at least 7 pages and ppt

2020/12/8 An Important Note on Paraphrasing: SOC SCI 3A LEC A: COMP RES IN SOC SCI (70110)

https://canvas.eee.uci.edu/courses/29422/pages/an-important-note-on-paraphrasing 1/3

An Important Note on Paraphrasing Citing and Paraphrasing Here are some tips and reminders for organizing sources for your literature review. Remember that you do need peer-reviewed academic articles (https://guides.lib.uci.edu/databases) for your literature review. In case you need to double check on this, please refer back to the Week 2 Navigation (https://canvas.eee.uci.edu/courses/29422/pages/week-2-navigation-lecture-videos- readings-and-materials-here) .

I wanted to also make sure that everyone knows that there are two things you need to do consistently in your very short literature review: citing (https://guides.lib.uci.edu/citations) and paraphrasing (https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/quoting_paraphrasing_and_sum marizing/paraphrasing.html) .

Some Examples Centering on the Main Point Because you have so little space to work with, you really want to try to get the major points from your articles. There is no time to go into details or summarize. Your job is to boil them down to the most important, most relevant points.

For example, if I wanted to direct people to understanding the hostilities that can be experienced online, I might cite the Gray (2012) article:

The relatively anonymous nature of many online interactions can allow for gendered and racialized forms of hostility to flourish (Gray, 2012).

This is, in my own words, what that article is about and a point that could be relevant to my own work, depending on what I am investigating.

Re-wording from your Source Maybe I need a more specific summary than referring to the broad findings/conclusions of the paper. Perhaps there is a point that really stands out that I could use.

Original: "From what the participants reveal, White women either do not view their experiences in the space as sexist or do not acknowledge it. They accept it as part of gaming in the male universe, very similar to MM" (Gray, 2012).

Rewording: Race can have an important impact on how individuals interpret a space. For example, White women may not perceive the culture in gaming spaces as exclusionary based on gender (Gray, 2012).

2020/12/8 An Important Note on Paraphrasing: SOC SCI 3A LEC A: COMP RES IN SOC SCI (70110)

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Synthesizing your Information It is important to find the links between your sources, which can happen in a variety of ways that may not always be obvious. I am going to show you some made up citations in this example. Keep in mind that these are examples of paraphrased information.

*As a side note, I'm also going to show examples of what you can do if two authors talk about something very similar. So if I have two authors who I can summarize the conclusions of their study to something along the lines of "gendered hostility exists online," I can cite them at the same time. If I wanted to take specific aspects of that unique to one article or the other, I would need to cite them separately.

My Sources Do Not Feel Related

Online interaction can present a wide array of benefits to people in terms of socializing (Chen, 2014). While this is the case, the anonymity in online spaces can allow for many hostile and negative interactions (Rodriguez, 2016; Xie, 2017). On the other hand, there are many things in people's physical world lives that bring them together. For instance, people often bond over their shared enjoyment of nature (Johnson, 2013). Does this tendency to use nature to bond translate to online interaction, despite the possibility for hostility?

**As another side note, we know that there are other factors that can come into this, especially on Reddit. We have subreddit cultures, community policing through up/downvotes, and moderation that can change the tone. You can account for this in limitations and/or future directions (e.g., we might want to understand spaces with less potential community policing).

My Sources Are Very Related

In this case (and realistically others, but it is probably easiest to do here), you want to go from the big idea to more specific examples. You are probably going to have a lot of overlap when you have highly related sources, so it is good to see where you interpretation is coming from multiple sources. Here, I am showing real information, but attributed to fake sources. The main focus is just on piecing everything together.

Video games have become increasingly popular across the globe (Ayoade, 2013; Garrett, 2014). In the United States, in fact, the majority of households have a gaming system (Ayoade, 2013). Contrary to popular stereotypes, however, this is not just because households have teenage boys (Chen, 2015). In fact, the average age of video game players is about 33 years old (Association of Online Entertainment [AOE], 2019). With the importance of video games as a source of entertainment, how do people discuss their hobby in online forums?

***As yet another side note, I know in some fields there tends to be a heavy focus on where information came from and who the authors are as people, not just their last names. In social sciences, we don't really do this. We don't refer specifically to the articles or the people who wrote them outside of statements like, "According to Fielding (2008)..." that lead into information about the findings. Everything else relevant is in the reference list.

2020/12/8 An Important Note on Paraphrasing: SOC SCI 3A LEC A: COMP RES IN SOC SCI (70110)

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Also, in case you actually want to know where to find stats on video game use, check the Entertainment Software Association (https://www.theesa.com/resource_type/fact-sheets/) (they also have some international information).

Some Reminders The literature review does not have to be perfect (beyond making sure to edit) and it does not need to link completely with your project. If you have literature just on online forums and interactions, that is okay. If you have literature tangentially related, like if you are looking at posts of cute animals and you have information on how pets make people feel, that is okay. Maybe you could find information on how being in nature is calming and maybe you want to talk about how people seek that out online, but you cannot exactly show that? That works. You can let us know about any shortcomings in the conclusion where you discuss limitations and future directions.

While that is the case, paraphrasing is important. Make sure to paraphrase and cite to ensure that there are no issues with plagiarism.