Mixed Methods Study of The Pros and Cons of Medical Marijuana.

Running head: DOMESTIC TERRORISM IN THE U.S 1

DOMESTIC TERRORISM IN THE U.S 22

The Impact of Domestic Terrorism on the American Society

Jordan Peterman

Savannah State University

Abstract

This study gives a comprehensive view of the impact of domestic terrorism in American society. While it is planned to provoke uncertainty and fear among the American communities, this poses some serious consequences to the victims. Generally, domestic terrorism tends to involve some attacks on the nation’s infrastructure, or on the civilians with an intention to influence a policy, coerce or to intimidate them. Addressing the problem will enable the national security to put in place some critical infrastructure requirements that are necessary to mitigate and prevent such terrorist activities besides improving disaster preparedness and response. The study will employ some qualitative and quantitative methods in collecting data. Community sampling will be useful in the selection of participants.

Keywords : Domestic terrorism, American society. Impacts and Consequences.

Introduction

Domestic terrorism is a threat that is posing a critical concern to the American people and to the entire world. There is an outcry from all leaders about the cases of suicide bombing, attacks, among other related activities. The deliberate aircraft crashing, bombings and anthrax attacks are enthralling cases of the planned infliction of the physical and psychological agonies in the societies. According to Thomas and Grieger (2006), domestic terrorism is a new sense of susceptibility in the country, many Americans are uncertain of when and where the next attack may arise result in anxieties and stressful moments in the society.

Generally, the consequences that result from terrorism cover a range of behavioral, cognitive and emotional reactions that in the people due to the threat of an event. as a result, people in the American communities have changes in behavior, are diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses and experience distress responses that includes anger, vulnerability, increased feelings of anger, or insomnia. In behavioral changes, actions such as an increase in smoking, avoidance of air travel, or the rise in alcohol consumption are common. As such , it is essential to establish the asepts of possible terroris so as to counter the problem.

Background Information

The distinctive nature of domestic terror attacks is that the perpetrator acts alone during the incidence thus raising some serious concerns among the American citizens. According to Bergen and Hoffman (2010), it is very easy for a domestic terrorist to cause an attack since it is less costly. Levitt (2017) notes that such an attack is likely to cost only dollars to the culprit. However, the scariest thing in regard to this phenomenon is that it can swiftly be done without any preparedness or funding. Examples of domestic terrorism include the Boston Marathon Bombing, in 2013, the Navy Yard Shootings, Arizona shootings and the plane attack of an IRS building in Austin, 2010 among other cases (William, 2018).

A number of studies have shown that domestic terror attacks are frequently failed due to operative mistakes. The fact that such terrorists follow a particular procedure and are susceptible during the organizing periods, it is possible that they are arrested upon suspicion. It is the duty of that the officers at the National security agencies and ones in the government to detect these disasters during domestic terrorists’ groundwork level and capitalize of whichever resource that is present to do away with the problem (Coffey, 2011).

Domestic terrorism is a concern the American citizens and to the national security of the country in overall. According to Valentin-Bogdan (2013), the contemporary security landscape requires that there should be a resolute and detailed approach in place to detect and thwart some domestic terrorist attacks. This study provides the effects that such terrorists pose when they carry out an attack.

Problem Statement

Many societies in the United States are surrounded by aspects of domestic terrorism linked with an act of horror. Usually, it is connected to Lone Wofe terrorism and performed by people who act without orders or even links to any establishment with an intent to impact anxiety among the American people. According to Nathan (2009), domestic terrorists have largely been allied with anti-social, Islamic fundamentalism, anti-government extremists and the white supremacy, in the U.S. Consequently, thousands of innocent people have lost their lives in the assault, tens of thousands more have either lost a friend or relative. At most every American was affected in some way.

Research Questions

· How has domestic terrorism affected the American Societies?

Research Objectives

· To determine the manner in which domestic terrorism has affected American society.

Justification to the Study

The fact that many people in the American societies are quietly suffering in silence as a result of domestic terrorism, there is need to focus on this study so as to provide information on the impacts to this problem and also to get a glimpse of the current conditions. TTSRL (2013) opine that domestic terrorism is more prevalent in the American societies than in any other nation and represents almost 42 percent of all the attacks. National security leaders ought to differentiate between the activities of the terrorist conducted by lone wolves and those conducted by the terrorist networks. Identifying these threats is imperative. While it is the duty of the state security to afford direct contact agencies to prevent the attacks, this can happen through examination of its features, trends and some key dimensions. Besides, the study will increase access to documents to ease the process of looking for the terrorist.

The scope of the study

The study will be limited to domestic terrorism within American society. Generally, it will concentrate on how domestic violence affects the citizens socially, economically, emotionally and their wellbeing.

Gap in Literature

Domestic terrorism in the United States is a great threat to the American societies, but this phenomenon has not been sufficiently examined. While this type of terrorism accounts for a large majority of the attacks within the United States, its literature remains empirically and theoretically underdeveloped. As such, there is a lack of comprehensive information in the domestic terrorism database. This study seeks to address the problem by examining the impacts of domestic terrorism to the American societies.

Review Literature

Throughout history, distressed folks have resorted to domestic terrorism in the United States as a scheme to achieve their personal or objectives. It is a bother that terrorism has turned out as an activity in which both the marginalized and the weak engage in to takeover unpopular political rules and worsen for social change, on the other level there are the wealthy, strong, and the powerful who venture into them for the purpose of maintaining their higher position in society (Levin, Eubank & Weinberg, 2006).

Similarly, a few criminals use terrorist tactics in order to draw the attention of the public to their offenses. Unlike their political counterparts, criminally motivated terrorists hope to spread fear among a population. Rather than wanting to change government policy, they, however, have some personal motivation like to make a profit, become famous, or get even with their enemies.

Whatever their motivation, terrorist often attack the public in a notably random and symbolic way. There attacks are meant to spread shockwaves of anxiety and fear so as to send an alarm or rather a message to the government officials, some sections of the public, and the military leaders. Moreover, because it is widely regarded by society as a deviant act. Besides, terrorism causes a general sense of outrage among the population. Deaths on the battlefield are usually thought of differently, Citizens are saddened by the loss of life, but they can typically accept battle causalities as inevitable, but legitimate outcomes of warfare. By contrast, the average citizen regards terrorist tactics as illegitimate, even immoral or evil. Terrorists who target innocent victims or well-linked government officials are regarded as nothing less than monsters who exist outside the rules of a civilized society.

It should be noted that terrorist tactics can be employed in the interest of almost any political, social or personal issue, no matter how honorable or worthwhile, Millions of decent Americans support policies to erase poverty and discrimination, reduce abortions, eliminate animal abuse, and protect the environment, but terrorism is about strategies and tactics, not about the substance of any particular political or personal concern (Martin, 2011). Terrorists do not work within the framework of the law. They have given up supporting candidates for office, voting, running for the office themselves, working for a change-oriented government agency or a progressive corporation, or protesting in a non-violent manner.

They have decided to go outside if mainstream society, to employ violent means against civilians or government officials, to demand social or personal change through the barrel of a gun or the threat of a bomb. Even if their cause is just, their illegal, violent methods are difficult, if not impossible, to justify at least in their eyes of the overwhelming majority of Americans or representatives of the criminal justice system (Levin, Eubank & Weinberg, 2006).

Domestic terrorism in the United States has proved to be one of the biggest nightmares in American societies and its recurring depiction in popular culture creates a kind of anxiety loop by creating further insecurity in society. Using a large prediction of the acts f the terrorist acts, pop culture composers in the media could trigger a higher consumption of this type of cultural content in a way that in case such a compulsion happens and this, in turn, can further raise the level of fear in a recurrent loop.

Cultural Influence

After the September 11th attack, culture in the American societies has become deep and long-lasting. The effect of this impact has prolonged past geopolitics into society and culture as a whole. According to Williams (2018), the immediate responses to domestic terrorist attack included some larger focus on life at home and the time spent with the family members. Besides, many people in the societies began to attend churches with an increased expression of patriotism like the flying of the country’s flag. Still, the radio industry made a response by eliminating certain types of songs from their playlists. Subsequently, the attacks have been employed as a background, narrative or thematic elements in literature, music, T.V shows, and films.

Notably, the already running TV programs that were developed after the attack have greatly reflected the post the September 11th post-cultural concerns. As such, the intricate theories of the September 11th attack have turned out to be a social phenomenon, in spite of lacking support from engineers, historians and scientists. In addition, domestic terrorism posed a major impact on the religious faith of many people. While some of them struggled to find consolation on the problem so as to overcome grief and cope with the loss of their loved one, others began to question their faith or even lost it completely since they were not in a position to reconcile with their view of religion.

On the other hand, the American culture subsequent to attacks is renowned for improved security and increased demand thereof, as well as fretfulness and fear in regard to the future terrorist attacks that could affect any part of the country. This has been confirmed by a number of psychologists that there has been a rise in the amount of national anxiety in the viable air travel industry. Consequent to the attacks, there was extensive coverage from the media which included prolonged pictures and horrific pictures concerning the attack in general thus leading iconography and greater meaning linked with the event. 

Today, many Americans understand that the country’s response to the September 11th attack has changed the manner in which the United States defends itself, manages its intelligence and organize its interior security (Bergen and Hoffman, 2010). Resultantly, this has led to changes in the military doctrine of the United States. Meanwhile, billions of funds are being spent on the country’s security thus enlarging the federal deficit and insidious impacts on the U.S. economy. Moreover, the fact that the state has changed laws, this has seen a high level of restructuring of intelligence from the time the National Security Act of 1947 and the establishment of the vast Department of Homeland security to better organize domestic security.

According to Butler, Pinzer & Goldfrank (2003), domestic terrorism instills fear, disrupts the societal social functions and disturbs their wellbeing especially where the biologic, radiologic or chemical agents are released to the environment, or through violence. For example, September 11, 2001 attack resulted in an extensive concern across the country. The varying levels of anxiety were associated with the geographical closeness to the events, the social-economic status, the discernment of future threats as well as the downstream financial changes that were advanced in many people.

Besides, a rise in the frequency of psychiatric illnesses is one consequence of the problem. Still, the behavioral and emotional changes that do not reach a diagnosable disorder level may significantly contribute to the general health burden resultant from the domestic terrorist attacks. In addition to such disorders, the survivors experience some changes in routine behaviors, health-related behaviors and changes in the degree of overall stress.

Bereavement and depression are more probable consequences when people lose their loved ones, suffer some economic impact or community loss owing to the fact that they are required to relocate their businesses and homes. Those individuals who are economically challenged before the attack are likely to have more difficulties in the aftermath of the problem since they will lose the ability to sustain themselves. In the case of mass relocation, a large population is left with a loss of employment, communities, homes and a sense of future direction.

Large-scale distressing incidences like the September 11th attacks might cause some changes in health-related behaviors (Love, 2017). The fact that some individual’s emotional resilience is challenged, there is a high possibility that they may resort to increased use of tobacco products, illicit drugs, and alcohol. Even in cases where the consumption does not rise to the point of dependence or abuse, a continuous use may lead to some health-effects in the long run, family interactions, and increased rate of assault and crime. Consequently, the misuse of drugs subsequent poses some mental and public health burdens that exceed those of identified psychiatric disorders, typically allied with stressful events.

According to Bergen and Hoffman (2010), American societies develop some ambient social fear that is generated by domestic terrorism. Generally, those who reside in places where telegenic, gruesome terrorism has turned into collective consciousness in the recent times. Subsequently, there is that natural fear that the friends or them or the loved ones might be victims of the next random attach as compared to those that happened before.

Whereas there are several people that know the way to take such apprehensions in stride, maintain their routine, objectives and political ideologies, there are those that are less stoic by temperament and this happens to be the case in every nation as well as individuals. This matters because terrorism does its real, long-lasting damage not through body counts but through the insidious undermining of the foundations of trust and normalcy that define al healthy, practical societies, by overrunning rational discussion with emerging panic and by sowing discord within a diverse populace.

Importantly, some general conditions of living tend to generate some more basal against others. Those who stay in difficulty family settings usually face some downward social mobility for themselves and their children. Mostly, immigrants are among the populations that continuously live with more objective ambient fear that others. According to Garfinkle (2018), American have diverse ways of coping mechanisms while dealing with threats and fear in their societies. While each is shaped by culture and history, it is apparent that some of them are more resilient than others. People who employ fear that is developed by attack act differently in diverse places. Notably, business persons who capitalize on the fear that is terrorism creates have more success in given places as compared to others.

Lately, the American people have accrued personal reservoirs of insecurity from divergent sources due to domestic terrorism. This type of development contradicts with the relatively placid security experience within the nation. However, another aspect that determines the manner in which the American societies work bears some of the features of modern U.S politics. Meanwhile, fear is not only fungible and inclined to being bundled and aroused by catalytic events like terrorist attacks, but is also exportable and contagious.

. According to Fahmy (2007), terrorism includes the use of violence against civilians, with intent to create terror or fear, besides an intention to force certain belief systems to the society. With the presence of an advanced technology, the threat of domestic terrorism has been a growing concern, especially due to the fact that the internet has enabled terrorists to recruit new members, plan their terrific attacks, and intensify their communications. As such technologies continue to develop, it is not hard to envisage how the advanced information and technology of the new era could cause more frightening realities in the American societies. As such, this makes it possible for terrorists to embark on newer and well-organized ways to create the fear that is at the centre of terrorism.

Individual Psychosomatic effects

According to Butler, Panzer, Goldfrank (2003), a psychological distress that is prompted by domestic terrorist activity typically follows three stages that succeed each over time. Initially, the affected people have got some genuine response to fear and stress, that is tailored to the attack and impulsiveness of the occurrence. During this period, such victims try to make contact with their loved ones for reassurance about their condition, or only to obtain support and comfort. This first phase slowly disappears and thus leaving room for the manifestation of anxiety sleeps disorders or aggression. As such, the changing proportion of the people affected consequently develops psychiatric complications, particularly in the form of PTSD or depressing incidents. Usually, the reaction’s length varies from a few hours to a long-term response and the symptoms escalate from anxiety, stress, fear, insomnia, irritability, to depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse. Meanwhile, the female population, the precarious, or living alone, and patients with a psychiatric history are at high risk of psychiatric problems, especially in the form of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In case of being at an advanced age, this is usually an advantage because it appears to be a protective aspect. Patients who have been affected physically by the tragedy or who felt a threat against the integrity of their physical body have a high risk of developing a PTSD syndrome.

The Psychological consequences

Domestic terrorism does not only affect one person. It also goes further to impact the victim’s colleagues, friends, families, neighbors and finally the entire society. After a domestic terrorist attack, it is regularly observed that there is some kind of a risky behavior in the impacted population (Ioana, 2015) . While it is indisputable that exposure to a shocking event has a grave and adversative impact of the mental health of targets, a number of day to day stressors that are encountered by victims found within the settings of traumatic events can also be a significant determinant of mental health.

Stressors such as inaccessibility to basic needs like food, water and medication, social isolation and lack of income generating will lead to increased poverty and the frustration of not being in a position to provide for the family. In addition, domestic terrorism brought about a sense of victimization in society, stereotypes, hostile attitudes and a rise in negative beliefs towards members of the group in which terrorist belong (Hussain & Sarma, 2016).

Changes in health-related behaviors

Boss (2007) points outs that as a result of domestic terrorism, cases of privacy and surveillance have intensely changed in current periods. Indeed, the United States has experienced a progressive shift in the balance between police surveillance authority and individual privacy rights. Even though changes in health-related behavior is not commonly put into consideration by psychiatrists, domestics attacks such as the ones witnessed on the September 11th could cause alterations in the health-related behaviours. The fact that the emotional resilience of the victims is challenged during such a domestic terrorism attack, or during recovery, it is possible that such persons may resort to the use of illicit drugs, begin smoking cigarettes or consume alcohol. Even in the scenarios where the usage does increase their level of dependence or abuse, continuous usage may have some effects on their health in the future.

As a result, the misuse of drugs following some acts of terrorism may pose some mental and public health burdens that go beyond those the diagnosable psychiatric illnesses usually related to traumatic actions. Moreover, domestic terrorism causes some serious changes of routine behavior among survived victims (Boss,2007). Following the September 11th attacks, many Americans experienced anxiety in connection with air travel. The rise in congestion among the airports and delays associated with security check-ups posed a devastating effect on the airline industry.

Meanwhile, the workers at different airlines and those working in different airports were retrenched, salaries reduced, probable losses in the retirement benefits and a lot of doubts about their future working was witnessed. Undoubtedly, it appears that this took an emotional toll in their lives as well as their families. Probably, domestic terrorism had a great impact on their consumer spending, investments, confidence, the insurance industry as well as the financial institutions. Such direct impacts exhibit the effectiveness of terrorism in challenging a society's sense of cohesion, security, and well-being.

Workers in the American health care sector are not exempted from amplified anxiety in the event of domestic terrorism at a community level. Following the attack, these workers were immediately surveyed subsequent to a series of haphazard sniper gunfire in the area at Washington, DC (Grieger et al., 2003). Based on the analysis, about 6 percent of the healthcare workers met the criteria symptoms for Acute Stress Disorder, about 38 percent reported some low perceived safety in their day to day operations, while 40 percent had an elevated perceived threat of such an act happening in future. On average, the respondents reported a reduction in one or more areas of the daily routine activities in reaction to their concerns. It was established that workers with a low perceived safety were more probable to consume alcohol during the periods of attack.

Long-term stress exposure

Exposure to long-term stress has got a damaging effect on health. Even if the result is not from a terrorist activity, the release of radioactive materials in small quantities in 1979 from a Three Mile Island caused some measurable stress and metabolic changes among those living in the community (Thomas & Grieger, 2006). While this kind of release did not pose an appreciable health risk, the worries associated with the contact to an unseen and untraceable agent fashioned lasting fretfulness on the inhabitants.

This was intensified by the reduction in the resale value of homes areas surrounding the exposure. Consequently, many residents were left financially trapped in the places that they could have otherwise vacated subsequent to the release of the radioactive material. As a previous center for tourism, it is assumed that the issue took many years after the event happened before everything returned to normal. That said, it is still not difficult to realize hoe domestic terrorism might cause some similar effects to the American societies.

Research Methodology

In this study, the researcher will examine and evaluate the how domestic terrorism is life-threatening to the American societies. As a systematic way of doing the research, this section will focus on certain techniques or procedures to be employed in identifying, selecting, processing analyzing information on domestic terrorism and its effects on the people.

Research Design

The study will utilize quantitative methods in evaluating the impacts of domestic terrorism in the United States.

Qualitative Technique

Given that the research involves the examining of the behavioral, psychological and physical characteristics of people, these approaches will be useful in getting a clear picture of the impacts. While the qualitative technique is a subjective and systematic approach, it will be useful in describing the life experiences of the people in societies that have been impacted by domestic terrorism. Besides, the design approach will describe the exact experiences while examining the distinctiveness of the people's wellbeing, economic status, social, emotional and behavioral aspects. According to Astalin (2013), a qualitative approach is primarily and the inductive process of arranging data into categories and identifying those relations to the problem.

Based on the study, the qualitative research will help in defining and analyzing the data from the original context. While much of the study will require a combination of document reviews, interviews, and some observations, detailed data will be collected using open-ended questions that will provide direct quotations with regard to the study problem. The quantitative technique, on the other hand, is useful in this study since it will help to collect some information based on comparisons, relations, and predictions. In this case, it will help to compare cases of domestic terrorism in different parts of the United States and how it impacts the American societies. Under the qualitative approach, we shall base our work on phenomenological studies since the research problem examines human experiences to be revealed through descriptions offered by people in American societies.

The researcher will steer the study in the direction of the impacts of domestic terrorism and will encourage the respond by going into greater detail on the focus questions raised, or the actions conducted. In these case, the respondents will be asked to describe the experiences they have gone through subsequent to domestic terrorist attacks.

Research Instruments

· Reading materials

· Questionnaire

· Interview schedules

· Observation

Data Collection

Before data is collected, the response will be sent some consent forms to complete. The forms will contain the objective of the study and the resplendent will be required to sign as a confirmation that he or she has understood what is needed and is ready to contribute information. Besides, he /she will be assured that all the data collected will be treated as confidential. While collecting data, a total of 1000 participants were contacted. Out of this figure, only 800 participants responded to the questionnaire.

Sampling Technique

Community sampling technique was used. A total of 1000 people were chosen from different societies in the United States. These included a combination of male, female, and children who were either attacked by domestic terrorism or witnessed friends or relatives being attacked by the same. Both the young and the aged population were considered, including those who worked in the areas where the attack happened.

Questionnaire

A questionnaire is a study tool that consists of a series of questions from the purpose of collecting information from the participants. An in-depth study will be performed and it will involve 15 circumstantial questions in the line of impacts of domestic terrorism in the United States. It will contain the study objective as reflected in the problem with a wide range of aspects that will require some satisfactory response. Generally, the questions will be directed to the emotional, psychological, physical, economic, social and cultural aspects so as to determine and evaluate the exact impacts.

Findings/Discussion

Besides having some hitches in defining the existence of a disorder in the samples from American societies, such community-wide rates do not give the comprehensive story on the effects of domestic terrorism. However, the community sampling technique is useful in the estimation of specific aspects of health impact as a result of the terrorist activities. In New York City, for instance, there were elevated levels of possible illness. However, this does not reflect in the increased rates of the mental health services usage in the subsequent period after the September 11th attack (Boscarino et al., 2004). In addition, it is difficult to understand whether this is owing to the fact that sample technique employed in the identification of high symptom levels rather than the disorders that are clinically significant since treatments are only sought after the symptoms a have persisted for a long duration.

In the case of Washington, DC, the evidence demonstrates that there were lower rates of potential Post Traumatic Stress Disorder after the September 11th attack as compared to the ones in the metropolitan parts that were not targeted by domestic terrorism ( Schlenger et al., 2002). Moreover, the Pentagon attack appears to be much less affected. As such, it considerably received attention from the media due to a fewer number of deaths when compared to the attacks at the World Trade Center. While this is compared to the attack at New York City, it happens that a very small population of the residents in the metropolitan area at Washington literally knew any person that was killed in the attack at Pentagon. Actually, only a few people saw the site of attack while the rescue process was ongoing. For that reason, the attack at Pentagon had a little impact on the country’s home-grown economy. In this case, there was no major impact on the service industry and transportation, businesses remained undestroyed,

Generally, the community rates of possible PTSD in Washington, DC, were low and did not reflect the experience of the people occupying Pentagon. While examining the samples in a duration of two years after the attack, about one fifth those present at Pentagon in the course of the attacks, half of the individuals hurt in the tragedy, and one third who witnessed someone die or operated with a family’s victim that met the criteria symptom for PTSD connected to the attack (Grieger et al., 2005). The element of depression was also high in the people who witnessed the exposed to the dead, attack, or injury. Among the number of people that did not the symptom criteria for a PTSD, only eight percent re-counted some prolonged moderate to high distress.

Given that the research did not employ an interview technique to confirm the diagnosis of PTSD, it was established that approximately 70 percent of those who met the symptom criteria for PTSD has visited the mental health treatment in the two-year period after the attack (Grieger et al., 2005). Compared to the findings established from the samples at Pentagon, and the survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing in regard to those exposed to the attack, it was found that 45 percent had a psychiatric condition while 34 percent had PTSD in the period of six months subsequent to the attack. In a follow-up, it was observed that the rates appeared too similar to the ones diagnosed after 12 months. Hence, the research indicates that among the people who were present or directly exposed to the attack, they had some elevated levels of distress present in both the long and short run (North, 2001). The samples at Pentagon showed that even at particular best conditions when people have elevated levels of economic and social support, the impacts of terrorism might be prolonged and substantial among those who get affected.

An additional rather a unique component of the Pentagon sample is that there was a continued exposure in the remainders to the attack. Families of the affected victims returned to the site where the attack occurred on a daily basis while conducting funerals of those who died from the tragedy. While was ongoing for weeks, there was a serious impact from the gaping and the smoke-stained hole to the scenery that remained visible for months.

Conclusion

Overall, domestic terrorism posed a great impact on American societies at multiple levels. Through chronic and acute symptoms of depression and anxiety, long-term tension and strain, or changes in health-related changes, it is obvious that such an impact reaches many healthcare and aspects of health. However, the long-term consequences are still witnessed to date. The fact that some military assault vehicles present in the site together with the high-caliber guns and missiles, passage through a metal detector upon reporting to work and the installed emergency hoods in office space offered a clear reminder that there could be a threat in future. Such prompts may have affected the disappearance of intrusion and arousal symptoms that could have transpired in another environment.

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