week 9

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LIBERTY UNIVERSITY

JOHN W. RAWLINGS SCHOOL OF DIVINITY

PROSPECTUS CHAPTER THREE: SECOND DRAFT (MIXED-METHODS)

A Proposal Presented in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Doctor of Education in Christian Leadership

by

Arnita Norman

Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA

2024

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Table of Contents

Research Design Synopsis ..........................................................................................................................3

Research Problem...................................................................................................................................3

Research Purpose ...................................................................................................................................4

Research Questions.................................................................................................................................4

Research Design and Methodology .......................................................................................................4

Quantitative Research Methodology.........................................................................................................5

Population ...............................................................................................................................................5

Sampling Procedures..............................................................................................................................6

Limitations of Generalization ................................................................................................................6

Ethical Considerations ...........................................................................................................................7

Proposed Instrumentation .....................................................................................................................9

Research Procedures ............................................................................................................................10

Data Analysis and Statistical Procedures ...........................................................................................10

Qualitative Research Methodology .........................................................................................................11

Setting ....................................................................................................................................................11

Participants ...........................................................................................................................................11

Role of the Researcher .........................................................................................................................12

Ethical Considerations .........................................................................................................................12

Data Collection Methods and Instruments.........................................................................................14

Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................................15

Chapter Summary ....................................................................................................................................17

References .................................................................................................................................................19

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Research Design Synopsis

Research Problem

Teenagers today are immersed in a digital world dominated by social media. Today,

teenagers aged between 13 and 17 years are the biggest users of social media where are research

by Phew Research Center shows that 67% of U.S. use TikTok, 62% use Instagram, 59% use

Snap Chat, 32% use Facebook, 95% use YouTube while a significant number use platform like

Reddit, X, Twitch, Tumblr and WhatsApp (Vogels, Gelles-watnick & Massarat, 2022). Research

shows that teen years are very critical because that is when youngones are growing intellectually,

when identities and feelings of self-worth are formed (Katella, 2024). However, research shows

that although these platforms offer opportunities for connection and information, they highly

present challenges especially in teenagers mental well-being and social behavior (Allen et al.,

2014; Bohn, 2021; Vogels, Gelles-watnick & Massarat, 2022; Katella, 2024; Cason et al., 2024).

There is lack of study on how social media affects teenager’s religious behavior. From a

theological point of view, many religions view the world, including technology, as God's

creation. The question then becomes how teenagers in today’s digitally invested space can use

this creation responsibly and for good, avoiding its pitfalls. Spiritual growth and discipleship

require intentional practices such as prayer, reading scripture, and participating in communal

worship. Social media's pervasive presence can distract teenagers from these spiritual disciplines,

consuming time and attention that could be devoted to nurturing their faith. Theologically, this

raises concerns about how digital engagement might hinder spiritual formation and the

development of a robust and mature faith. This study will address this gap and build on the

existing research on the impact of social media on teenagers' mental well-being and social

behavior.

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Research Purpose

The impact of social media use by teenagers has been problematic especially the negative

effects it has on their psychological well-being, social behaviors as well as religious behavior.

The purpose of this study is to examines this digital dilemma facing teenagers in order to equip

parents, religious leaders, and teenagers themselves with strategies for navigating the digital

world in a way that fosters both a strong faith and healthy online habits. The study will be

conducted in churches around St. Louis, MO, USA.

Research Questions

The following research questions will be addressed in the study:

1. How does social media affect the psychological well-being, social behavior as well as

religious behavior of teenagers in churches in St. Louis?

2. How does social media affect teenagers' engagement with religious practices, beliefs, and

communities in St. Louis?

3. What is the role of parents, educators and religious leaders in ensuring teenagers consume

the right content from social media?

Research Design and Methodology

The study will use mixed method design where the researcher will collect and analyze

both quantitative and qualitative data. This method was selected because it will allow the

researcher address the limitations of both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The

quantitative data will be collected through survey questionnaires and use descriptive statistics to

analyze the data. The survey design will include use of closed-ended questions to measure social

media usage patterns, mental health effect social behavior, and religious behavior. A pilot test

will be conducted to test on the survey on a small group of teenagers to ensure clarity and

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comprehensiveness. The surveys will be administered online, where the participants will be

given a link to google forms where they can easily fill out their answer anonymously.

Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the quantitative survey data using Excel software,

and the results will be reported using frequencies, percentages, and averages.

On the other hand, the qualitative data will be obtained through focus group surveys and

use thematic analysis technique to analyze the transcribed data. According to Stewart and

Shamdasani (2014), a focus group can be defined broadly as “a type of group discussion about a

topic under the guidance of a trained group moderator” (p. 687). The researcher will develop

semi-structured guides with open-ended questions tailored to explore teenagers' experiences,

thoughts, and feelings about social media and its impact on their lives, focusing on church youth

groups. The discussions will be recorded with permission from participants for transcription in

the later staged of analysis. The focus group sessions will take place over a period of three

months. This timeline will allow for sufficient scheduling flexibility to accommodate the

availability of the participants and to ensure thorough and thoughtful data collection. The

extended duration will also provide the opportunity for ongoing reflection and analysis, enabling

the researcher to refine questions and explore emerging themes in subsequent focus groups. The

research will rely on qualitative data analysis software (NVivo) to organize, code, and analyze

the data after it has been transcribed.

Quantitative Research Methodology

Population

The research population or the target group refers to the entire group of individuals to

which the researcher wants to generalize findings (Banerjee & Chaudhury, 2010). In this study,

population is teenagers aged 11-17 years residing in St. Louis, MO, USA. Based on the most

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recent American census data, it is seen that there are 60,837 residents under the age of 18 in St.

Louis, which is approximately 18% of the total population in the city jurisdiction (U.S. Census

Bureau, 2022). This demographic includes a diverse group of young individuals in various stages

of adolescence, encompassing middle school, high school, and early college years. The selection

of this age range is intended to capture the full spectrum of adolescent experiences with social

media, as this period is critical for identity formation, social development, and religious

engagement.

Sampling Procedures

The aim of sampling is to have a sample size that is adequate enough and is a

representation of the targeted population (Crowther & Lancaster, 2012). This study will use

purposive technique when recruiting participants for the study. In this case, the researcher only

takes individuals who meet the necessary standards constructive to the goals of the research in

this case; the teenagers involved are social media active users who are within the required age

bracket. According to Etikan et al. (2016), purposeful sampling enables the researcher to reach

numbers of patients who stand high chances of offering the needed information in the study. The

data will be collected using a sample of 200 participants. However, the above sample size will be

modified to fit specific resources available according to the study’s limitations or resources

available.

Limitations of Generalization

Validity is one of the most important criteria that are used in measuring generalizability

in studies conducted using quantitative research methods (Polit & Beck, 2010). For instance,

external validity or the extent to which findings from one investigation can be translated to other

setting, has been an appreciated attribute for years (Polit & Beck, 2010). One limitation of this

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study is that the findings may not be easily generalizable to all teenagers outside of the St. Louis,

Missouri area. The cultural, socio-economic, and regional characteristics of St. Louis might

influence the behaviors and attitudes of the participants, meaning the results might not fully

reflect the experiences of teenagers in different geographic locations or contexts. Additionally,

the use of purposive sampling limits the ability to generalize findings to the entire population of

teenagers, as the sample is not randomly selected (Etikan et al., 2016).

Ethical Considerations

While surveys might seem like a gentle touchpoint a participant is likely not to be able to

link with the researcher and may not be impacted by the research findings, meaning a set of

guidelines for ethical research using surveys is required (Hammer, 2017). In their study, Roberts

and Allen (2015) identified the following as the major ethical issues inevitable in the use of

online surveys: consent, incentives for response, individual and collective privacy and

anonymity, and data quality. In this study, the researcher will explain and obtain consent from all

the participants about the research’s purpose, procedures, and their individual rights as subjects.

In the case of the minors, consent will also be required from either the parents or the guardian of

the minor. The confidentiality principle mandates that participants will be free to withdraw from

the study at any one time without any repercussions.

As to the third point, participants will also be made aware that there is no reward for

completing the survey. Compensation of people willing to take the survey is encouraged because

most people do not participate in surveys voluntarily (Roberts & Allen, 2015). That, on the other

hand, creates ethical dilemmas specifically with regards to coercion or pressure in extorting

results. This means that incentives have to be fashioned in a manner in which they do not distort

people’s freedom of choice and they ought not to be very big to an extent where an individual

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would feel compelled to take part in research against his or her will. Besides, it is important to

weigh the effectiveness of the incentives on the targeted vulnerable groups and refugees as well

as the ethical implications of the incentives that are offered.

Anonymity of the participants is always of utmost importance when conducting any kind

of a survey especially online surveys. Study participants should provide information without the

possibility of the information being traced back to them and the researcher has to ensure this by

employing measures to protect participant’s information. This covers issues of encryption and

safety of the data collected, stripping of the data where necessary, and most importantly,

informing the participants on how the data collected would be used and shared (Roberts & Allen,

2015). Furthermore, one has to think about group identification, or more formally, about

collective privacy, meaning that the information cannot expose any specific groups or

communities. In this study, pseudonyms will be used for identifying participants and any data

will not be presented in a manner that volunteers can be identified or their individual responses

can be traced. Furthermore, the study will adhere to ethical guidelines and regulations for

conducting research with minors, ensuring their safety and well-being throughout the research

process.

In terms of data quality, the online format can create relevant problems. Thus, uncertain

questions, problems with equipment, and fake participants can result in invalid data. It is crucial

that researchers avoid contamination of the data since such information may harm participants or

communities if there is an attempt to implement the incorrect information. When working with

survey method, researchers have to produce comprehensible questionnaires, prevent such

technical troubles as servers being overloaded, or a big number of participants coming

simultaneously, etc (Roberts & Allen, 2015). If it is necessary to identify participants, scholars

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have to develop special measures for the verification of participants. However, researchers are

required to provide information regarding limitations of the analysis and ought to also implement

some means of handling some or other issues concerning data authenticity. The researcher will

take measures to ensure the data collected through online surveys is accurate and reliable be

designing clear and concise questions and storing the responses in a secure computer.

Proposed Instrumentation

Research instrument refers to the specific tools or methods chosen to collect data

(Zohrabi, 2013). In this case, the researchers will be using survey questionnaires to collect

quantitative data. The researcher will utilize closed ended question design, meaning that the

survey questions will have a limited set of pre-defined answer choices for participants to select

from. Some guidelines for closed-ended question that can be applied to increase the assessment

capability include: clarity of the question statement; relevance of the questions and the response

options; briefness of the question and keeping a balance between length of the question and

number of options provided; exhaustive formulation of the response options; and finally, the

mutually exclusive nature of the options (Zhou et al., 2017). To ensure that the research

questions developed are effective in generating useful data, the following research questions

were formulated and the online surveys piloted meticulously to ensure that they deliver accurate

data that would correspond with the general objectives of the survey. This design will allow for

easier data analysis compared to open-ended questions where participants provide their own

answers (Zhou et al., 2017).

The provided choices will follow a 5-point Likert Scale (1: Strongly Disagree, 2:

Disagree, 3: Neutral, 4: Agree, 5: Strongly Agree). In this case, participants will have five

options to express their level of agreement or disagreement with a particular statement. A 5-

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items Likert scale is developed by following significant preps for the questionnaire to measure

the attitudes, perceptions, or satisfaction level of the respondents. The first step priority in

surveying is to first and foremost define the main objective of the survey (Joshi et al., 2015). The

kind of results that one is aiming at, for example, attitudes towards online learning, has to inform

the kind of statements that are developed. Following this, the next procedure is to transform the

objective into a set of specific and concise statements with regard to the given topic

(Mirahmadizadeh et al. 2018). These statements should be positive as well as negative to ensure

that there is no skewness in the participants’ response towards one or the other extreme. As a

result, the responses will be consistent, which means the researcher will have an easy time to

quantify and analyze the data statistically. In addition, the participants will feel encouraged to

take a clear stance on the presented statements (Joshi et al., 2015).

Research Procedures

The church is where the researcher believes she can have access to the target

demographic at ago. The participants will be invited via a link that the can fill up their answers

and submit at their own convenience. The researcher will approach the target demographics,

explain to them purpose of the study and seek their consent to participate before sharing the

google forms link through their preferred platform such as Email, WhatsApp, and so on.

Data Analysis and Statistical Procedures

Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the quantitative survey data using Excel

software. Descriptive statistics involve summarizing and describing the characteristics of the data

(George & Mallery, 2018). The results will be reported using frequencies (the number of times

each answer choice is selected for a particular question), percentages (frequencies expressed as a

proportion of the total number of respondents), and averages (measures like mean, median or

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mode (most frequent answer)). Tables and different types of graphs will be used to visualize the

data.

Qualitative Research Methodology

Setting

In qualitative focus group research, the setting refers to the physical and social

environment where the focus group discussion takes place (Gibbs, 2012). Setting plays a crucial

role in influencing the quality and nature of the data collected. The setting for this research is a

church, specifically targeting the youth groups within this religious community. Churches often

serve as central social hubs for their members, particularly for young people, and provide a

context where values, behaviors, and community interactions are deeply intertwined with

religious teachings. The church setting was also chosen because of the religious aspect of the

research questions, whereby obtaining relevant data about the influence of social media on

teenagers’ religious will be easier. In addition, conducting the research in this setting allows for

the examination of how social media influences not only the general well-being and social

interactions of teenagers but also their religious behavior and engagement within a faith-based

community.

Participants

Participants will be recruited from the church youth, specifically targeting those aged 11

to 17 years. The researcher will select participants from church youth groups who are willing to

discuss their social media experiences openly. To ensure comprehensive data collection and to

reach data saturation, the study will conduct at least five focus groups, each consisting of 5-6

participants. According to Breen (2006), researchers using focus group for data collection should

ensure that the groups are homogenous, and comprise between four and six people in each. This

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sampling strategy aims to capture a diverse range of perspectives and experiences, providing a

thorough understanding of the research topic. In addition, the researcher will seek to have at least

5 focus group sessions. Based on the arguments of Corbin (1990) and Breen (2006), the number

of interviews to be conducted should focus on the degree of expectation of the researcher that he

or she will be reaching theoretical saturation when conducting the thematic analysis; that is,

more than expectation of the next interview would reveal new themes. By the time the interview

hit the 10-12 mark; the researcher is usually sated from experience from theoretical saturations

(Breen, 2006).

Role of the Researcher

In focus group discussion, the researcher plays a role of a moderator in which the

researcher facilitates and begins the discussion with pre-set questions and does not control the

flow of group discussion (Nyumba et al., 2018). In this study, the researcher will assume the role

of focus group leader or moderator and facilitate the arranged discussions by ensuring that each

participant has the opportunity to share their thoughts and experiences. The researcher will guide

the conversation with prepared questions but also allow the discussion to flow naturally, probing

deeper into relevant topics as they arise. This role requires the researcher to be neutral,

empathetic, and skilled in managing group dynamics to foster an open and respectful dialogue

(Gibbs, 2012). As a moderator, the researcher will be attuned to participants' emotional well-

being and create a space where they feel safe to express discomfort or need breaks if necessary.

Ethical Considerations

While explaining the relevance of focus groups for international business research, Sim

and Waterfield (2019) argue that focus group methodology creates different ethical issues that do

not have a one-to-one match with those arising from face-to-face interviews. The ethical

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concerns that can frequently arrive when conducting a focus group include consent;

confidentiality and anonymity; and risks of harm (Tolich, 2016; Sim & Waterfield, 2019). In this

study, one very important factor will be the willingness of the participants to participate. It will

be ensured that both the teenagers and their parents or guardians provide their informed consent

on their participation. As White (2013) remarks, consent is backed up by the accompanying

principle of respect for persons, signifying, one must never treat the other merely as a means to

an end. As such, the researcher will ensure participants’ wish will be respected and that they

understand the study and make an autonomous choice about involvement. The researcher will

ensure participants are fully informed and empowered to make a voluntary decision. This will be

achieved by providing adequate information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, and

benefits.

Besides, anonymity in reporting will be strictly maintained to protect the privacy of the

participants, ensuring that no identifiable information is disclosed in the study's findings.

According to Sim and Waterfield (2019), anonymity focuses on whether an individual

participant can be identified from the collected data. In an anonymous study, there's no way to

link any information back to a specific person. This might involve removing names, addresses,

or any other details that could potentially reveal someone's identity. Some participants might be

worried about specific details being revealed even if they cannot be personally identified (Tolich,

2016). For example, someone might be willing to share their struggles with social media but not

comfortable if their religious beliefs were made public without being anonymous. In this study,

the participant's identity will be kept confidential by ensuring that no one outside the research

team can identify participants from the reported findings.

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Additionally, the researcher will create a safe and supportive environment for the

discussions, emphasizing that participants can withdraw from the study at any time without any

repercussions. While there are moments when focus groups almost encourage participants’

support, there are also times when one’s vulnerability with other people’s group may be

destructive and result to social or psychological harm when the confidentiality and anonymity of

the participants are compromised by the data gleaned from the discussion (Ransome, 2013).

Some of the risks that participants may face include: embarrassment, shame, stigmatization,

discrimination, problem in existing relationships with friends, family and other relativity,

disadvantageous consequences at the place of work, and legal consequences for exposures

sometime that leads to legal implication (Sim & Waterfield, 2019). To avoid any form of harm to

participants, the researcher will set clear ground rules for respectful discussion and emphasize

confidentiality to help participants feel more comfortable sharing their views and experiences

with social media.

Data Collection Methods and Instruments

The qualitative data will be collected through focus groups with church youth,

particularly those between age 11- 17 years. Nyumba et al. (2018) define a focus group as a

group discussion on a particular topic organized, guided, monitored and recorded by a researcher

for research purposes. In those group discussions, the researcher acts as the moderator or

facilitator.

To successfully conduct the focus group discussions, the researcher will utilize various

instruments starting with a consent form that participants will be required to sign before the

focus group begins. The consent forms will outline how the data will be collected and used

thereafter. In addition, the researcher will need to have a phone ready for audio or video

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recording based on how comfortable the participants will be. The recording will be used later

where the conversation will be recorded verbatim. The researcher will also take notes using

paper and pen, capturing the key points, nonverbal cues, and anything that may not be clear on

the recording (e.g., body language). This will mainly be a backup to provide additional details.

Data Analysis

To analyze the focus group data, thematic analysis technique will be followed. According

to Braun and Clarke (2019), thematic analysis is a method for analyzing qualitative data that

focuses on identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) within the data. They outline

the six steps that must be followed when conducting thematic analysis including

1. Familiarization: The first, and preliminary process is familiarisation where the

researcher rereads the transcripts. This step is highly imperative since it enables one

to attain enhanced comprehension of materials presented (Braun & Clarke, 2019). It

sometimes means making first notes about the observed texts and underlining the key

parts of the text. At this stage, the researcher starts perceiving certain themes,

concepts, and perhaps tendencies or trends within the data and the process (Terry et

al, 2017). It expands on the objective of previous stages, which is to become fully

acquainted with the coverage and richness of the material so that the analysis will be

sound and comprehensive.

2. Generating initial Codes: The next step is developing initial codes familiar with the

collected data. This entails finding variables within the data, which may be of interest

in answering the research question. A code is therefore a label that contains

information that will help in the identification of a particular aspect of data (Braun &

Clarke, 2019). There are two ways of coding that is manual coding and coding with

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the help of software that analyze the qualitative data. It encompasses the identification

of portions in the data which can be deemed significant. This stage of the research

involves the procedures where the researcher simply opens the data for coding and

tries to code nearly everything, interesting features, and preventing the coding process

from attempting to bring in too much order.

3. Searching for themes: After coding he data, the researcher proceeds to search for

themes. This includes looking at the codes generated during the study and cluster

them as to the possible themes. A theme is therefore a stronger commonality in the

data, a meaningful organization that conveys a significant aspect of the data in the

context of the research question (Terry et al, 2017). The researcher seeks general

themes among the codes and arranges them into themes. This step often entails

drawing of some maps like the mind maps or thematic maps for use in

determining/identifying the relations between the codes and themes.

4. Reviewing themes: This entails a process of sieving the themes that were generated

in the previous step of ensuring that the theme results fit the given coded data and the

overall set (Terry et al, 2017). At this stage, the researcher checks for the interrelation,

internal validity and divergence of the themes under analysis. In this step, the

researcher may have to merge two thematic codes, split one code into two or even

delete one of the codes (Braun & Clarke, 2019). Hence, the researcher reviews the

data to ensure that there is adequate support for the themes as well as no major gap or

contradiction.

5. Defining and naming themes: This entails defining the characteristic feature of each

theme and establishing the component of the data that is captured by the respective

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theme. For each of the themes, the researcher proceeds to explain what makes up the

given theme, the unique features of the theme (Terry et al, 2017). The identification

of those name accurately is essential if the goal is to offer a clear and concise

description of the meaning and extent of each theme to the audience (Braun & Clarke,

2019). The researcher also provides specification and delineation of the written

manuscripts and choose data extracts that are pertinent to every theme.

6. Writing up: The last process in thematic analysis is writing what has been found out

in the study. This refers to the process of reporting the themes that have been

identified in a logical and intelligible manner. This work features a description of the

themes and data chunks that support each theme to give the reader first-hand elements

of the findings. As the component of the methodology section, the researcher

describes how the themes were derived from the literature review and refined into a

coding scheme, which correspond to the research question (Braun & Clarke, 2019).

The write-up must be organized and employ heading that include introduction,

methodology, result and discussion. The idea for this arrangement is to aim at giving

sufficient and worthwhile review and interpretation for a given set of data.

The researcher will follow these steps to analyze the focus group data and triangulate with the

quantitative data.

Chapter Summary

This research aims to examines the digital dilemma facing teenagers, especially when it

comes to the influence of social media on their mental well-being, social behavior and religious

behavior. Mixed method has been chosen in this study to enhance the validity and reliability of

the data and their interpretation. The method will provide a richer understanding of the impact of

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social media on teenagers’ mental health, social behaviors as well as religious behavior. For

quantitative research, data will be collected using survey questionnaires designed with closed

ended questions and 5-point Likert scale for consistency in results. The questionnaires will be

distributed online after obtaining consent from participants, who mostly will be accessed from

the churches across St. Louis, MO. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize and analyze

the quantitative data, where tables and graphs will be used to visualize the findings. Qualitative

data obtained through focus groups with church youth will be analyzed using thematic analysis

method.

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