Annotated Bibliography for Research Paper

Student Name

EH 102

Dr. Taylor-Wiseman

19 October 2017

Annotated Bibliography

Semeiks, Jonna G. "We The People Confront Sandy Hook." Confrontation, vol. 113, 2013, pp.

11-17. Academic Search Complete,

https://ezproxy.brenau.edu:2040/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hlh&AN=88875874&site=eds-live . Accessed 19 October 2016.

In this article, written by Jonna G. Semeiks, the author goes into great detail about how America has been affected by Sandy Hook. She opens the article with a famous poem, “Monastery for Sandy Hook Children and Teachers,” and describes how a bystander was affected by Sandy Hook. Then she goes on to talk about how she was affected and lastly, how America was affected. She talks about the innocence of the children and teachers that were killed on that day. She also opens the reader’s eyes to help them see that this event should not be tolerated and that we should take precaution. She talks about gun violence and why America is a gun-holding country. This article is very informative and she speaks from an emotional standpoint. Semeiks gives a lot of personal information about how Sandy Hook affected Americans and what “we the people” need to do to make a change.

Szabo, Attila, and Katey L. Hopkinson. “Negative Psychological Effects Of Watching The News

In The Television: Relaxation Or Another Intervention May Be Needed To Buffer Them!”

International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, vol.14, no. 2, 2007, pp. 57-62. Academic Search Complete,

https://ezproxy.brenau.edu:2040/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=26989631&site=ehost-live Accessed 27 October 2016.

Szabo and Hopkinson show the impact that televised news has on people psychologically. They performed a study that proved that bad news, even followed by good news or distractions, does increase anxiety and PTSD. In the discussion part, where the researchers state their results in the study, they give a counter-response to their argument. They say that bad news can have a good effect on some people by forcing the viewer to take action and precaution of their surroundings, but, as proven in their study, it can also have a negative affect on the viewer psychologically. They took two groups of undergraduate students and showed them a 15-minute clip of bad news. One group followed with good news or some kind of lecture to distract the viewer and the other followed with nothing. Both groups suffered from anxiety or an uneasy feeling that could not be pushed away. This study shows that a person does not have to be a victim of bad news or trauma to be affected by it. This study proves that trauma or bad news affects the viewer as if they were in it themselves.

Holman, E. Alison, Dana Rode Garfin, and Roxane Cohen Silver. “Media’s Role In Broadcasting

Acute Stress Following The Boston Marathon Bombings.” Proceedings Of The National

Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America, vol. 11, no. 1, pp 93-98. Academic

Search Complete,

https://ezproxy.brenau.edu:2040/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=93610683&site=ehost-live Accessed 27 October 2016.

This study compares the effects that collective trauma has on the viewer verses the person involved in the trauma. It took incidents such at the Boston Marathon Bombing, Sandy Hook shooting, and 9/11 to show that viewers’ acute stress levels increase just as much as the people exposed to the trauma. It also took a natural disaster such as Hurricane Sandy and says that the viewers’ stress level did not go up compared to the collective trauma attacks that were viewed. This research also showed that, if viewers were in the location where the collective trauma took place, their stress levels increased more than the viewers that were not local. This research paper pointed out that, if viewers watch repeated traumas for multiple hours, their stress levels will continue to increase and may develop into psychological problems. In other articles, they talk about the effects on trauma through media, but in this article they compare those exposed to trauma through the media and people who are directly victimized by it.

Hamblen, Jessica. “Media Coverage of Trauma Events: Research on Effects.” U.S.

Department of Veterans Affairs, 2016.

http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/trauma/basics/media-coverage-traumatic-events.asp

Accessed 27 October 2016.

In this article, written by Jessica Hamblen, she highlights two traumatic events: 9/11 and the Oklahoma City bombing. She discusses how the media continuously showed clips of these events and that the viewer would keep the TV on for over seven hours listening and watching to these traumatic events. The article points out that the viewer watching the news or the media is just trying to stay informed with what is going on around them, but they do not realize that viewing the tragedy and the distress is causing them restless nights, PTSD, and higher stress levels. This article makes valid points about how a viewer can develop PTSD. This article breaks down how a child and an adult would be affected by tragedies even when they are not involved. A child develops more fear while an adult develops more anxiety and fear for their family and loved ones. Overall, this article provides informational points about the media trauma and its effects on not just adults, but children as well.

Seery, Mark D., et al, “Expressing Thoughts and Feelings Following a Collective Trauma:

Immediate Responses to 9/11 Predict Negative Outcomes in a National Sample.” Journal

Of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, vol. 76, no. 4, 2008, pp. 657-667. Academic Search Complete, https://ezproxy.brenau.edu:2040/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=33779478&site=ehost-live Accessed on 27 October 2016.

Mark D. Seery conducted research on whether expressing feelings about a traumatic event makes a person feel better or worse. It is common for people to say that, if you talk about your feelings then you feel better, but this research proved that not expressing your internal reaction is best. He starts off with stating that news trauma does have an effect on the viewer. Then he questions how the viewer expresses his or her feelings and thoughts regarding this event, or if they do at all. Most people want to talk about the tragedy that occurred, but this article proved that constantly talking and thinking about the tragedy only makes it worse for people mentally.

Kirdar, Seda. “The Relationship Between Collective Trauma and Civil Truama Society: Jewish

Citizens Of Israel As A Case Study.” Uluslararasi Suclar Ve Tarih, no. 13, 2012, pp. 59-

84. Academic Search Complete

https://ezproxy.brenau.edu:2040/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=87951384&site=ehost-live Accessed 27 October 2016.

Seda studied the trauma of the Holocaust and defines what collective trauma is and how it affects the community as a whole. It defines collective trauma as “a key concept that sheds lights on to the intricate interaction between trauma and civil society,” (Kirdar 1). This article looks at the collective experience of past traumatic events in a society and how it influences public opinion and policy. It takes a traumatic event, such as the Holocaust, and discuss how this devastating event can turn from individual to collective trauma. Dr. Madikizela, a psychologist from South Africa, states “the past continues to exist because it is in the past” (Madikizela 2). She talks about how the past shapes what we do and how we act as a community collectively. Seda quotes resourceful people that have a strong opinion about collective trauma and how all people can be effected by one traumatic event, directly or indirectly.