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EXPLICIT INSTRUCTION Special Education Practice
Diana Abazi
Content
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Definition of Explicit instruction
Rationale/Support/Science How do I do the practice Resource
Definition
• Explicit Instruction is a group of research- supported instructional behaviors used to design and deliver instruction that provides needed supports for successful learning through clarity of language and purpose, and reduction of cognitive loads. It promotes active student engagement by requiring frequent and varied responses followed by appropriate affirmative and corrective feedback, and assists long-term retention through use of purposeful practice strategies.
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(Hughes, Morris, Therrien, & Benson, 2017, p.4)
About Explicit Instruction
• Explicit instruction is one of the most extensively researched instructional approaches to general and special education teachers working with students with disabilities
• Any teacher can provide explicit instruction, but the intensity of this practice increases with the individual needs of the students. For example, special education teachers should use data to make informed decisions about the size of instructional groups and determine the necessary intensity of instruction.
• Four components of EI: - Use a logical sequence within lessons - Provide clear models and explanations of context - Provide multiple opportunities to respond - Provide a range of examples and non-examples to highlight the content being taught
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(High-Leverage Practices in Special Education, 2015)
Why Explicit Instruction?
• I believe that EI is one of the best tools to maximize students’ academic growth.
• Students are provided with clear expectations and demonstrations of the instructional target and in my opinion that helps a lot! They know exactly what their goal for a specific lesson is.
• Especially when working with struggling students like us in special education do, we know that they are going to gain more with very explicit instruction because they are taught clearly.
• Explicit instruction provides a path for our students to learn to their potential. It is a research-based, effective means to teach students with exceptionalities.
• I learned that Explicit instruction makes higher-order thinking, inquiry-based, and other forms of student -directed learning more accessible. It engages students, teaches them the process of learning, and helps build decision-making and social skills. Furthermore, for students who struggle with working memory, explicit instruction reduces the load on working memory, it breaks up learning into smaller parts. By freeing up some of the required working memory, we free up cognitive resources for the learning itself.
Why Explicit Instruction?
• It is an important component of Response to Intervention (RtI across all tiers) and Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS)
• A high-leverage practice in special education
• The foundation of specially designed instruction (SDI)
Diagram of Terms
Nested Structure of Special Education Terms
Why Explicit Instruction?
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(Archer, A. 2019)
* Novice children do much better if we explicitly teach them the information, whether it’s knowledge, skills or strategies.
Science ✘ Hughes, Ricommini and Morris (2018) concluded that we need to use the most effective
techniques available to us to teach our students so they can be successful in school and beyond. “Explicit instruction and the instructional elements that compose it have a strong research support that is based on how students learn. It is not the only way to teach; however, it is the most effective approach for teaching academic skills to students who need additional support and guidance, clarity, feedback, and yes, practice” (p.231)
✘ Kroesbergen and Van Luit (2003) concluded, based on their meta-analysis of over 50 studies of students with math disabilities, that explicit methods were more effective than less direct instructional methods such as discovery learning.
✘ When examining reading comprehension research, Vaughn et al. (2000) synthesized the results of two meta-analyses on the topic. They concluded that instruction in reading comprehension “should be overt, and students should have multiple opportunities to practice the strategy under quality feedback conditions before they are expected to use the strategy on their own” (p.105)
Why Explicit Instruction? • Examples of some research studies that identify explicit instruction as highly recommended or having strong effects on academic achievement:
• Teaching academic content and literacy to English learners in elementary and middle school (Baker, et al 2014)
• Teaching math to young children: A practice guide (Frye et al., 2013) • Teaching elementary school students to be effective writers: A practice guide (Graham et al., 2012)
• Summary of 20 years of research on the effectiveness of adolescent literacy programs and practices (Herrera, et al., 2016)
• Science instruction for students with learning disabilities: A meta-analysis (Therrien, et al,. 2011)
• Reading comprehension interventions for middle school students with learning disabilities: A synthesis of 30 years of research (Solis et al., 2012)
How do I do the practice?
• BEFORE STARTING WITH THE NEW LESSON:
• The first step is to assess the student’s skills and abilities. That’s how I will have a clear idea of where to start with my instruction. It should all be about what the student needs.
• I can’t start a new lesson without reviewing prior skills and knowledge of relevant information. This will let me have a clear idea if the student has the prerequisite skills to learn the new skill. This also helps to connect the new skill with other related skills
• I should also consider classroom adjustment, materials, scaffolds based on my students’ needs.
How do I do the practice? STARTING WITH A NEW LESSON:
✘ After determining what content with be taught I will reflect on HOW to teach that content.
✘ I will select critical content, teaching the skills, strategies, vocabulary terms, concepts, and rules that will empower students in the future.
✘ I am going to begin the lesson with a clear statement of the lesson's goals and my expectations. Telling my students exactly what is to be learned and why it is important.
✘ I should be careful to deliver the content in a sequenced format, going from easiest to understand to the most complex or starting with high-frequency skills before skills that are less frequent in usage, and separating skills and strategies that are similar and thus may be confusing to students.
How do I do the practice? • DURING THE LESSON:
• I will try to draw the student’s attention to the important feature of the content. I think of doing this by using one of the Explicit Instruction Hallmark; I do, we do, you do, instructional sequence. Starting with the I do part, I will show the lesson step by step (exaggerating the steps), tell the students what I’m going to do and what I am thinking (think aloud). I will also gather responses by making them repeat what I tell them.
• I will use examples and non-examples to establish the boundaries of when and when not to apply a skill, strategy, concept or rule.
• After explaining and modeling the content, I will provide guidance and supported practice by using the; we do, part of the instruction (practicing the lesson together), and you do (individual practice). This is essential because it helps students gain competency and improve skills. It also protects against forgetting skills! I will provide frequent opportunities to respond because it will help the student learn and engage but it will also help me monitor the student’s progress.
• I will make sure to provide corrective feedback or reinforcement because that will motivate the student.
How do I do the practice? • WORK ILLUSTRATION:
• I DO: Today we are going to learn about letters and their sounds. Show me a thumbs up if you have seen this letter before (A)… that’s great! You have seen this before. Letters are important because they help us read. I’m going to try to do the shape of the letter A with my body. Which letter am I going to imitate? …A, that’s right. Next, I’m going to say the common sound of the letter A. …What am I going to do next? That’s correct, the sound of A. Hmm, my arm is a little low, I want to make sure I do the perfect A so I’m going to lift it a little higher! Now I’m going to start: A is the sound of ă, ă, ă! What is the sound of A? … That’s correct, great job!
• WE: Now I’m going to have you do the shape of the letter A with your body, I’m going to stay close to you and see if you have any questions or help you as needed!
*After I have monitored the student during teacher-guided practice and provided corrective feedback, I ask students to do the letter shape and sound independently. To ensure maintenance I plan for opportunities for ongoing practice and provide instruction if the student has not mastered the procedure.
Practice Resources
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Archer, A. L. (2019). Why Explicit Instruction? Center for Dyslexia MTSU. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-qNpFtcynI
Archer, A. L., & Hughes, C. A. (2011). Explicit instruction: Effective and efficient teaching. Guilford Publications.
Hughes, C. A., Morris, J. R., Therrien, W. J., & Benson, S. K. (2017). Explicit instruction: Historical and contemporary contexts. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 32(3), 140-148. https://doi.org/10.1111/ldrp.12142
Hughes, C. A. (2011). Effective instructional design and delivery for teaching task-specific learning strategies to students with learning disabilities. Focus on Exceptional Children, 44(2). https://doi.org/10.17161/foec.v44i2.6689
McLeskey, J., Council for Exceptional Children, & Collaboration for Effective Educator Development, Accountability and Reform. (2017). High-leverage practices in special education. Arlington, VA: Council for Exceptional Children.
Practice Resources
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Hughes, C. A., Riccomini, P. J., & Morris, J. R. (2018). Use explicit instruction. In High leverage practices for inclusive classrooms (pp. 215-236). Routledge.
Kroesbergen, E. H., & Van Luit, J. E. H. (2003). Mathematics interventions for children with special educational needs: A meta-analysis. Remedial and Special Education, 24(2), 97–114 https://doi.org/10.1177/07419325030240020501
Riccomini, P. J., Morano, S., & Hughes, C. A. (2017). Big ideas in special education: Specially designed instruction, high-leverage practices, explicit instruction, and intensive instruction. Teaching Exceptional Children, 50(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040059917724412
Vaughn, S., Gersten, R., & Chard, D. J. (2000). The underlying message in LD intervention research: Findings from research syntheses. Exceptional children, 67(1), 99-114. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290006700107