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Ancient Greek Art

The Greek World

Map 5-1 The Greek world.

Geometric krater, from the Dipylon cemetery, Athens, Greece, ca. 740 BCE. 3’ 4 1/2” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Geometric Period

(9th – 8th centuries BCE)

DIPYLON PAINTER, Geometric amphora with mourning scene, from the Dipylon cemetery, Athens, Greece, ca. 750 BCE. 5’ 1” high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

Hero and centaur (Herakles and Nessos?), from Olympia,Greece, ca. 750–730 BCE. Bronze, 4 1/2” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (gift of J. Pierpont).

Mantiklos Apollo, statuette of a youth dedicated by Mantiklos to Apollo, from Thebes, Greece, ca. 700–680 BCE. Bronze, 8” high. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Eleusis Amphora – front, 675-650 BCE

Corinthian black-figure amphora with animal friezes, from Rhodes, Greece, ca. 625–600 BCE. 1’ 2” high. British Museum, London.

Observe the creatures on this black-figure amphora. Are there any precedents for such composite creatures?

Orientalizing Period (7th century BCE)

Lady of Auxerre, from Crete, probably Eleutherna, Greece, ca. 650–625 BCE. Limestone, 2’ 1 1/2” high. Musée du Louvre, Paris.

kouros (male youth)/kouroi (pl.)

kore (maiden)/korai (pl.).

Archaic Period (6th century BCE)

Kouros, from Attica, possibly Anavysos, Greece, ca. 600 BCE. Marble, 6’ 1/2” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Kroisos, from Anavysos, Greece, ca. 530 BCE. Marble, 6’ 4” high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

Why did Greek artists render the male form in the nude?

Calf Bearer, dedicated by Rhonbos on the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 560 BCE. Marble, restored height 5’ 5”; fragment 3’ 11 1/2” high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

Peplos Kore, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 530 BCE. Marble, 4’ high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

Notice traces of encaustic paint on the Peplos Kore. Most Greek stone statues were painted.

Notice also that the Peplos Kore is clothed.

Kore in Ionian dress, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 520–510 BCE. Marble, 1’ 9” high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

Plan of a typical peripteral Greek temple.

Peripteral Greek Temple

Elevations of the Doric and Ionic orders (John Burge).

Compare Doric and Ionic Orders

Temple of Hera I (“Basilica”), Paestum, Italy, ca. 550 BCE.

Plan of the Temple of Hera I, Paestum, Italy, ca. 550 BCE.

West pediment from the Temple of Artemis, Corfu, Greece, ca. 600–580 BCE. Limestone, greatest height 9’ 4”. Archaeological Museum, Corfu.

Aerial view of the sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, Greece, with the temple of Apollo, begun 548 BCE, and Archaic treasuries.

Reconstruction drawing of the Siphnian Treasury, Delphi, Greece, ca. 530 BCE (John Burge).

Gigantomachy, detail of the north frieze of the Siphnian Treasury, Delphi, Greece, ca. 530 BCE. Marble, 2’ 1” high. Archaeological Museum, Delphi.

KLEITIAS and ERGOTIMOS, François Vase (Athenian black-figure volute krater), from Chiusi, Italy, ca. 570 BCE. 2’ 2” high. Museo Archeologico, Florence.

KLEITIAS and ERGOTIMOS, centauromachy, François Vase (Athenian black-figure volute krater), from Chiusi, Italy, ca. 570 BCE. Museo Archeologico, Florence.

EXEKIAS, Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game (detail from an Athenian black-figure amphora), from Vulci, Italy, ca. 540–530 BCE. Whole vessel 2’ high; detail 8 1/2” high. Musei Vaticani, Rome.

EXEKIAS, Achilles killing Penthesilea (Athenian black-figure amphora), from Vulci, Italy, ca. 540–530 BCE. 1’ 4 3/8” high. British Museum, London.

LEFT: LYSIPPIDES PAINTER, Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game (black-figure side of an Athenian bilingual amphora), from Orvieto, Italy, ca. 525–520 BCE. 1’ 9” high. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. RIGHT: ANDOKIDES PAINTER, Achilles and Ajax playing a dice game (red-figure side of the same Athenian bilingual amphora).

EUPHRONIOS, Herakles wrestling Antaios (detail of an Athenian red-figure calyx krater), from Cerveteri, Italy, ca. 510 BCE. Whole vessel 1’ 7” high; detail 7 3/4” high.Musée du Louvre, Paris.

Euphronios, Death of Sarpedon, ca. 515 BCE

EUTHYMIDES, Three revelers (Athenian red-figure amphora), from Vulci, Italy, ca. 510 BCE. 2’ high. Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Munich.

ONESIMOS, Girl preparing to bathe (interior of an Athenian red-figure kylix), from Chiusi, Italy, ca. 490 BCE. Tondo 6” in diameter. Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels.

Temple of Aphaia (looking southwest), Aegina, Greece, ca. 500–490 BCE.

Model of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 500-490 BCE, showing internal elevation (top) and plan (bottom). Glyptothek, Munich.

GUILLAUME-ABEL BLOUET’S 1828 restored view of the façad of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 500–490 BCE.

Dying warrior, from the west pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 500–490 BCE. Marble, 5’ 2 1/2” long. Glyptothek, Munich.

Figure 5-29 Dying warrior, from the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 480 BCE. Marble, 6’ 1” long. Glyptothek, Munich.

Temple of Hera II or Apollo (looking northeast), Paestum, Italy, ca. 460 BCE.

Athena, Herakles, and Atlas with the apples of the Hesperides, metope from the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece, ca. 470–456 BCE. Marble, 5’ 3” high. Archaeological Museum, Olympia.

Chariot race of Pelops and Oinornaos, east pediment from the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece, ca. 470–456 BCE. Marble, 87’ wide. Archaeological Museum, Olympia.

Centauromachy, west pediment from the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece, ca. 470–456 BCE. Marble, Apollo (central figure), 10’ 8” high. Archaeological Museum, Olympia.

Seer, from the east pediment of the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece, ca. 470–456 BCE. Marble, full ﬁgure 4’ 6” high; detail 3’ 2 1/2” high. Archaeological Museum, Olympia.

Apollo, from the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece, ca. 470-456 BCE. Marble, restored height 10’ 8”. Archaeological Museum, Olympia.

Kritios Boy, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 480 BCE. Marble, 2’ 10” high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

Kritios Boy is the earliest known example of contrapposto, a relaxed and natural stance.

Notice how his weight shifts to his left leg and how his head turns slightly to his right.

Notice absence of Archaic smile

Warrior, from the sea off Riace, Italy, ca. 460–450 BCE. Bronze, 6’ 6” high. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Reggio Calabria.

This Riace Warrior, like most Classical Greek statues, was sculpted in bronze. Most Classical bronzes have not survived.

Much of the Classical Greek sculptures today are Roman marble copies.

Charioteer, from a group dedicated by Polyzalos pf Gela in the sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, Greece, ca. 470 BCE. Bronze, 5’ 11” high. Archeological Museum, Delphi.

Zeus (or Poseidon?), from the sea off Cape Artemision, Greece, ca. 460–450 BCE. Bronze, 6’ 10” high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

MYRON, Diskobolos (Discus Thrower). Roman marble copy of a bronze original of ca. 450 BCE, 5’ 1” high. Museo Nazionale Romano—Palazzo Massimo alle Terme.

POLYKLEITOS, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer). Roman marble copy from Pompeii, Italy, after a bronze original of ca. 450–440 BCE, 6’ 11” high. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples.

Doryphoros (Spear Thrower), POLYKEITOS

Originally titled Canon

Established Polykleitos’ canon of proportions, setting ideal correlations among body parts

Contrapposto

Notice the harmony of opposites

KRESILAS, Pericles. Roman marble herm copy of a bronze original of ca. 429 BCE. Full herm 6’ high; detail 4’ 6 1/2” high. Musei Vaticani, Rome.

Pericles:

Elected stratego, general of Athens 15X

Instrumental in rebuilding and beautifying Athens after second Persian invasion

Notice his idealized appearance

The Acropolis of Pericles

Aerial view of the Acropolis looking southeast, Athens, Greece.

Restored view of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece (John Burge). (1) Parthenon, (2) Propylaia, (3) pinakotheke, (4) Erechtheion, (5) Temple of Athena Nike.

IKTINOS and KALLIKRATES, Parthenon, (Temple of Athena Parthenos, looking southeast), Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447–438 BCE.

Plan of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, with diagram of sculptural program (after Andrew Stewart), 447–432 BCE.

PHIDIAS, Athena Parthenos, in the cella of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 438 BCE. Model of the lost chryselephantine statue. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.

Lapith versus centaur, metope from the south side of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 447-438 BCE. Marble, 4’ 8” high. British Museum, London.

Helios and his horses, and Dionysos (Herakles?), from the east pediment of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 438–432 BCE. Marble, greatest height 4’ 3”. British Museum, London.

Three goddesses (Hestia, Dione, and Aphrodite?), from the east pediment of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 438–432 BCE. Marble, greatest height 4’ 5”. British Museum, London.

Details of the Panathenaic Festival procession frieze, from the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 447–438 BCE. Marble, 3’ 6” high. Horsemen of north frieze (top), British Museum, London; seated gods and goddesses (Poseidon, Apollo, and Artemis) of east frieze (center), Acropolis Museum, Athens; and elders and maidens of east frieze (bottom), Musée du Louvre, Paris.

MNESIKLES, Propylaia (looking southwest), Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 437–432 BCE.

Erechtheion (looking northwest), Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 421–405 BCE.

Plan of the Erechtheion, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 421–405 BCE.

Caryatids of the south porch of the Erechtheion, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 421–405 BCE. Marble, 7’ 7” high.

KALLIKRATES, Temple of Athena Nike (looking southwest), Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 427–424 BCE.

Nike adjusting her sandal, from the south side of the parapet of the Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 410 BCE. Marble, 3’ 6” high. Acropolis Museum, Athens.

Late Classical Period (4th century BCE)

Late 5th century was marked by the devastating Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta

Macedonians invade Greece and defeat the united city states at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BCE.

4th century Greece – political turmoil

Affected appearance of art

PRAXITELES, Aphrodite of Knidos. Roman marble copy of an original of ca. 350–340 BCE. 6’ 8” high. Musei Vaticani, Rome.

Aphodite of Knidos, PRAXITELES

Bold step to render a goddess in the nude

Sensuous and humanizing qualities – different from the cold, aloof gods and athletes of the High Classical

PRAXITELES(?), Hermes and the infant Dionysos, from the Temple of Hera, Olympia, Greece. Copy of a statue by Praxiteles of ca. 340 BCE or an original work of ca. 330–270 BCE by a son or grandson. Marble, 7’ 1” high. Archaeological Museum, Olympia

Hermes and the infant Dionysus

By follower of Praxiteles (son or grandson possibly)

Notice S-curve of the body (pronounced contrapposto)

New standard of adult and child interaction

LYSIPPOS, Apoxyomenos (Scraper). Roman marble copy of a bronze original of ca. 330 BCE, 6’ 9” high. Musei Vaticani, Rome.

Apoxyomenos, LYSIPPOS

Established a different canon of proportions from that of Polykleitos

LYSIPPOS, Weary Herakles (Farnese Herakles). Roman marble copy from Rome, Italy, signed by GLYKON OF ATHENS, of a bronze original of ca. 320 BCE. 10 ‘ 5” high. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples.

Head of Alexander the Great, from Pella, Greece, third century BCE. Marble, 1’ high. Archaeological Museum, Pella.

PHILOXENOS OF ERETRIA, Battle of Issus, ca. 310 BCE. Roman copy (Alexander Mosaic) from the House of the Faun, Pompeii, Italy, late second or early first century BCE. Tessera mosaic, approx. 8’ 10” X 16’ 9”. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples.

Hellenistic Period (323 – 30 BCE)

Begins after the death of Alexander the Great (323 BCE); lasts through the defeat of Cleopatra and Mark Anthony by the Romans at the Battle of Actium (30 BCE)

POLYKLEITOS THE YOUNGER, Corinthian capital, from the tholos, Epidauros, Greece, ca. 350 BCE. Archaeological Museum, Epidauros.

Reconstructed west front of the Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, Turkey, ca. 175 BCE.Pergamonmuseum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin.

Athena battling Alkyoneos, detail of the gigantomachy frieze, from the Altar of Zeus, Pergamon, Turkey ca. 175 BCE. Marble, 7’ 6” high. Pergamonmuseum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin.

EPIGONOS(?), Gallic chieftain killing himself and his wife. Roman marble copy of a bronze original of ca. 230–220 BCE, 6’ 11” high. Museo Nazionale Romano–Palazzo Altemps, Rome.

EPIGONOS(?), Dying Gaul. Roman marble copy of a bronze original of ca. 230–220 BCE, 3’ 1/2” high. Museo Capitolino, Rome.

Nike alighting on a warship (Nike of Samothrace), from Samothrace, Greece, ca. 190 BCE. Marble, figure 8’ 1” high. Musée du Louvre, Paris.

ALEXANDROS OF ANTIOCH-ON-THE-MEANDER, Aphrodite (Venus de Milo), from Melos, Greece, ca. 150–125 BCE. Marble, 6’ 7” high. Louvre, Paris.

Aphrodite, Eros, and Pan, from Delos, Greece, ca. 100 BCE. Marble, 4’ 4” high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

Sleeping satyr (Barberini Faun), from Rome, Italy, ca. 230–200 BCE. Marble, 7’ 1” high. Glyptothek, Munich.

Sleeping Eros, from Rhodes, ca. 150–100 BCE. Bronze, 2’ 9 1/2" long. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (Rogers Fund, 1943).

Seated boxer, from Rome, Italy, ca. 100–50 BCE. Bronze, 4’ 2” high. Museo Nazionale Romano–Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome.

Old market woman, ca. 150–100 BCE. Marble, 4’ 1/2” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

POLYEUKTOS, Demosthenes. Roman marble copy of a bronze original of ca. 280 BCE. 6’ 7 1/2” high. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen.

ATHANADOROS, HAGESANDROS, and POLYDOROS OF RHODES, Laocoön and his sons, from Rome, Italy, early first century CE Marble, 7’ 10 1/2” high. Musei Vaticani, Rome.

ATHANADOROS, HAGESANDROS, and POLYDOROS OF RHODES, head of Odysseus, from Sperlonga, Italy, early first century CE. Marble, 2’ 1 1/4” high. Museo Archeologico, Sperlonga.