EDMG611ex
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Annotated3Garrett.docxAnnotated Bibliography
Bradlow, D. D., Palmieri, A., & Salman, S. M. A. (2002). Regulatory frameworks for dam safety: a comparative study. World Bank. https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0-8213-5191-5
Regulatory Frameworks for Dam Safety is a legal document that looks at the regulations of dam safety by separating the documents by 22 reviewed nations, including the United States. The document includes emerging trends and important elements in dam safety. The overview of the regulatory aspects of dam safety within the United States holds value as these were requirements before the Edenville and Sanford dam failures took place. Furthermore, the regulations and programs mentioned in the document give the potential of other sources of data to review and analyze to see if the safety requirements have or make mention of any form of mitigation.
France, J. W., Alvi, I. A., Miller, A. C., Williams, J. L., & Higinbotham, S. (2022, May).
Final report: Investigation of failures of Edenville and Sanford dams. Independent Investigation Team.
The Final Report document covers both the Edenville and Sanford dam failures by evaluating the entire event from a chronological order of the failures, response to the event, how human made factors contributed and even lessons that were learned from the event. The Final Report holds value as it was meticulously researched and assembled by a team with engineering professionals from various fields of study. The document is well written and organized and provides a detailed overview of the facts of the event.
Ghimire, S. & Schulenberg, J. (2022). Impacts of climate change on the environment, increase in reservoir levels, and safety threats to earthen dams: Post failure case study of two cascading dams in Michigan. Civil and Environmental Engineering, 18(2) 551-564. https://doi.org/10.2478/cee-2022-0053
The Impacts of Climate Change on the Environment, Increase in Reservoir Levels, and Safety Threats to Earthen Dams: Post Failure Case Study of Two Cascading Dams in Michigan is a peer reviewed document specific for the Edenville and Sanford dam failures although mention is made of the dams that resided upstream of the two the focus lies with the failure. The authors make a prediction of an increase in dam failures due to climate changes (Ghimire & Schulenberg, 2022). It is a prediction that holds value as it gives the need for mitigation of infrastructure towards dam failures.
Hayes, J. (2021, May). One year after the Edenville dam failure. CE Think Tank Newswire. https://www.mackinac.org/one-year-after-the-edenville-dam-failure
The document One Year After the Edenville Dam Failure by Jason Hayes follows a series of documents created about the Edenville dam failure in general. This document has the best description so far that I found regarding the warnings given by the National Weather Service prior to the failure of the dam. This document is more of an overview of the situation a year after the event and covers such topics as ongoing legislative cases, understaffing issues within the state’s dam safety program, recommendation on dam safety going forward, etc.
Islam, K., & Murakami, S. (2021). Global-scale impact analysis of mine tailings dam failures: 1915–2020. Global Environmental Change, 70, 102361-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102361
The document Global-scale impact analysis of mine tailing dam failures has no direct relation to the Edenville and Sanford dam failure event or towards an overview of dam failures in general. The document looks specifically at earthen dam failures that are used to maintain mine slurry and other mine byproducts. This document, however, provides a look globally into dam failures related to the document subject, and gives an analysis of some of the environmental impacts from such dam failures. It is the environmental impacts coupled with the Michigan Dam Incident Response Review document’s take on water contamination that the Global-scale impact analysis document has relevance to the chosen topic for case study research.
Klida, R. (2021). Pre-failure persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) and soil moisture index (SMI) analysis of the Edenville dam in Midland, Michigan. Michigan Technological University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/1308
Pre-failure Persistent Scatter Interferometry and Soil Moisture Index Analysis of Edenville Dam in Midland, Michigan is a thesis on the Edenville dam failure through a scientific look at aging infrastructure of dams and the need for increased inspections and monitoring. I cannot currently say that there is value in this document as I am still going over the equations and scientific data that the document covers. The analysis does seem to conclude that from existing testing data that there were no long term changes in soil moisture at the Edenville dam prior to failure but that some displacement was found in the area of the dam failure prior to failure (Klida, 2021).
LeBlanc, B. (2021). Legislature to introduce $500M plan to fund dam repairs a year after Edenville failure. In TCA Regional News. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2021/05/19/michigan-legislature-dam-repairs-500-million-midland-sanford-edenville-dam-collapse/5163434001/
News article about the potential costs for repairs on the Edenville dam and increases in response capabilities for the area that was affected by the dam failure. This article shows that it was not until after the event that legislation on increasing response capabilities to dam failures was even a concern.
Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy. (2020, August). Preliminary report on the Edenville dam failure, response efforts, and programs reviews. https://www.michigan.gov/egle/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Multi-Division/Edenville-Dam/Report-Preliminary.pdf?rev=1da6d729c0ab45c59e25ed070ac38a87&hash=E7BE916E513D5104D1181391C0D63DDA
The preliminary report on Edenville dam failure, response efforts, and program review is a government document that was used to update the Michigan Governor at the time, Governor Whitmer, on the state of the investigation. Much like the independent study conducted above in the Final Report and the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Michigan Dam Incident Response Review this document is going to hold a lot of value as it was meticulously compiled as part of official government communications. The key point of the document, however, is that it holds a viewpoint of Michigan response including some information on the multiagency coordination that took place in response to the event.
National Performance of Dams Failure. (2018, September). Dam Failures in the U. S. Standford University. https://npdp.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/reports/npdp_dam_failure_summary_compilation_v1_2018.pdf
The Dam Failures in the U. S. is not specific to the event of Edenville and Sanford but is an overview of the issue of dam failures within the United States. It categorizes dam failures through a period of the early 1800’s to the present time the document was written in 2018. The document shows the frequency of dam failures in comparison to state geographic locations and the age of the dam, while providing data on the number of dams within each geographic section. This document holds the most value as it shows that during the more recent years when a greater focus has been placed on emergency and disaster management, events such as dam failures are still a common occurrence.
U. S. Department of Homeland Security. (2022, April). Michigan dam incident response review: An analysis of the 2020 Edenville and Sanford dam failure response. Federal Emergency Management Agency. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_michigan-dam-incident-response-review_report.pdf
The Michigan Dam Incident Response Review is one of the most useful documents as it was compiled by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. There is a small overview of dam failures in general and a summary of the events that took place during the Edenville and Sanford dam failure event. The biggest value in the document is that it gives a comprehensive review of the response events that took place and the impacted infrastructure which shows that mitigation of such infrastructure was not part of prior flood zone mitigation plans.
Witsil, F., (2020, May). Mid-Michigan flooding after Edenville, Sandford dam failures: Everything we know. Detroit Free Press.
The Mid-Michigan Flooding after Edenville, Sanford dam failures by Frank Witsil is a journal article that was written just after the events took place and gives, although not the most accurate picture of the cause of the event, a fresh look at the effects as they were still recent. There is a focus on the displaced population living in the local unaffected schools and the need for maintaining social distancing, along with various other hygienic methods used since the event took place during COVID-19 pandemic. The article’s lean towards a human-interest piece holds value as it brings to light a more impactful view of the event other than just a moment in history.
Mehta, A. M., Weeks, C. S., & Tyquin, E. (2020). Towards preparedness for dam failure: An evidence base for risk communication for downstream communities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50, 101820-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101820
Towards preparedness for dam failure is a peer reviewed article that covers the scarcity of research done on dam failure response and risk communication (Mehta et al., 2020). Although, the document does not solely cover Edenville and Sanford, the three other dam failure events research just adds extra value to the information as it is gathered from a greater pool of dam failure events, all of which occurred within the last decade.
These are just some of the articles and documents that I have found so far. They may be enough for the case analysis, but they may not. However, I have a decent start on information gathering and a place to further my research with the above and a few that I have yet to peruse.
