Minstrel Show

Clinical Anatomy- Medical Anatomy, Radiographic anatomy,

Physiology

· Physiology studies the function of the body at molecular and cellular levels.

· Cell Physiology- It is the study of the functions of the cells, is the cornerstone of human physiology.

· Special Physiology- It is the study of physiology

· The Human Body is Very Complex

· The human body consists of about 100 trillion cells

· Each of these cells has in it a complement of DNA that is made up of 3 billion chemical building blocks.

· That is why the organization of living matter is extremely important.

· Hierarchical Manner- Levels of organization are progressively integrated to make up higher levels.

Atoms---------->Molecules------->Cells-------->Tissues------------>Organs---------->Systems-------->Organisms Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

· Atoms come together to form molecules.

· Heart muscle cell -intercalated disk

· Tissues- a group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions.

(Study the names of the parts in the cell)

Levels of organization

· The organ systems

· Integumentary system

· Major Organs

1. Skin

2. Hair

3. Sweat glands

4. Nails

· Functions

1. Protect against environmental hazard (melotype: UV-A (aging) and UV-B (skin cancer).

2. Help regulate body temperature.

3. Provides sensory information (Pain, Touch, Temperature).

4. Vitamin D3 ---> Storage absorption-----> Calcium Ions.

· The skeletal system

· Major organs

1. Bones (where calcium is store).

2. Cartilages (episis---> Bones----> Joints).

3. Associated ligaments (connect bones to bones).

4. Bone marrow (yellow bone marrow stores fat and red bone marrow).

· The muscular system

· Skeletal muscles and associated tendons. (Ligaments is bone to bone)(Tendon is muscle to bone)

· Carbs are sugars. When your body breaks down carbs/sugars it turns to glucose.

· Store the glucose in the form of glycogen (stored in liver and muscle).

· A.T.P (energy), and C.P (Charatin Phosphate)(3 mol-H20).

· Functions

1. Provide movements.

2. Provide protection and support for other tissues.

3. Generates heat that maintains body temperature.

· We intake 2,000 calories per day.

· The nervous system

· Major organs

1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

3. Peripheral nerves

4. Sense organs

· Functions

1. Direct immediate responses.

2. Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems.

3. Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.

Ascending Afferent sensory. Sends information throughout your whole body and to your brain(Process sensor).

The language of Anatomy

· Abdominopelvic Region

1. Right

2. Epigastric Region has 9 regions.

· We have 4 quadrants.

· Sectional planes are the frontal or coronal plane, median plane, and the transverse plane.

· Serous membranes are the pleura, pericardium, and the diaphragm.

· Body cavities

1. Orbital cavity (eyes).

2. Nasal cavity (nose).

3. Oral cavity (mouth).

4.

Hydrogen Bonds

· Bonds between adjacent molecules

· Hydrogen bonds maintain the shape of macromolecules. (Linear Protein Structure)

· Make some compounds soluble.

· Hydrogen bonds between the bases maintain the double helix structure of DNA.

· Alpha- Helix- is the wave. It contains our DNA, that contains a double helix.

· Amino acids together make a protein bond.

· Nucleic acids are broken down into:

1. Purines- A,G

2. Pyrimidines- C,T

· DNA-Deoxyribose, Sugar, Mono, Sugar

· Base Nucleic Acids

· Phosphate Backbone

· DNA- At-T, G-C

· RNA- A=U (“U” means uracil, which means RNA), G-C.

· The sugar in RNA is ribose.

· Inorganic compounds- compounds that usually lack carbon.

· Organic compounds- compounds that have carbon as their central element.

1. Carbohydrates (Ex. bread, rice, pasta)

1) Monosaccharides

2) Disaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose).

3) Polysaccharides

2. Lipids (fats)

1) Fatty acids

· Saturated - they have

· Can increase the risk of heart disease (Ex. ice cream, burgers, etc.)

· Unsaturated fats-

· Can decrease the risk of heart disease (ex. Olive oil,etc.)

2) Eicosanoids

3) Glycerides- (Store tAG[t=3, A=fatty acids, G=glycerol])

· Most common form of lipids.

· Triglycerides work as an energy source, insulation, and protection.

4) Steroids- (Sex Hormone- Testosterone, Estrogen)

5) Glyco(Sugar)lipids(Fats)

· Contain carbon and hydrogen; may also contain small amounts of phosphorus.

· Cis fats (shaped like a c) and trans fats.

3. Proteins (Ex. meat, fish) are made of amino acids.

4. Nucleic acids (DNA)

· Water is ⅔ (66%) of the human body. Most chemical reactions occur in aqueous solution. Also, any changes of the water can be fatal in the body.

· Solubility- Soluble Water (hydrophilic are soluble in water)

· Reactivity- Most likely to occur in aqueous solutions; Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions depend on water.

· High heat capacity- Water has a great ability to absorb and retain heat.

· Lubrication and cushioning- form a cushion around certain body organs and water helps to protect from physical trauma.

· An aqueous solution is one in which water is the solvent, acting to break down the compounds(solutes).

· Takes place by attraction, , discretion that later creates a hydration sphere (hydration spheres only occur when you are dissolving hydrophilic).

· Mixtures - substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed.

1. Solutions- They are homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gasses, liquids or solids.

2. Colloids- Heterogeneous mixtures that can often appears translucent

3. Suspensions

· Hydrophilic compound- Compounds that have the ability to interact with water. Usually they are polar and soluble. Hydrophobic compounds-

· Phospholipid

· Phospholipid Bilayer(Cell Membrane)- inside of the lipid is water and the outside has water as well.

· Water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are really tiny and can go through.

· Polar Head - Nonpolar Tails

· Most lipids are insoluble in water, but special transport mechanisms carry them in the circulating blood.

Chemical Reactions

· Decomposition reaction (catabolism)- reactions that break down large molecules into two or more smaller ones; normally stores energy.

· Glycogen----> Glucose; creates a molecule of ATP.

· Hydrolysis- It is a decomposition reaction (lysis) by the addition of a water molecule (Hydro).

· Synthesis reaction (anabolism)- reactions that combine two or more small molecules to form larger ones.

· Exchange reaction-

· Reversible reaction- reaction that can go in either direction under different circumstances (meaning the reactants can become products and vise versa).