Assigment .Apa seven . All instructions attached.

Ania Molina Paz

5/31/23, 5:11 PM

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Discussion # 4: Ania Molina

Question 1

What factors might have contributed to the increase in TB cases from the mid-1980s to 1992?

There are multiple risk factors associated with a rising incidence of tuberculosis cases. These can range from comorbid conditions that weaken the immune system to socioeconomic and environmental factors (Loscalzo et al., 2022). The increase in TB cases from the 1980s to 1992 could result from the following:

1.     Rising incidence of conditions like HIV/AIDS leading to immune deficiency

2.     Increased tobacco use

3.     Air pollution

4.     Malnutrition

5.     Drug and alcohol abuse

Question 2

A. In 2007, which group had the greatest number of TB cases? 

           Males between 44-65 years.

B. Does this mean that males 44-65 years of age are at greatest risk for developing TB?

           Yes. A high prevalence rate of TB cases among this cohort suggests that males 44-65 years are at increased risk of developing TB compared to any other demographic.

Question 3

A. Estimated population values and the number of new TB cases reported to the CDC appear in Table 2 below. Use this data to calculate the TB (incidence rates) case rates for the years 2000 to 2007.

Year	Case rate per 100,000 (Incidence rate)
2000	5.8
2001	5.6
2002	5.2
2003	5.1
2004	4.9
2005	4.8
2006	4.6
2007	4.4

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B. Describe the trend in TB incidence rates over time.    

   

From 2000-2007, there has been a decrease in the incidence rate of TB. Thus, the number of new cases of tuberculosis has declined for this period.

  Question 4

Use the CDC data and Table 3 below to calculate the age-specific incidence rates of TB for 2007.

Age	Sex	Incidence Rate per 100,000
<5	M	2.3
<5	F	2.2
5-14	M	0.7
5-14	F	0.9
15-24	M	4.2
15-24	F	3.2
25-44	M	6.0
25-44	F	4.2
45-64	M	7.4
45-64	F	3.3
>65	M	9.4
>65	F	4.9

   Question 5

A. Which group has the highest incidence rate of TB in 2007?  

           Males above 65 years.

B. Why do you think this age group has the highest TB case (incidence) rate of TB?  

           Increasing age is a risk factor for TB due to the weakening of the immune system among geriatric patients.

C. Is your answer for question 5a different from your answer for question 2a? If so, justify

why your answer is different? 

           Yes. Because the proportion of males above 65 years with TB is higher compared to the actual number of cases of males between 45-64 years. Additionally, incidence rates are different from total number of cases.

Question 6

Describe the change in TB case (incidence) rates presented in Table 4 below.

The incidence rate of TB cases has been steadily declining from 1953 to 2007.

Question 7 (the question is in the graph below make sure to answer it)

What is the TB mortality rate percent change between 1977 and 1978?

           -7.1

Question 8

What is the TB death rate percent change between 1978 and 1979?

           -30.6

Question 9 

What are the possible reasons there was such a large difference between the rates for these

years?

1.     Public health education campaigns targeting communities

2.     Increased detection of patients with active TB

3.     Increased monitoring of individuals to ensure completion of TB treatment

4.     Better medical management

Question 10 

Suppose that a county TB controller would like to know how many people currently living in a local nursing home are infected with TB. After receiving the appropriate approval and consent from the nursing home residents and administration, she has a trained nurse administer and read the results of tuberculin skin tests. Of the 100 nursing home residents who were tested, 30 had positive tuberculin skin test results during July of that year. 

 

What is the prevalence ratio of TB infection in this nursing home during the month of July?

Provide your answer per 100.

 30

Question #11

Nurses conduct continuous assessments. Compare and contrast the tools used to assess families and communities. 

           In epidemiology, assessment tools are utilized to determine the healthcare needs of families or communities. Family and community assessment tools are similar in that they provide a picture of the strengths and resources available to meet healthcare needs. However, community assessment tools cover broader aspects of healthcare, while family assessment tools only focus on immediate family healthcare needs. Both tools are important for service planning.

Question #12

You have been asked to describe the science of epidemiology to a new group of nursing students. Covering the web of causation, morbidity, and mortality, how would you explain this to the students?

           In epidemiology, the web of causation considers the relationship between multiple factors and their complex interactions in causing disease.

           Morbidity is a term used to refer to sickness, while mortality refers to death (Kestenbaum, 2019).

 

 

 

 References

Loscalzo, J., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., Hauser, S., Longo, D., & Jameson, J. L. (2022).  Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, (Vol. 1 & Vol. 2). McGraw Hill    Professional.

 Kestenbaum, B. (2019).  Epidemiology and Biostatistics: An Introduction to Clinical Research-  the Textbook and the Workbook. Springer.

 

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