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Demonstration of background knowledge

Altitude

Thaddeus Marcelleous AryName

The University of Central Arkansas

EXSS 6310 Tuesday 1:00 PM

Altitude

Going to high altitudes can be dangerous if you have not prepared or trained for the change of elevation. Your body needs to work harder to take in oxygen compared to sea level. The air at higher altitudes is colder, less, dense, and contains fewer oxygen molecules (Biggers,2018). This means that you need to take more breaths in order to get the same amount of oxygen as you would at lower altitudes. The higher the elevation, the more difficult breathing becomes (Biggers,2018). Comment by Adam J Bruenger: New Paragraphs need to be indented

Being at a higher elevation can affect gas exchange whichith explains why it might be harder to get oxygen to the lungs at high elevations. Atmospheric pressure and inspired oxygen pressure fall roughly linearly with altitude to be 50% of sea level value at 5500m and only 30% of the sea level value at 8900m(Biggers,2018). A fall in inspired oxygen pressure reduces the driving pressure for gas exchange in the lungs and in turn produces a cascade of effects right down to the level of mitochondria, the destination of oxygen. Gas trade amid breath happens basically through diffusion. Diffusion could be a handle in which transport is driven by a concentration angle. Gas atoms move from a locale of tall concentration to a locale of low concentration. Blood that is more in oxygen concentration and high in carbon dioxide concentration undergoes gas trade with air within the lungs. The discuss within the lungs encompasses a higher concentration of oxygen than that of oxygen-depleted blood and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide. This concentration slope permits for gas trade amid breath. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: New Paragraphs need to be indented Wont mark again Comment by Adam J Bruenger: This needs a great expansion. This is the start to the answer for question 1, but there is a lot more detail that needs to be addressed. Review question 1 and make sure to cover all those aspects. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Cite Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Give the exact values. At sea level what is the partial pressure of oxygen? Give an example using numbers. I would wait till the next paragraph to do so, but again you are providing general statements and not getting to the exact knowledge that is out there. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: What is a concentration angle? Comment by Adam J Bruenger: What do you mean by more in concentration????? Comment by Adam J Bruenger: ??????? What do you mean by this?

Partial pressure is a measure of the concentration of the individual components in a mixture of gases. The total pressure exerted by the mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the components in the mixture. Air is a mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen N2; 78.6 percent), oxygen (O2; 20.9 percent), water vapor (H2O; 0.5 percent), and carbon dioxide (CO2; 0.04 percent). The pressure for an individual gas in the mixture is the partial pressure of gas. About 21 percent of atmospheric is oxygen. The partial pressure for oxygen is much greater than that of carbon dioxide. The partial pressure of any gas can be calculated by (39.1) P=(Patm) x (percent content in mixture) (Rye, C.2015). The atmospheric pressure is the sum of all partial pressures of the atmospheric gases added together, 39.2) Patm= PN2+ PO2+ PH2O+ PCO2= 760 mm Hg× (percent content in mixture). The pressure of the atmosphere at sea level is 760 mm Hg. Therefore, the partial pressure of oxygen is (39.3) PO2= (760 mm Hg) (0.21) = 160 mm Hg and for carbon dioxide: (39.4) PCO2= (760 mm Hg) (0.0004) = 0.3 mm Hg (Rye, C.2015). Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Good spot for a new paragraph. Notice how big your paragraph was getting. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Give numerical examples.

At sea level gaseous diffusion is probably limited by ventilation, but at high altitude, the alveolar-arterial difference for oxygen is higher than would be predicted. This is because the decreased driving pressure for oxygen from alveolar gas into arterial blood is insufficient to fully oxygenate the blood as it passes through the pulmonary capillaries. This is more evident on exercise as cardiac output increases and blood spends less time at the gas exchanging surface (Peacock,1998). The rate of diffusion of a gas is proportional to its partial pressure within the total gas mixture (Rye, C.2015). The ratio of carbon dioxide production to oxygen consumption is the respiratory quotient. RQ is used to calculate the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar spaces within the lung, the alveolar Po2. Lungs was calculated to be 150mmg, however the lungs never fully deflate with an exhalation; therefore, the inspired air mixes with this residual air and lowers the partial pressure of oxygen within the alveoli. Air is a mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen N2; 78.6 percent), oxygen (O2; 20.9 percent), water vapor (H2O; 0.5 percent), and carbon dioxide (CO2; 0.04 percent). The pressure for an individual gas in the mixture is the partial pressure of gas. About 21 percent of atmospheric is oxygen. The partial pressure for oxygen is much greater than that of carbon dioxide. The partial pressure of any gas can be calculated by (39.1) P=(Patm) x (percent content in mixture) (Rye, C.2015). The atmospheric pressure is the sum of all partial pressures of the atmospheric gases added together, 39.2) Patm= PN2+ PO2+ PH2O+ PCO2= 760 mm Hg× (percent content in mixture). The pressure of the atmosphere at sea level is 760 mm Hg. Therefore, the partial pressure of oxygen is (39.3) PO2= (760 mm Hg) (0.21) = 160 mm Hg and for carbon dioxide: (39.4) PCO2= (760 mm Hg) (0.0004) = 0.3 mm Hg (Rye, C.2015). At sea level gaseous diffusion is probably limited by ventilation, but at high altitude, the alveolar-arterial difference for oxygen is higher than would be predicted. This is because the decreased driving pressure for oxygen from alveolar gas into arterial blood is insufficient to fully oxygenate the blood as it passes through the pulmonary capillaries. This is more evident on exercise as cardiac output increases and blood spends less time at the gas exchanging surface (Peacock,1998). At higher altitudes, Patm decreases but the concentration does not change, the partial pressure decrease is due to the reduction in Patm. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: What is the importance of the respiratory quotient? Again you are brining up topics and only glossing over them instead of providing needed detail. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Yes, here we go. But your sentence is confusing. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: cite Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Give us a full example of partial pressure oxygen in lungs to the capillaries and then back to the lungs. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Give an example with numbers for gas exchange and sea level and gas exchange at some level of altitude. Explain how those numbers drive the gas exchange.

Some short-term effects of being at a high attitude consists of feeling nauseous and lightheaded, which may lead to vomiting and having a headache. Short term altitude sickness usually begins 12 to 24 hours after arriving at high altitudes. Altitude sickness results from a rapid change in air pressure and air oxygen levels at higher elevations (Cleveland Clinic Medical Professional, 2020). Altitude sickness is also called altitude mountain sickness, which happens with traveling to high altitudes too quickly. Anyone can get altitude sickness or mountain sicknesss., Ppeople that are more susceptible to getting altitude sickness would be individuals that have a lung or heart condition, pregnant, live a low elevation, or previously had altitude sickness (Cleveland Clinic Medical Professional,2020). Comment by Adam J Bruenger: This is almost verbatim. You need to put in your own words.

The most common form of altitude sickness is a mild case of acute mountain sickness, which happens at higher than 10,000 feet, 75 of people get mild symptoms. A mild cause of AMS usually causes a mild headache and fatigue, moderate AMS is when you get a severe headache, nausea and difficulty with coordination, Severe AMS is when you may feel a short of break, even at rest, which you should seek medical care at lower altitudes (Cleveland Clinic Medical Professional, 2020). Comment by Adam J Bruenger: New topic again. You are jumping around. Focus all aspects on a topic and then move to the next.

In the paragraph below address the following:

1. Where does CO2 come from in the body?

2. What happens when CO2 leaves the cell and enters the blood?

2a. Why is this important.

3. What happens when blood gets back to the lungs?

4. What would happen if you hyperventilated?

5. What is alkalosis and how does could that cause altitude sickness.

The physiological effect of altitude plays a huge part in altitude sickness. The Hypoxic ventilatory response is mediated by the carotid body and response varies widely among subjects (Taylor, 2011). At sea level carbon dioxide is the main stimulus to ventilation. At altitude hypoxia does increase ventilation, but usually only when the inspired oxygen pressure is reduced (Taylor,2011). Some climbers with poor hypoxic ventilatory response do particularly well. The physiology of altitude sickness centers around alveolar gas equation, when the atmospheric pressure is low, but there is still 20.9% oxygen. The hypoxia leads to an increase in minute ventilation with carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, hemoglobin increases through hemoconcentration and ethnogenesis. Alkalosis shifts the hemoglobin dissociation constant to the left. The cardiac output increases through an increase in heart rate. The body response to the rise of high altitude by the increases of erythropoietin and the increase of hematocrit and hemoglobin (Rye, C.2015). The increase of excretion of bicarbonate, the use of acetazolamide because going to a high altitude can help. People with high-altitude sickness generally have reduced hyperventilator response, impaired gas exchange, fluid retention or increased sympathetic drive. Also, it is an increase of cerebral venous volume and blood flow and hypocapnia with leads to oedema. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: What does this mean. You will need to be able to explain this to us like we had no idea about exercise physiology. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Cite. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Cite. And again what does this mean. You are collecting the information, but I don’t know if you know what it means. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: How did we get Alkaline? What is Alkaline? Why does it matter. Again-this is the answer but you need to show you understand what it means and can explain it to us without your paper in front of you. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Does this have anything to do with the altitude sickness? Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Yes!!!!! Yess!!!!, but then you don’t explain the underlying why. Comment by Adam J Bruenger: What does this doe to help? Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Cite. And explaine.

The most common form of altitude sickness is a mild case of acute mountain sickness, which happens at higher than 10,000 feet, 75 of people get mild symptoms. A mild cause of AMS usually causes a mild headache and fatigue, moderate AMS is when you get a severe headache, nausea and difficulty with coordination, Severe AMS is when you may feel a short of break, even at rest, which you should seek medical care at lower altitudes (Cleveland Clinic Medical Professional, 2020). Comment by Adam J Bruenger: New topic again. You are jumping around. Focus all aspects on a topic and then move to the next.

Some of the actions you can take to prevent AMS would be to climb slowly. The body needs about two to three days of slowly going higher in order to adjust to the changes. The body response to the rise of high altitude by the increases of erythropoietin and the increase of hematocrit and hemoglobin (Rye, C.2015). Try not to travel no more than 1000 feet each day, and plan to rest for each 3000 feet you go higher consumption of water does well to help prevent altitude sickness (Organismal Biology). Comment by Adam J Bruenger: Good. Now why from a physiology stand point. Comment by [email protected]: Comment by Adam J Bruenger: I am assuming there is a citation here. Otherwise how did you come up with these guidleines?

References Comment by Adam J Bruenger: All references have some errors that make them incomplete. I have provided examples of 1 and 2 corrected.

1. Peacock, A.J. (1998, October 17). ABC of oxygen: oxygen at high altitude. BMJ (Clinical researched.).

Correct APA

Peacock A. J. (1998). ABC of oxygen: oxygen at high altitude. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 317(7165), 1063–1066. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7165.1063

2. Altitude Sickness: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention. Cleveland Clinic. (n.d).

Cleveland Clinic. (2020, September 23). Altitude sickness: Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment & prevention. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15111-altitude-sickness

3. Biggers, A. (2018, November 7). COPD and High Altitude. BMJ (clinical researched.) Can’t find to compare

4. Taylor, A.T. (2011, January 31). High- altitude illnesses: physiology, risk factors, prevention, and treatment. Rambam Maimonides medical journal.

Taylor A. T. (2011). High-altitude illnesses: physiology, risk factors, prevention, and treatment. Rambam Maimonides medical journal, 2(1), e0022. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10022

5. Rye, C., Avissar, y., Jurukovski, V., Fowler, S., Wise, R., Roush, R., Choi, J., Desaix, J., Nakano, M., Molnar, C., & Gair, J. (2015, May 14). 20.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces. Concept of Biology 1st Canadian Edition.

6. Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide: Gas Exchange and Transport in Animals. Organismal Biology. (n.d.).

PowerPoint

1. Provide the scenario’

2. General overview related to the stats question (don’t initialy talk about altitude sickness) hemoglobin and why it is important.

3. Provide your stats on the analysis: provide graph and talk about statistical results. Don’t put your excel results directly in the paper.

4. Interpret the results. Maybe tie in altitude sickness here and whether that had anything to do with being in shape or not.