Criminal Justice reflection assignment

Aljunaibi

AlvarezPPTCh05.ppt

Home >Law homework help >Criminal homework help >Criminal Justice reflection assignment

Chapter 5:

Violence in the home

Family Violence

Range of destructive behaviors
Physical, sexual, financial, verbal, and/or emotional abuse between a number of dyadic relationships
Intimates
Parents and children
Siblings
Elderly and their caregivers

Intimate Partner Violence

Intentional use of physical force against an intimate partner
Recognized as a social and health problem in the last few decades
Previously viewed as a private matter
Gender stereotypes and assumptions contributed to lack of attention
Attitudes have changed largely as a result of activism

Estimating Rates of Violence Against Women

Underreporting has always been an issue
Victims’ avoidance of stigma
Fear of perpetrator retaliation
Official record data sources
Uniform Crime Reports
50% of IPV assaults are actually reported to police
No information on victim-offender relationship
National Incident Based Crime Reporting System
Three large nationally representative surveys
National Family Violence Survey (NFVS)
National Crime and Victimization Survey (NCVS)
National Violence Against Women and Men Survey (NVAWMS)

National Crime Victimization Survey

Interviews all household members aged 12 or older
Estimates for 2014 indicate
Intimate partner violence (IPV) for males and females combined was 2.5 per 1,000 persons age 12 and older, IPV against men–1.1 per 1,000
635,000 people aged 12 and over being violently attacked by their intimate partners, which does not include homicides

Rate of Intimate Partner Violence by Victim’s Gender, NCVS 1994-2011

Source: Shannan Catalano, Intimate Partner Violence: Attributes of Victimization, 1993-2011. Bureau of Justice Statistics.

National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey

Survey conducted by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Respondents specifically asked about all intimate partners including same-sex couples
NISVS 2010 estimates
4% of women experienced a physical attack by an intimate partner
4.7% of men experienced a physical attack by an intimate partner

Gender and Race/Ethnicity that Reported Experiencing IPV, NISVS, 2010

Chart1

Hispanic	Hispanic
Black	Black
White	White
Asian/Pacific Islander	Asian/Pacific Islander
American Indian/Alaskan Native	American Indian/Alaskan Native
Multiracial	Multiracial

Female

Male

37.1

26.6

43.3

38.6

34.6

28.2

19.6

45.3

53.8

39.3

Sheet1

	Hispanic	Black	White	Asian/Pacific Islander	American Indian/Alaskan Native	Multiracial
Female	37.1	43.3	34.6	19.6	46	53.8
Male	26.6	38.6	28.2	*	45.3	39.3

Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence

Power and dominance
Patriarchy: inequity of power held by males over females
Culturally sanctioned beliefs about the rights and privileges of husbands
Cycle of Violence
Those who experience/witness violence as child are more likely to resort to it as an adult
Poverty
Lack of economic opportunities, fewer resources, stress
Helps to explain higher IPV rates among minority groups
Alcohol use
Men’s binge drinking is particularly dangerous

Societal Responses to Intimate Partner Violence

Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA)
Intended to improve criminal justice and community-based responses to IPV, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking
Mandatory arrest
Requires detention of perpetrator when there is probable cause that battery or assault occurred, regardless of victim’s consent or protestations
Civil protection order
Temporary injunction that directs assailant to stop battering, threatening, or harming his or her victim
Coordinated community response
Response to IPV across criminal justice, social services, and victim advocacy groups

Violence in GLBT Relationships

IPV among Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Transgender couples
IPV unfolding among same-sex unions has not been directly measured.
NISVS one of the only national surveys that directly asks about IPV and asks about respondents’ sexual orientation.
Victims of IPV in GLBT relationships do not have equal access to social services.
Criminal justice system does not respond to IPV occurrences with parity.
Problematic definitions of “family”

Stalking

Conduct involving repeated visual or physical proximity, nonconsensual communication, threats, or a combination thereof, causing fear, with repeated meaning on two or more occasions
NISVS measures contact through calls, texts, e-mails, unwanted gifts, unwanted following, etc.
In 2010, 16% of women had been stalked at some point in their lives.
Societal responses
However broad or narrow, all states and the District of Columbia have some form of protective antistalking legislation.

Stalking

Seven specific tactics commonly employed by stalkers that include
Hyperintimacy
Mediated contact
Interactional contact
Surveillance
Invasion
Harassment and intimidation
Coercion and threat

Cupach, W. R., & Spitzberg, B. H. (2004). The dark side of relationship pursuit: From attraction to obsession to stalking. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlebaum.

Child Abuse

Types
Sexual abuse
Physical abuse
Neglect
Physical abuse
NFVS definition: pushed, grabbed, spanked, shoved, slapped, kicked, bit, burned, or assaulted with a gun or a knife
51% of boys and 49% of girls surveyed experienced physical punishment
Risk Factors
Postpartum psychosis
Younger children
Inadequate bonding with parent
Children w/ mental disabilities

Percentage of Children Killed From Abuse or Neglect by their Parents or Primary Caregivers, 2013

Source: Children’s Bureau, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Societal Responses to Child Abuse

Battered child syndrome
Collection of injuries sustained by a child as a result of repeated mistreatment or beating
Prompted Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act
Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980
Intended to prevent unwarranted removal of children from their families
Family Preservation and Support Services Act of 1993
Mandated to expand services to strengthen families and provide additional supports for children placed outside of the home

Societal Responses to Child Abuse

Child Protection Services Division
State agency mandated to protect and remove children from abusive situations

SEEK, Safe Environment for Every Kid
This intervention requires pediatricians to conduct a risk assessment during routine primary care services and requires physician training to better help them identify and address the risk factors for abuse and neglect.
SEEK also provides informational resources for parents and physicians and social work services for families who desire them

Elder Abuse

Physical/psychological abuse, financial exploitation, and neglect

Risk Factors
Shared living arrangements
Dementia
Social isolation
Financial dependence

Societal Responses to Elder Abuse

Older Americans Act
The first piece of national legislation that expressed society’s commitment to protect vulnerable older Americans at risk
Vulnerable Elder Rights Protection Act
Expanded the original legislation to include mandates for the prevention of elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation.
Elder Justice Act (EJA)
The first comprehensive federal legislation to address elder abuse
Adult protective services
APS laws establish a system for the reporting and investigation of elder abuse and for the provision of social services to help the victim and ameliorate the abuse.

Conclusions

For too many, the home is the most dangerous environment they will ever confront.
Acknowledgement of family abuse is a recent undertaking.
Family violence (experienced and witnessed) imposes profound and lasting effects on the lives of victims.

Open-Access Student Resources

· SAGE journal articles

· Multimedia resources

and more at study.sagepub.com/alvarez3e

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition