrix” was used to determine problems in the process. “cause and effect diagram” analyzed root cause of the problems while “Pareto chart” analyzed the whole process. The study concluded that, SUPER method was proved workability in allowing improvement in the process performance and the perspectives of the staff opinions.

Sobhani, A., & Beheshti, M. T. H. (2010, January). Information Technology and BPR: From effective investment to efficient contribution in a Governmental Company. In IIE Annual Conference. Proceedings (p. 1). Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE).

The study focused on the value of Information Technology in business organizational productivity. The study identified that complementary investments in IT in business activities influenced the overall performance of the companies. The Business Process Reengineering and IT in business is an opportunity that can be used to demonstrate the overall investment in IT and its impact on the productivity in the Telecommunication Company. The study was undertaken in phases where in the first phase, 44 information samples were selected from Telecommunication Companies of Iran. In the second phase, questionnaires were administered to employees and the experts that investigate BPR methods used in TCT. The parameters collected on the questionnaires included the Performance Quality factors in the current circumstances of the IT in the company and desirable indicators of IT situations. It was noted that investment in IT indicated a positive association with TCT indicators of economies, while BPR status explored the reengineering potential in improving the value of the contribution of IT effectively. The study found out that, IT capital and labor positively influenced output of a process. In the first phase of analysis, IT depreciation cost is considered an expense of the IT capital. The second phase revealed that there was a meaningful variance between present IT situation and desired IT situation in relation to Performance Quality at TCT. The indicators of BPR employees and experts of TCT expected were in average while had high improvement in current situation in IT and the Performance Quality situations. The study concluded that the first phase, IT investment and productivity relationship was proved. The current situation in IT and the expected situations correlated significantly. Therefore, BPR complemented support and stability of positive IT investment impacts in TCT and reduced paperwork, pyramidal organization levels, parallel and unnecessary activities, and increased rate of decision on skillful personnel termination. In the second phase, IT implementation in the organizations is able to enhance productivity that is able to change the danger without a complementary investment. The limitation of the study was inability to get sufficient information concerning the investment of TCT companies in IT. Future study is recommended for the redesigning of Business Process in the government that employ a pyramidal structure of organization. It is also recommended for the study in the employment of the continuous improvement methods in Total Quality Management levels and BPR in order to make radical improvement companies current IT situations.

Liau, H. J., & Hou, A. J. (2016). Administration Flow Analysis In A Government Institute: A Strategic Flow Management System. International Journal of Electronic Business Management, 14.

The study focused on the innovative applications and the services that development and advancement of Information Technology in has contributed in the management systems in the companies. The IT sector has initiated competition which has not only facilitated the change in the lifestyle of people but also competence in companies. The study aimed at identify and collected methods forms in which government institutes, investigate the administrative flow, identify the rules, and build modules that fit into the flow. The study designed its own Flow management system (FMS). The assumption were using of existing flow engine in the market were that first, it they required extra labor in order to learn and to maintain a flow engine and also needed data sharing among existing system. Secondly, the IT team know the information environment so that even modification on it may more flexible. Third, there is a need for additional server in order to install the flow engine. The tools selected for the web page and site building that have CSS, HTML and java script and server scripting, were the WEB-based tools. An AS.Net development tool was finally chosen on web-server known as Internet Information Technology (IIS). An IT technologies were used to develop the web-based management system that request, get and transaction of data. The tools and methodologies needed were AnyLogic analyzing tool which is able to analyses and to evaluate various business processes’ effectiveness, workout improvement plan on the discovered problems, improve existing process and develop an entire business process from the simulation experiment. DataBase Management System (DBMS) was needed to store data. It defined, created, questioned, updated and offered administration of database. The Structured Query Language (SQL) language helped to manage data in the database RDBMS as a standard system. The study established that Business process management (BPM) derives from a tide of fashion, and did attract a number of businesses’ attention. The Workflow was equated to the ‘business process’ and those played a very important role in the management information system (MIS). The sample system took an example of a medium scale government institute through IT support. At the end, the basic framework of kinds of forms of flow management system (FMS) was developed. The study concluded a development of a solution of a service-oriented architecture system combined (SOA) and the BPM. The information resource was relevant and credible and depicted the cadre of the body of resources where it was extracted from.

Taher, N. B., & Krotov, V. (2016). Business process reengineering: addressing sources of resistance and sabotage tactics. Journal of Competitiveness Studies, 24(3), 145.

The study focused on the Business process reengineering used in organizations to improve competitiveness and the resistances the systems can face from the employees especially due to inadequate maturity levels in the organization, ideological and traditions conflict in the organization, poor communication, inadequate technical skills in employees, no perceived benefits, weak leadership in projects and fear of losing power. This were also the limitations in the reengineering business processes initiatives. They included the diverting resources, dissipating energies and deflecting goals. It was established that BPR are both technical and political endeavor. The approach used was to enlist the sources of resistance in organizations, the methods used to sabotage natural springs and methods of countering sabotage in the organization. The assumptions were that the organization has done all it was possibly available to make sure that is staff and the organization at large were in harmonious working together in the business process reengineering. The limitation was that subjective softer and “darker” side of BPR were often captured in the organizational anecdotes and tales only. Strategic management in BPR, leadership, stakeholder analysis of impact, proper governance, deterrence mechanism, establishing reward communication and scope of management were identified as tools that can be used in countering sabotages in the organization. The paper used a case study of Russian Start-up Company, and Natural Springs to constructively illustrate the organizations business process reengineering resistance and sabotages and how to handle them. The ERP implementation is a very risky tool to keep the political area of the BPR in “blind spot” in relation to both practical and theoretical sense. Resistance were at high peak in an organization that had poor communication channel, conflicting traditions and ideologies, low organizational maturity, incompetent technical skilled team, leadership lose phobias and weak leadership yielded resistances on BPR initiatives in organizations. The assumptions were that the managers were able to identify all the tactics of resistances and addressed them fully. The improvement in BPR initiatives and overall organizational competence was brought about by sound projects governance, leadership stakeholders analysis of impacts, and proper communication channels. The resource provided credible information about the tactics used in organizations to resistance to BPR initiatives and success and ways to handle sabotage. Further study would be the appropriateness of the ERP in the political area of BPR in the practical.

Scanavachi Moreira Campos, A. C., & de Almeida, A. T. (2016). Multi-criteria framework for selecting a process modeling language. Enterprise Information Systems, 10(1), 17-32.

The focus of the study was on the choice of the process modeling language and how it can affect the business process management (BPM). Each modeling language in the business process management shows different characteristics in a given process and thus may limit the methods in which the business process can be defined and analyzed. The study aimed at helping the development of the criteria for choosing an appropriate modeling language in the running of a business process modeling in the existing large amount of modeling languages which also do not have adequate guidelines on their evaluation and language comparing in order to enable the best selection of the most suitable language model to use. The article proposed a framework that should be used to select a modeling language through the guidelines of the purpose of the modeling. The framework was based on the features of semiotic quality framework (SEQUAL) that are used in the evaluating the business process in the modeling language and the multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) methods which will help in the selecting the most suitable modeling language for modeling in BPM. The limitation was that the study did not entirely establish and use a new modeling technology of assessing the evaluation criteria, and did not demonstrate the means the two existing models of assessment and evaluation in the business processes can be joint to resolve the problems of language modeling language. The criteria for selecting the modeling language involved a six step approach in which the first involves determine the objective of the modeling language. The second entailed determining the language that is to be evaluated. The third step, the modeling language is evaluated based on SEQUAL techniques. The fourth, the multi-criteria method was applied to classify modeling languages using the ELECTRET TRI-B method. The analysis of the method was done to classify it in fifth step. In the sixth step, the modeling language is selected. The assumptions were that the modeler and management were aware for the modeling languages. The advantages and disadvantages of MCDA and SEQUAL modeling languages that were used in a case study when integrated are detailed. The further study was proposed on the framework that will aid manager and models designer to evaluate and do a proper selection of the best modeling language to use in BPM in accordance with their modeling objective that are based the ELECTRET TRI-B multi-criteria and SEQUAL methods.

Alotaibi, Y., & Liu, F. (2017). Survey of business process management: challenges and solutions. Enterprise Information Systems, 11(8), 1119-1153.

The study focused on the Business Process management systems and the challenges they encounter for their implementation and the solutions to the challenges of the process. Literature established that creating a good business process framework model (PM) was difficult task for most organizations. However, it was considerable for business PM to have the ability to accurately align its business process (BPs) with information technology (IT) designs, be able to provide protection, control the rapidly changing BPs and business environment, control customers power, flex the reengineering process, ensure IT goals are business oriented and hence ensure easily implementable information system (IS). The study employed a review research study on the PM domains of business to present the overview of the challenges that the PMs Businesses are facing. It was established that businesses are facing challenges like misalignment of IT and business, inappropriate deriving of the IT goals from business goals, insecurity in business PMs, reengineering BPs, unable to manage the rapidly changing business environments and BP, and failing to manage customers power. The assumptions of the study was that the business environment changes were noticeable to be accounted for. Again the goals of the business were well established with a competent team and were workable. The methodology used to achieve the study objectives were a review of the peer reviewed publications on the business PM. The challenges, standards, tools, methodologies and techniques in PMs. The assumptions were that the literature would provide credible and adequate information to enable conclusive review of the challenges and solutions in the PM domains to be identified. The population and samples of 74 journals considered and 60 conference papers were adequate to carry out the objectives of the study. The limitation of the study were that the alignment between IT and business strategies, and business performance and IT alignment, are unresolved problematic issues. Most surveys on the relationships between IT and business were done on small sampled companies in special countries only thus introducing the risk of biasses in the finding. Another limitation is that the results were affected by the use of the common method variance caused by the use of same survey data collection at the same time. The possible research studies were suggested to develop a business PM that it’s BP is able to carry a set of business goals or sub processes. Further research to propose a business PM method that will model the process priorities should be done. The resource provided a credible information that can be used in designing models appropriate for business PM domain.

Kopf, O., & Homocianu, D. (2016). The Business Intelligence Based Business Process Management Challenge.

The focus of the study was on the challenges of the Business Intelligence Business Process in management. It brings out the solid opinions concerning the mutual part, their relation and limitations they encounter when combining Business Process management and Business Intelligence fields. The study employed a literature review methodology of finding peer reviewed journals, papers and books that addressed challenges in the Business Process Management (BPM) and Business Intelligence (BI) fields. The historical process the related with the topic, current status, examples and the future expectations in the fields were looked for too. The theoretical ideas and the definitions were detailed to facilitate understanding on the challenges of the fields. The assumptions were that the various sources available for the data will provide sufficient accurate data that will be used to draw the conclusions on the challenges and the solutions of the BPM and BI. The limitations of the study were the newness of the numbers and the combinations of reasons and the references that are supposed to support the ideas while explaining the features of these two fields. The conclusions were that the paper presented a solid proactive arguments in the BPM and BI fields. The definition obtained and the theoretical ideas made it easy for the understanding of the challenges the fields face and their probable solutions. The resources provided content of placing together the relevant theoretical ideas obtained from the literature and experience from industry representatives and authors that use different types of tools and technologies which had many applications in BPM and BI fields. The further research to find the possibilities of integrating the BPM and the BI in the organizations business processes.

Conclusion

The use of Information Technologies in the business process is a wide and ever changing filed that is conferring various benefits and challenges in the field of business process managements. Various organizational structure challenges, and employee have exerted various resistances and challenges but the provision of the solutions have been studied and presented. The limitations listed in various fields are largely systemic and the assumptions are general to the entire fields. The resources sought provided highly recommended information to competently address the aspects of the research and that the further research proposed would provide more information to fill the gaps identified in the studies.

References

Alotaibi, Y., & Liu, F. (2017). Survey of business process management: challenges and solutions. Enterprise Information Systems, 11(8), 1119-1153.

Devaraj, S., & Kohli, R. (2000). Information technology payoff in the health-care industry: a longitudinal study. Journal of Management Information Systems, 16(4), 41-67.

Kopf, O., & Homocianu, D. (2016). The Business Intelligence Based Business Process Management Challenge.

Liau, H. J., & Hou, A. J. (2016). Administration Flow Analysis In A Government Institute: A Strategic Flow Management System. International Journal of Electronic Business Management, 14.

Scanavachi Moreira Campos, A. C., & de Almeida, A. T. (2016). Multicriteria framework for selecting a process modelling language. Enterprise Information Systems, 10(1), 17-32.

Taher, N. B., & Krotov, V. (2016). Business process reengineering: addressing sources of resistance and sabotage tactics. Journal of Competitiveness Studies, 24(3), 145.