rogerian paper

Jasmin wall Are zoos and aquariums ethical? Overview source

Learmonth, M. J. (2020). Human–Animal Interactions in Zoos: What Can Compassionate Conservation, Conservation Welfare and Duty of Care Tell Us about the Ethics of Interacting, and Avoiding Unintended Consequences? Animals (2076-2615), 10(11), 2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112037

The article explains the beneficial factors of animal captivity for both humans and animals while also looking into how human-animals interactions can endanger animals through animal exploitation. This source includes the concept of ''pro-conservation and respect for nature behaviours being adopted by humans ..” to support the issue while bringing up the fact that “ human-animal interactions may also increase certain individuals desire for inappropriate wild animal “pet” ownership..” The article also mentions the ethical framework that is necessary and should be followed for zoos to run “appropriately”. I made this my overview source because it ill help support both sides of the issues. The articles author is credible because they work for an Animal Welfare Science and has his Masters in Animal Science.

Beauchamp, T. L., & Frey, R. G. (2014). The Ethics of Confining Animals: From Farms to Zoos to Human Homes. In The Oxford handbook of animal ethics. New York: Oxford University Press

This article explains all animals have the basic interest in liberty and “the absence of external constraints on movement” but it also give the points that used to justify confinement.This supports the idea that zoos and aquariums are unethical because it suggests that animals have the right to roam freely and liberty-limitation is morally unjustified. The article discusses the harm (with and without suffering) that can be caused by confinement, an example given is that “Monkeys need to roam around, explore things, play and interact with other monkeys. Severe constraints on their movement often cause pain and bodily discomfort and are likely to cause distress and other negative emotions”. This is a credible source because the author of the bok R.G. Fry had written numerous articles and books on normative and applied ethic and in the history of ethics.

Bekoff, M. (2018, October 16). A POSTZOO Future: Why Welfare Fails animals in zoos. Retrieved February 26, 2021, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10888705.2018.1513838

This article supports the side that zoos are unethical and how “ zoos tend to focus on incremental improvements without addressing the underlying problem with captivity. It gives examples of reforms that should be put into place so that zoos are considered more ethical. One thing I didn't know before reading this article is that when there is a surplus of animals after breeding regardless of the animal being healthy or not they are often killed. In this article it is stated that “..captivity effects, which are similar in humans and other animals, include long-term activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, repetitive and abnormal behaviors indicative of psychological trauma changes to immune function, brain morphology, reproductive behaviors, circadian rhythms, and so on. Prolonged captivity clearly imposes profound suffering. “This is a credible source because the author Marc Bekoof is biologist,ethologist and behavioral ecologist so he understands the effects zoo can have on animal behavior. He is also a professor of Ecology and evolutionary biology at University of Colorado.

Minteer, B., & Collins, J. (2013, April 01). Ecological ethics in captivity: Balancing values and responsibilities in zoo and aquarium research under rapid global change. Retrieved February 25, 2021, from https://academic.oup.com/ilarjournal/article/54/1/41/668841

This article discussed the ethical concerns with human intervention in animal population and ecosystems which lead to captivity. It explains also the roles and aquarium when it comes to conservation and animal research. This source supports the idea that aquariums and zoos are ethical. It says it “imperative to understand and conserve a population or ecosystem through research and management intervention.” It is said that it is necessary for humans to intervene because of global change.This supports the ethical stance because it says it's necessary to keep animals captive to engage and in research to protect them. I find this article credible because the author is a professor of environmental ethics and conservation and also the Arizona Zoological Society Endowed Chair at Arizona State University.

Turkowski, Frank J. “Education at Zoos and Aquariums in the United States.” BioScience, vol. 22, no. 8, 1972, pp. 468–475. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1296244. Accessed 25 Feb. 2021.

The journal “Education at Zoos and Aquariums in the United States” emphasized the importance of zoos and aquariums and their contribution to biological conservation education. It also discussed that they might have more potential” with more support. This source supports the ethical stand of keeping animal captivity. This source is similar to the other article that believes this issue is ethical because they both explain its necessity on the basis of conservation and education.One of the first statements in this article is “ to conserve our endangered wildlife and

to obtain maximum benefits from human endeavours it behooves us to increase our knowledge of animals by learning about the millions of specimens maintained in our zoos and aquariums. I believe this a reliable source because it was published by the American Institute of Biological Science also the author of this article is the Director of Research and he is the former education director of the Phoenix Zoo.