Criminal Justice reflection assignment

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Chapter 1:

As American as apple pie

Origins of Violence

Violence

Aggressive and/or harmful behavior

Unity of human aggression

All violence is connected by a web of actions and behaviors.

All violent acts share a number of essential characteristics.

By and large, perpetrators rely on similar justifications for their violent acts.

Aggression

Behavior that is physically and/or psychologically harmful

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Justifications for Violence

“Righteous slaughter”

Humiliationrage

Retaliation or defense of values or principles

Spillover theory

Values and justifications for violence in socially approved settings “spill over” into other settings and result in illegitimate forms of violence

Ex: DEATH PENALTY

Brutalization hypothesis

Desensitized killings by the state devalue human life and lead to increased collective tolerance of lethal behavior

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Embracing Violence

Culture

Values, beliefs, and rules of behavior

Dictates what is expected and prohibited

Subcultures of violence

Members of particular groups are prone to violence because of values and beliefs imbedded in their cultures

Example: gang violence, Ku Klux Klan activity

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Embracing Violence

Ray Rice, who was indefinitely suspended by the NFL after a video portrayed him punching and knocking out his then fiancé (now wife),

Janay Rice, in an Atlantic City elevator.

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Defining Violence

Complexities of defining violence

Varied actions and contexts

Individual perceptions and understandings

Legitimacy of aggression

Highly situational, contingent, and contextual

Victim

Offender

Nature of violence

Locational of violence

Rationale for violence

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Social Distance

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Defining Violence

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Defining Aggression

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Classifications of Violence

Expressive vs. instrumental

Expressive: emotionally-motivated violent behavior

Instrumental: violence as a means to an end

Interpersonal

Assaults, rapes, robberies, and murders

Institutional

Violent behaviors perpetrated in an organizational setting

Structural

Discriminatory social arrangements that can be construed as violent; social inequality

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Measuring Violence

Reports to law enforcement

Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR)

Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR)

National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

Victimization surveys

National Victimization Survey (NCVS)

National Youth Survey (NYS)

Varied strengths and weaknesses of each data source

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Violence in U.S. Society

Data indicate that the impact of violence on society is immense

Individual level avoidance strategies steer everyday behavior

“Get Tough” legislation

Centuries of warfare

Media replete with depictions of violence

Entertainment and gaming consoles

Everyone knows a victim

At least in part, our identities are often shaped by violence

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Violent Crime Rates, 1993-2014, NCVS

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Murder Rates per 100,000 by Country, 2004

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Organization of the Book

Chapter 2 – Explaining Violence
Chapter 3 – Aiding and Abetting Violence
Chapter 4 – Assault and Homicide
Chapter 5 – Violence in the Home
Chapter 6 – Stranger Danger
Chapter 7 – Rape and Sexual Assault
Chapter 8 – Mob Violence
Chapter 9 – Terrorism
Chapter 10 – Genocide
Chapter 11 – Toward Violence Protection

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Open-Access Student Resources

· SAGE journal articles

· Multimedia resources

and more at study.sagepub.com/alvarez3e

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition