Current Issues in Globalization and Tourism/Hospitality Management

IHMN 485 Globalization Annotated Article Review (Ind). Due no later than Sunday October 25 (15%)

Student name: _____Yu (Jones) Li_______

Proposed Globalization topic (be specific)

Topic: Tourism as a Tool for Poverty Alleviation

Good choice for the course

Research question (what specific question will you address?

A good question on the topic will have some controversy, and a variety of unknown answers or outcomes.

Question: What is the importance of tourism in addressing the poverty reduction agenda in Africa?

Should be an interesting paper.

Purpose Ask yourself - what is the need/trend/issue that supports this purpose? Think about why you want to research this topic.

Purpose:

While poverty has remained a thorn in many African nations' flesh, (start with strong statistics rather than subjective words. Perhaps include statistics based on findings in the papers to support this theme) few countries with strong existing tourism have virtually ignored the sector. Many countries with lower tourism potential have made the sector a platform for reducing poverty rates.

The study aims at determining the potential of tourism in alleviating poverty in Africa. This alone is sufficient for the purpose of the paper.

Resource 1

Provide the Academic article using APA citation. This include name of author, article/book, author, date of publication, journal, page numbers…)

Annotate the article. Summarize the key findings / most salient points the author is making in a clear and concise manner. Suggested length 300 words.

It is often helpful to match your resources to a theme within your topic

Annotated article review on resource 1:

Mthembu, B. (2018). Rural Tourism as a Mechanism for Poverty Alleviation in Kwa-Zulu-Natal Province of South Africa: Case of Bergville. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism, and Leisure. Volume 7 (4). Include page numbers – full APA required.

Mthembu analyses rural tourism and economic development with a focus on poverty alleviation. The article follows an emphasis on the relationship between existing between tourism management and poverty control in sub-Saharan Africa. Mthembu collected primary data from 300 respondents from Bergville and secondary data from previous literature and publications. The study discovered that a significant part of South Africa and Africa are caught in a poverty trap, making it difficult to solve issues of hunger, lack of infrastructure, and diseases. The poverty crisis comes amidst a great potential for tourism in most African nations. South Africa is also a tourism Paradise offering numerous attractions such as traditions and culture, diverse wildlife, sporting and adventure, and attractive scenic beauty. The article describes tourism as a center of synergy in the creation of job opportunities, population stability, and industrial growth, which alleviates poverty. Besides, tourism development has the ability to mobilize local communities to participate in economic development. Tourism is capable of creating jobs, developing entrepreneurial skills, and increasing incomes for the rural majority.

Further, tourism development in rural Bergville can stimulate the local demand for goods and services, hence offering a market for women and youth's labor. As a result, the article recommends re-investment in rural development in line with sustainability and responsible tourism principles to wage war on poverty. The article establishes a unique relationship between the management of natural resources and human resources. The management of natural resources alone may not guarantee success in attracting tourists. The guarantee is given by how they are managed and the extent of their blending with available human resources, hence creating an employment opportunity.

Excellent article to choose for your theme, and nicely annotated.

Resource 2

Provide the Academic article using APA citation. This include name of author, article/book, author, date of publication, journal, page numbers…)

Annotate the article. Summarize the key findings / most salient points the author is making in a clear and concise manner. Suggested length 300 words.

Annotated article review on resource 2:

Njoya, E., and Seetaram, N. (2017). Tourism Contribution to Poverty Alleviation in Kenya: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. Journal of Travel Research. Vol. 1. pp.

Njoya and Seetaram investigated the suggestion that the tourism sector can drive the poverty alleviation agenda in Kenya. The article used a general equilibrium model, improving literature's common practice through comprehensive index poverty as opposed to headcount ratios alone. The article asserts that tourism can play a significant role in achieving the Millennium Development Goals that address economic development as a means of reducing extreme poverty. However, an empirical question exists on whether resource allocation to tourism is aimed at pro-poor development. As a priori, tourism development is known to have a minimal effect on poverty reduction. However, the article's simulation effect shows that the development of the tourism sector reduces the number of poor people by 1.83%, hence a slow 5% increase in the arrivals of tourists in the country will push 1.83% of the population across the poverty line. Besides helping people cross the poverty line, the poverty gap is reduced by about 3%, indicating that even among those below the poverty line, the average income required to close the poverty gap will have reduced too.

This article's results indicate that tourism is capable of reducing poverty at the national level and in urban and rural areas. As opposed to urban centers, rural areas' effect is hampered by reduced labor demand and earnings of the poor people investing in agriculture. The article recommends an in-depth consideration of agricultural production when developing tourism management strategies. However, tourism has the potential to stimulate agriculture-based service development, e.g., tours to agricultural farms and processing facilities. Finally, applying a dynamic model in this study helped provide extra information on tourism's impact on poverty reduction. Therefore, it is crucial to include dynamism in future studies and models of the same nature.

Another good article for the theme, and effectively distilled. You might find it helpful at the end to summarize the findings or most important points the authors make as it can help isolate patterns and gaps to organize and build your larger paper on this topic (assignment #1)

Resource 3

Provide the Academic article using APA citation. This include name of author, article/book, author, date of publication, journal, page numbers…)

Annotate the article. Summarize the key findings / most salient points the author is making in a clear and concise manner. Suggested length 300 words.

Annotated article review on resource 3:

Khan, A., Bibi, S., Lorenzo, A., Lyu, J., and Babar, Z. (2020). Tourism and Development in Developing Economies: A Policy Implication Perspective. Sustainability. Full APA

Khan et al. assessed the role tourism plays in shaping important economic pillars in developing countries. They used different econometric techniques to conduct an investigation on the effect of tourism on economic growth, agricultural, and poverty reduction. Tourism attracts foreign direct investments and also builds numerous facilities, all of which offer new employment opportunities. People who are able to earn a daily wage or an income can cross the poverty line. Besides, people below the poverty line can be helped close the poverty gap through such upcoming opportunities. Such metrics are essential to assess if and how poverty has been alleviate (or to what extent) in the study areas.

The article indicates that tourism is an important tool to foster development across all levels of the economy through job creation, women and youth empowerment, and promoting entrepreneurship and small businesses, hence reducing poverty at regional and national levels. The article reveals that in the long-run, a 1% rise in tourism activities reduces poverty by about -0.59% while a 1% rise in poor people affects tourism development by -1.17%. A 1% rise in the development of the tourism sector in the short-run lowers poverty by -0.28%. The article agrees with previous propositions of using tourism as a policy instrument targeting marketing and promotion, the development of agriculture, investment policy, and tourism-related organizations' support. However, this article proposes a bottom-up strategy, especially in poor areas, plus an emphasis on local participation and integrated links to agriculture.

Gap analysis and future study

Identify your port annotated review thoughts into specific key themes that might be possible for future study.

Think about key search words for each theme.

Gap / theme 1: Rural vs. Urban effects of tourism development on poverty alleviation in developing countries.

Key search words: Rural, urban, developing countries

Gap / theme 2: A multivariate econometric analysis of causal relationships between tourism development and poverty reduction.

Key search words: multivariate econometric analysis, causal relationships

Gap / theme 3: An analysis of tourism-specific activities and their contribution to poverty reduction in developing economies.

Key search words: tourism-specific activities, poverty alleviation

List 3 – 4 potential stakeholders that could be affected by a satisfactory resolution to the issue. Think about who might benefit from future research.

Economic policymakers

The rural and urban poor

Investors in the tourism industry, e.g., hotels

Pro-poor governmental and non-governmental organizations