correction
hala2021
AlmehdiH-DIS-9901AV3_WEEK3_Augastaincomments.docx
1
Assessing the Relationship Between Illegal Immigration, Drug Trafficking, and an Open Border.
Dissertation Proposal
Submitted to Northcentral University
School of Business
in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
by
HIBA AL MEHDI
San Deigo, California
September 2022
Acknowledgments Comment by Northcentral University: You may include an optional acknowledgements page in normal paragraph format in the dissertation manuscript. Do not include such a page in the dissertation proposal. The word Acknowledgements should be centered, bolded, and begin on its own page.
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Table of Contents Comment by Northcentral University: Use the Table of Contents feature in Word. For additional information on creating a table of contents, click here. For information on updating the table of contents, click here, and for video resources from the Academic Success Center on formatting the table of contents, click here. Do not manually add headings into the Table of Contents. The headings in the table of contents are populated from the Styles gallery using the APA Level 1 and Heading 2 styles. Only include APA heading levels 1 and 2 in the table of contents. Use the Heading 2 style from the Styles gallery to add level two headings in the document. Update the table of contents to reflect any new level 2 headings added to document. Comment by Northcentral University: For Academic Success Center resources on formatting the table of contents, click here. For assistance, use the videos in the Tables and Headers tab and handouts in the Format tab. Comment by Northcentral University: Ensure the headings in the table of contents match those in the document. Please note the place holders are included in this table of contents: “XXX” under Chapter 2 must be replaced with the themes generated from the integrative critical review of the literature. If your study is qualitative, “Operational Definitions of Variables” under Chapter 3 must be deleted. “XXX” under Chapter 4 must be replaced with “Trustworthiness” for a qualitative study, “Validity and Reliability” for a quantitative study, and “Trustworthiness/Validity and Reliability” for a mixed methods study. The number of research questions listed under Chapter 4 must align with the number of research questions in your study. Under Appendices, each “XXX” must be replaced with the titles of the appendix.
Introduction to Theoretical Framework 5
Introduction to Research Methodology and Design 6
Chapter 2: Literature Review 12
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework 12
Research Methodology and Design 15
Materials or Instrumentation 16
Operational Definitions of Variables 17
Chapter 5: Implications, Recommendations, and Conclusions 24
Recommendations for Practice 25
Recommendations for Future Research 25
Appendix A Cross-border drug trafficking cases nearly doubled in four years -E.U. Agency. 31
Appendix B Biden's Open Border Is Fueling the 'Deadliest Drug Epidemic in U.S. History. 32
Cross-border drug trafficking cases nearly doubled in four years -E.U. Agency……………….31
List of Tables Comment by Northcentral University: The words List of Tables should be centered, bolded, and begin on its own page Use the Table of Figures feature in Word and select “Table” as the caption label. For additional information and guidance, click here. Tip: For formatting the caption for tables, table headings should be double spaced and placed above the table. The word “Table” and the number should be bolded. The table title is in title case and italics. Comment by Northcentral University: Click here to review a video from the Academic Success Center on creating the List of Tables.
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List of Figures Comment by Northcentral University: The words List of Figures should be centered, bolded, and begin on its own page Use the Table of Figures feature in Word and select “Figure” as the caption label. For additional information and guidance, click here. Tip: For formatting the caption for figures, figure headings should be double spaced and placed above the figure. The word “Figure” and the number should be bolded. The figure title is in title case and italics. Comment by Northcentral University: Click here to review a video on creating the List of Figures.
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Chapter 1: Introduction Comment by Northcentral University: When preparing pagination, lowercase Roman numerals are used for the front matter pages prior to the first page of Chapter 1. The Roman numerals need to be centered and placed in the footer of each front matter page. Starting in Chapter 1, page numbers need to be placed at the upper right of each page header. Chapter headings are formatted as Level 1. Review a formatting APA headings video in the Academic Success Center here. APA Style recommends one space between sentences.
It is no secret that the United States shares a long and complex history with Mexico, particularly regarding immigration. In recent years, the issue of illegal immigration has again come to the forefront of public debates. Many people argue that the country's borders should be closed to prevent drug trafficking and other criminal activity ( Slack, 2019). However, others argue that an open border is necessary to allow people to seek a better life for themselves and their families. However, open borders provide drug traffickers with easy access to bring illegal drugs into the country. Therefore, it is necessary to research if there is a relationship between illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and an open border (Inés, 2019). According to Finley & Esposito (2020), there is no one answer to the question of whether the United States should have an open border. The issue is complex, and the researcher must consider various factors to allow future debates and discussions on the topic (Inés, 2019). Comment by Augusto, Daniel: Your last two statements summarized other people's arguments and then this seems to be your own argument. I would also present this an the argument of another (with a reference). That way you are keeping the same format.
A strong connection between illegal immigration, drug smuggling, and an open border would only exacerbate this problem (Finley & Esposito, 2020). Comment by Augusto, Daniel: This sentence is sitting by itself. I also don't understand what you are saying. What problem, specifically?
The current debate surrounding illegal immigration in the United States is highly polarizing and contentious (Inés, 2019). There is a wide range of opinions and perspectives on the matter, and the issue is of great importance to the country (Inés, 2019). According to Finley & Esposito (2020), tThere is often reference to illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and an open border in the same breath. (Finley & Esposito (2020). According to Finley & Esposito (2020), and there is a verysome researchers have found a close relationship between the three. A study by the University of Arizona found that "a 10 percent increase in border enforcement is associated with a 9 percent decrease in the probability of drug trafficking." (Davies, 2011, p. 12). A study by the RAND Corporation found that "the relationship between border enforcement and drug trafficking is small and not statistically significant"( pp. 340–345). In other words, the study found that drug trafficking is not significantly impacted by border enforcement. According to the Fiscal Year by Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the data haves changed since 2018. There areis more illegal border crossing and drug trafficking than ever before(reference). In the Fiscal Year 2018, CBP booked 4,657 pounds of narcotics, while in the Fiscal year 2021, 4,732 pounds of drugs were booked by CBP. Also, 11,623 non-documented immigrants entered the borders in 2018, while the number increased in 2021 to 13,883. However, the available research suggests a strong relationship between the three (Eshkobilov, 2022). Comment by Augusto, Daniel: This citation is not needed because of the one above.
According to Bauder (2017), illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and an open border are all interconnected issues. Research has shown that illegal immigration and drug trafficking are strongly linked, with drug trafficking being a significant reason why people choose to migrate illegally (multiple refs needed here). Illegal immigration is a significant and empirical issue since it affects health care, education, and food needs (Davis, 2011). The issue of drug trafficking is important since the open border in 2021 increased drug overdoses, public health, and safety. According to Eshkobilov (2022), the issue of illegal immigration is important because it challenges traditional ideas about borders and sovereignty. Every day, 300 people die from drug overdoses, especially fentanyl illegally smuggled into the U.S. through the open border. According to Cha (2020), the issue of an open border is important because it challenges the idea of the nation-state as a closed system. Comment by Augusto, Daniel: Not sure if you are stating this or one of your sources. Either way, this is a mighty strong statement. I would back off from saying the open border 'caused' these things. Your wording is also not saying what I think you intend.
During the Trump administration, illegal immigration and drug trafficking were critical priorities (ref to Trump’s priorities/agenda), and the border wall was starting to be built. Since 2021, the border has been open, and drugs and illegal immigrants are flowing into the country (ref to a source that shows an irrefutable increase in these). An estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants live in the United States (Meade & Nancy, 2018). Drug trafficking is at its height, resulting in the highest number of overdoses while the cartels make enormous profits. An estimated $100 billion of drugs are trafficked annually through the southern border (Meade & Nancy, 2018). Comment by Augusto, Daniel: You need sources that back up your arguments that these things are at their height. Not just high. You see the difference between those two arguments? You need a source to back up the specific argument you are making
Statement of the Problem Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Applied dissertations should be practice-based. The documented problem might be a practical problem or issue in the profession or study context for which there is not already an acceptable solution. When defining the problem, a clear distinction must be drawn between what exists currently and what is desired. An applied study does not necessarily require generalizable results beyond the study site; however, it must address a problem relevant and exists outside of the study site. Similarly, a PhD dissertation must focus on a problem relevant and exists outside of the study site. Additionally, the study must make a substantive, scholarly contribution to both the research and theory. Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Review the limitations and calls for future research in the relevant scholarly literature for guidance in identifying a problem. Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: There are a couple of group sessions in the Academic Success Center per week in which students can engage with a live academic coach as well as other students who share the goal of enhancing their problem statement development skills. Learn more about this session and find the link to register here.
The problem to be addressed in this study is to research if there is a relationship between illegal immigration, open border, and drug trafficking. Illegal activities such as drug trafficking and illegal immigration occur when there is a lack of border control (Cha, 2020). Open borders affect society, law enforcement, public safety, and the government. It also allows people from any country to enter the United States without background checks and provides the perfect environment for terrorism (Choi, 2018). Having an open border will make it easy for criminals from other nations to enter the United States (Hikmatullo Ogli, 2020). There is a challenge in controlling movements on an open border when immigration agencies fail to regulate people entering the country. According to Molobe & Odukoya (2021), increased cases of drug trafficking occur when people smuggle drugs across an open border, like the southern border between Mexico and the United States. In FY2021, CBP seized 624,500 pounds of drugs compared to the fiscal year 2020, the cocaine seizures increased by 68%; Methamphetamine seizures increased by 7%; Heroin seizures decreased by 6%; Fentanyl seizures increased by 134% (Seagren, 2020). Comment by Augusto, Daniel: This is not really a problem. This is more of a purpose or goal. The problem seems to be either drug trafficking or illegal immigration. Comment by Augusto, Daniel: If this is the crux of your study and reason, you will need to provide more support that one thing is associated with another. This is one reference to research in Nigeria. I think more is needed to make this argument, given how pivotal it is to your study and arguments.
The open southern borders are a problem because of the lack of policies regulating immigrants' entry into the country and promoting illegal channels and cartels to traffic immigrants. In 2021, 1.6 million immigrants crossed the New Mexico border (Hikmatullo Ogli, 2020; Gramlich & Scheller, 2021). According to the 2020 statistics, California recorded 879,064 illegal immigrants, Arizona 860,100, Texas 2, 434,899, and New Mexico 11,098 illegal immigrants that were deported (Trac, 2022).
Purpose of the Study Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: The Academic Success Center has a weekly group session on Purpose Statements. Learn more about this session and find the link to register here.
The purpose of this quantitative study is to examine the relationship between open borders, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration. The methodology will be quantitative with a case study design. Publicly accessible databases, for example, the United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the Department of Homeland Security, and other peer-reviewed resources will be used to generate data. The independent variable will be open borders, while the dependent variables are illegal immigration and drug trafficking. This data will include information from California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The proximity of these states to the border between the United States and Mexico makes them excellent locations for carrying out research and gathering data (Goneppanavar et al., 2019). Comment by Augusto, Daniel: I have never heard of a quant case study. Make sure you are well versed on this specifically.
I will ensure that the data is reliable, valid, and free of bias. The study will use data from publicly accessible resources. The research will use a theoretical framework and specifically social theory. Also, some of the publicly accessible resources will be used, including DHS and CBP databases between 2010 and 2021 from the four states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Prior to data collection, I will obtain IRB approval for the research. Data will be analyzed using the SPSS software program. An Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed to determine the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Based on the p-value, the researcher will determine whether to accept or reject the null hypotheses. The findings would represent a significant advance in comprehending the difficulties posed by open borders and the impact that this has on the illegal trafficking of drugs and immigration into the United States. Comment by Augusto, Daniel: I think you are going to have a lot of trouble controlling for the myriad other potential variables out there that could be at play. How will you address omitted variable bias?
Introduction to Theoretical Framework Comment by Northcentral University: Select the heading that reflects whether you are using a theoretical or conceptual framework, but do not keep both words in the title. For PhD - Theoretical Framework, for applied doctorate Conceptual Framework.
I will guide the research using a theoretical framework. In particular, the social theory. The study of social theory focuses on societies' origins, structure, and functioning (Macionis, 2018). Social theory is important in this research because it will help to explain the relationship between open borders, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration. The key concepts used in this study are social structure, social change, and social inequality. Social structure refers to how society is organized (Macionis, 2018). It includes the institutions and relationships that makeup society. Social change is how society changes over time (Macionis, 2018). It can be caused by various factors, such as technological innovation, economic change, or political change. Social inequality refers to how some people have more power, resources, or prestige than others (Macionis, 2018).
It can be caused by class, race, or gender factors. The propositions relevant to this study are as follows: Comment by Augusto, Daniel: What can be caused? Also, are you sure it is 'caused' it is difficult to prove a causal relationship.
1) Open borders lead to increased drug trafficking.
2) Open borders lead to increased illegal immigration.
3) Social inequality leads to increased drug trafficking.
4) Social inequality leads to increased illegal immigration.
According to the first proposition, open borders increase drug trafficking. As a result, drug traffickers can transport drugs more easily across poorly protected borders. It is also stated in the second proposition that open borders promote illegal immigration. The reason is that illegal immigrants can more easily cross poorly protected borders. Drug trafficking is increased by social inequality, according to the third proposition. Due to economic disadvantages, people who turn to drug trafficking to make money are more likely to engage in it. The fourth proposition states that social inequality leads to increased illegal immigration. The reason is that economically disadvantaged people are more likely to migrate illegally to find work.
The theoretical framework guided the research decisions by helping to develop the problem statement, purpose statement, and research questions. The problem statement was developed by considering how open borders can lead to increased drug trafficking and illegal immigration. The purpose statement was developed by considering how the research could help improve understanding of the problems posed by open borders. The research questions were developed by considering the key concepts of social structure, social change, and social inequality. This research also used the theoretical framework to guide the data collection and analysis. The data collection focuses on gathering data on the relationship between open borders, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration. The data analysis focused on examining how social inequality can lead to increased drug trafficking and illegal immigration.
Introduction to Research Methodology and Design
The research method used for the study is the quantitative research method. The term "quantitative research method" describes an approach to studying social, economic, and psychological phenomena (Crowe et al., 2017). Quantitative research is distinguished by its emphasis on collecting numerical data and its application to the generalization of findings across populations or the explanation of a specific topic. Researchers can perform simple to highly complex statistical analyses. For instance, it is summarizing the information, illustrating correlations, or comparing different sets of summarized data (Kibuacha, 2021). Quantitative research is known to approve or disapprove a hypothesis, making it significant to use in this important research study. Comment by Augusto, Daniel: Usually the method is more specific. What type of quant research?
The design for this study will be a case study design. A case study, as opposed to a more general statistical survey, investigates one specific instance in greater detail (Crowe et al., 2017). It is a strategy for condensing a vast study domain into a single subject that can be investigated relatively easily. The case study approach will incorporate data from databases like the United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and other scholarly publications. Data triangulation is a strategy that boosts a study's credibility, gathering information from separate sources. This strategy ensures that its findings are reliable (i.e., the degree to which the method is suitable for answering the research questions). The underlying assumption is that evidence gathered using diverse methods should lead to comparable findings (Crowe et al., 2017). To guarantee external validity, researchers must use statistically and demographically accurate data. Therefore, all the data from chosen databases will be analyzed to ensure that the findings reliably extrapolated to the population
The quantitative methodology and case study design are appropriate in addressing the research problem to investigate whether there is a correlation between illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and open borders. The quantitative method would facilitate sourcing numerical data and promote an accurate generalization of the results. This procedure made significant inferences about the Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection (CBP) data. Generalize it, and ascertain whether there is any correlation between the variables, thereby accurately addressing the research problem and purpose. The research ensures that it is conducted according to the quantitative technique requirements that guarantee an accurate outcome that offers a more significant conclusion. The research would target responding to the research questions and proving the hypothesis.
The research aims to determine if illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and open borders are correlated. The case study approach is the best option for the investigation because it collects a variety of perspectives, in contrast to the singular view obtained from an individual respondent in surveys or interviews. This approach allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the topic and lessens the likelihood of bias. The enormous data from numerous databases guarantee correctness and representativeness, ensuring internal and external validity. The quantitative research approach ensures that the study's aim is deducible from the problem statement and that the research questions contribute to answering the study's overarching aim (Ratelle et al., 2019). Alignment is crucial to ensure the research study is well-designed and founded on sound reasoning.
I will use a purposive sampling method in selecting the databases containing data on drug trafficking and illegal immigration in those specific states such as California, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. I will also draw data for the study from publicly available sources like CBP and DHS databases and other scholarly works. The data sourced from the organization was analyzed to get insight specifically on drug trafficking and illegal immigration, particularly in the states mentioned above. Kibuacha (2022) suggested that if the target population is considerably small, it is possible to sample the entire population to acquire an accurate picture and significantly lessen the uncertainty involved. This strategy will also remove the potential for bias in sample selection, which is a problem with many studies that use random samples. Before data collection begins, approval from the IRB is required. The researcher will use the SPSS software to perform the statistical data analysis. To confirm or refute the existence of a correlation between the dependent and independent variables, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed. The p-value will provide the basis for the researcher to decide whether accept or reject the null hypothesis. Comment by Augusto, Daniel: I think more info is needed here on the years and data specifics. How will you incorporate open borders?
Research Questions Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Research questions beginning with “To what extent…” or “Under what conditions…” yield more meaningful data than questions that generate yes/no responses such as “Is Variable 1 significantly related to Variable 2?”
The research evaluates the relationship between illegal immigration, the flow of illicit drugs, and open borders.
RQ1 Comment by Augusto, Daniel: I think this is overly complex. Couldn't you just examine relationship between illegal immigration and drugs or open borders and drugs?
To what extent, if any, is there a relationship between illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and open border?
H1o
There is no statistical significant correlation between illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and an open border.
H1a
There is a statistically significant relationship between illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and an open border.
RQ2
To what extent, if any, are open borders promoting terrorism activities? Comment by Augusto, Daniel: I don't think you established enough of a foundation to go into terrorism. I would make this an RQ about whichever variable you don't cover in RQ 1.
H10
There is no significant correlation between open borders and the promotion of terrorist activities
H1a
There is statistical significance in the correlation between an open border and the promotion of terrorism activities.
Significance of the Study Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Consider the professional and academic audiences who might be interested in the study results and why.
The current debate surrounding illegal immigration in the United States is highly polarizing and contentious (Inés, 2019). There is a wide range of opinions and perspectives on the matter, and the issue is of great importance to the country (Inés, 2019).
This research is important, especially for policymakers, to evaluate current information and the need for immigration policy changes and enforcing drug trafficking. In addition, it provides an in-depth analysis of illegal immigration and the chain of distribution for illegal drugs in the United States due to the open borders (Izcara Palacios, 2019).
The findings would represent a significant advance in comprehending the difficulties posed by open borders and the impact that this has on the illegal trafficking of drugs and immigration into the United States. This research is important for leaders and practitioners in the field because it can help them evaluate current information and the need for immigration policy changes and enforcing drug trafficking. The findings would contribute to the literature by providing a better understanding of the difficulties posed by open borders and the impact that this has on the illegal trafficking of drugs and immigration into the United States.
This research is also significant because it can help to inform and shape policy decisions regarding illegal immigration and drug trafficking. This study's findings may help improve current policies and procedures related to these issues. In addition, the research could help to raise awareness of the problem of illegal immigration and drug trafficking and the need for practical solutions to address these challenges.
Definitions of Key Terms
1. Drug trafficking: The illegal trade of drugs. Comment by Augusto, Daniel: Reference needed
2. Illegal immigration: This is Immigration that occurs when people enter a country without the government’s permission or stay in a country longer than their visa allows (Gramlich & Scheller, 2021).
3. Open borders: A policy with no restrictions on the movement of people between countries (Davis, 2011).
Summary
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between open borders, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration. The study will use data from publicly accessible resources, such as the United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and the Department of Homeland Security, to generate data. The data will be analyzed using the SPSS software program. An Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed to determine the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Based on the p-value, the researcher will determine whether to accept or reject the null hypotheses. This research is important, especially for policymakers, to evaluate current information and the need for immigration policy changes and enforcing drug trafficking. In addition, it provides an in-depth analysis of illegal immigration and the chain of distribution for illegal drugs in the United States due to the open borders (Izcara Palacios, 2019). The findings would represent a significant advance in comprehending the difficulties posed by open borders and the impact that this has on the illegal trafficking of drugs and immigration into the United States.
Chapter 2: Literature Review Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Think of Chapter 2 as a funnel and lead the reader from the broad context of the study to an explanation of why this specific study is needed. Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: To ensureyour study is relevant and current, continue to expand and update the literature review through the final dissertation manuscript draft. Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: For exemplars on what synthesis and critical analysis look like, try searching for published literature using the following terms “critical review of the literature [school]”, inserting the name of your school. Comment by Northcentral University: The Academic Success Center has a weekly group session on Synthesis and Analysis. Learn more about this session and find the link to register here.
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Checklist:
☐Begin with the first sentence of the purpose statement and problem statement that leads to a brief explanation of the organization of the literature review. Do not simply cut and paste the Purpose Statement section from Chapter 1.
☐ Provide an overview of the sub-headings in the literature that will be discussed.
☐At the end of this section, indicate the databases accessed and the search engines used. Discuss all the search parameters, including the search terms and their combinations (with more detailed search terms located in an appendix, if appropriate), years' range, and literature types.
☐Devote approximately 30 to 60 pages to this chapter to include citations to at least 50 relevant sources. Comment by Northcentral University: Chapter 2 includes the statement that it is to have 30-60 pages. Depending on the topic this can be shorter. Refer to your Chair for guidance.
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework Comment by Northcentral University: Select the heading that reflects whether you are using a theoretical or conceptual framework, but do not keep both words in the title. For PhD - Theoretical Framework, for applied doctorate Conceptual Framework.
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☐Describe the guiding theoretical/conceptual framework of the study, including the definitions of all the concepts, an explanation of the relationships among the concepts, and a presentation of all the assumptions and propositions.
☐Explain the origin and development of the framework. Demonstrate detailed knowledge of and familiarity with both the historical and the current literature on the framework.
☐Identify existing research studies that used this framework in a similar way. Mention alternative frameworks, with a justification of why the selected framework was chosen.
☐ Describe how and why the selected framework relates to the present study and how it guided the development of the problem statement, purpose statement, and research questions.
Subtopic Comment by Northcentral University: Replace “Subtopic” with an idea from the integrative critical review of the literature. Repeat this process until each idea is included.
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Level 3 Heading Comment by Northcentral University: The level 3 heading is flush left, bolded, and italicized. The title should be in tile case, and the text begins as a new paragraph after the heading. Apply additional level 3 headings using the Heading 3 style options under the Styles gallery. Use APA’s Headings guide to assist with proper header formatting. Comment by Northcentral University: If additional subheadings are needed, use this format per APA guidelines.
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Level 4 Heading. Text... Comment by Northcentral University: The level 4 heading is indented and bolded. The title should be in tile case, and the title ends with a period. The text begins directly after the heading in normal paragraph format. Apply additional level 4 headings using the Heading 4 style option in the Styles gallery. Use APA’s Headings guide to assist with proper header formatting.
Checklist:
☐Critically analyze (i.e., note the strengths and weaknesses) and synthesize (i.e., integrate) the existing research. Rather than reporting on each study independently, describe everything known on the topic by reviewing the entire body of work.
☐Present a balanced integrative critical review of the literature, ensuring all points of view are included. Cover all the important issues with a discussion of areas of convergence (i.e., agreement) and divergence (i.e., disagreement). Provide potential explanations for areas of divergence. Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Use the Academic Success Center’s Synthesis and Analysis guide that has several resources, including a synthesis matrix to assist with this section.
☐ Address issues of authority, audience, and/or bias/point of view in the sources used.
Summary Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: In essence, the summary is the “take-home” message of the integrative critical review of the literature with a specific emphasis on how the literature supports the need for your study.
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Checklist:
☐Briefly restate the key points discussed in the chapter. Review the headings and/or table of contents to ensure all key points are covered.
☐ Highlight areas of convergence and divergence as well as gaps in the literature that support the need for the study. This discussion should logically lead to Chapter 3, where the research methodology and design will be discussed.
Chapter 3: Research Method
Checklist:
☐ Begin with an introduction and restatement of the problem and purpose sentences verbatim. Comment by Northcentral University: You can copy and paste from your Chapter 1.
☐ Provide a brief overview of the contents of this chapter, including a statement that identifies the research methodology and design.
Research Methodology and Design Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: The Academic Success Center has a weekly group session on Writing Research Design. Learn more about this session and find the link to register here.
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Checklist:
☐ Describe the research methodology and design. Elaborate upon their appropriateness in relation to the study problem, purpose, and research questions.
☐ Identify alternative methodologies and designs and indicate why they were determined to be less appropriate than the ones selected. Do not simply list and describe research methodologies and designs in general.
Population and Sample Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Depending on the study design, the population might include but not be limited to a group of people, a set of organizations, documents, or archived data.
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Checklist:
☐ Describe the population, including the estimated size and relevant characteristics.
☐ Explain why the population is appropriate, given the study problem, purpose, and research questions.
☐ Describe the sample that will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) obtained.
☐ Explain why the sample is appropriate, given the study problem, purpose, and research questions.
☐Explain the type of sampling used and why it is appropriate for the dissertation proposal methodology and design.For design. For qualitative studies, evidence must be presented that saturation will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) reached. For quantitative studies, a power analysis must be reported to include the parameters (e.g., effect size, alpha, beta, and number of groups) included, and evidence must be presented that the minimum required sample size will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) reached.
☐ Describe how the participants will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) recruited (e.g., email lists from professional organizations, flyers) and/or the data will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) obtained (e.g., archived data, public records) with sufficient detail so the study could be replicated. Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Many qualitative and mixed methods studies require multiple sources of data. Describe how the data will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) obtained from each source.
Materials or Instrumentation Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: In quantitative studies, the development of a new instrument is discouraged due to the time and skills required to create a valid and reliable instrument. A thorough and extensive search of the literature should be done to locate an appropriate psychometrically sound instrument. However, if such an instrument is not located after a thorough search, and you plan to develop a new instrument, consult survey item and instrument development resources and plan piloting and validation procedures. Describe the development process in detail and provide evidence of the instrument’s validity and reliability. Include the final instrument developed based on those findings. The evidence of validity and reliability should be reported in Chapter 4. In qualitative studies, using a newly developed interview protocol based on the literature is more common and acceptable. Describe the development process in detail followed by the field testing processes used and subsequent modification made. Comment by Northcentral University: Select the heading that reflects which of the two you will be doing.
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Checklist:
☐ Describe the instruments (e.g., tests, questionnaires, observation protocols) that will be(proposal) or were (manuscript) used, including information on their origin and evidence of their reliability and validity. OR as applicable, describe the materials to be used (e.g., lesson plans for interventions, webinars, or archived data, etc.).
☐ Describe in detail any field testing or pilot testing of instruments to include their results and any subsequent modifications. Comment by Northcentral University: Verify with the IRB whether permission is needed or a pilot application needs to be completed. Locate IRB resources here.
☐If instruments or materials are used that were developed by another researcher, include evidence in the appendix that permission was granted to use the instrument(s) and/or material(s) and refer to that fact and the appendix in this section.
Operational Definitions of Variables Comment by Northcentral University: Include this section in quantitative/mixed methods studies only. Comment by Northcentral University: Operational definitions are distinct from the conceptual definitions provided in the Definition of Terms section. Specifically, operational definitions indicate how the variables will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) measured. Comment by Northcentral University: A paragraph is not required to introduce the operational definitions; a single sentence introducing this section is sufficient.
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XXX Comment by Northcentral University: Replace “XXX” with the first study variable. Repeat this process for all the study variables. Maintain Level 3 heading formatting for each variable.
Text…
Checklist:
☐ For quantitative and mixed methods studies, identify how each variable will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) used in the study. Use terminology appropriate for the selected statistical test (e.g., independent/dependent, predictor/criterion, mediator, moderator).
☐ Base the operational definitions on published research and valid and reliable instruments.
☐ Identify the specific instrument that will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) used to measure each variable.
☐ Describe the level of measurement of each variable (e.g., nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio), potential scores for each variable (e.g., the range [0–100] or levels [low, medium, high]), and data sources. If appropriate, identify what specific scores (e.g., subscale scores, total scores) will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) included in the analysis and how they will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) derived (e.g., calculating the sum, difference, average).
Study Procedures
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☐ Describe the exact steps that will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) followed to collect the data, addressing what data as well as how, when, from where, and from whom those data will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) collected in enough detail the study can be replicated.
Data Analysis Comment by Northcentral University: The Academic Success Center has a weekly group session on both Writing Quantitative and Writing Qualitative Analysis. Learn more about these sessions and find the link to register here.
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☐ Describe the strategies that will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) used to code and/or analyze the data, and any software that will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) used.
☐ Ensure the data that will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) analyzed can be used to answer the research questions and/or test the hypotheses with the ultimate goal of addressing the identified problem.
☐ Use proper terminology in association with each design/analysis (e.g., independent variable and dependent variable for an experimental design, predictor and criterion variables for regression).
☐For quantitative studies, describe the analysis that will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) used to test each hypothesis. Provide evidence the statistical test chosen is appropriate to test the hypotheses and the data meet the assumptions of the statistical tests.
☐For qualitative studies, describe how the data will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) processed and analyzed, including any triangulation efforts. Explain the role of the researcher.
☐For mixed methods studies, include all of the above.
Assumptions Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Assumptions, limitations, and delimitations are related but distinct concepts. For additional information, click here.
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☐ Discuss the assumptions along with the corresponding rationale underlying them.
Limitations Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: The study limitations will be revisited in Chapter 5.
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☐ Describe the study limitations.
☐ Discuss the measures taken to mitigate these limitations.
Delimitations Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Limited time and resources are not considered to be limitations or delimitations, as all studies are limited by these factors.
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☐ Describe the study delimitations along with the corresponding rationale underlying them. An example of delimitations are the conditions and parameters set intentionally by the researcher or by selection of the population and sample.
☐ Explain how these research decisions relate to the existing literature and theoretical/conceptual framework, problem statement, purpose statement, and research questions.
Ethical Assurances Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: When research involves human subjects, certain ethical issues can occur. They include but are not limited to protection from harm, informed consent, right to privacy, and honesty with professional colleagues.
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☐ Confirm in a statement the study will (proposal) or did (manuscript) receive approval from Northcentral University’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) prior to data collection.
☐If the risk to participants is greater than minimal, discuss the relevant ethical issues and how they will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) addressed. Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: For guidance on ethical considerations in human subjects research, click here.
☐ Describe how confidentiality or anonymity will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) achieved.
☐ Identify how the data will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) securely stored in accordance with IRB requirements.
☐ Describe the role of the researcher in the study. Discuss relevant issues, including biases as well as personal and professional experiences with the topic, problem, or context. Present the strategies that will be (proposal) or were (manuscript) used to prevent these biases and experiences from influencing the analysis or findings.
☐ In the dissertation manuscript only, include the IRB approval letter in an appendix.
Summary
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☐ Summarize the key points presented in the chapter.
☐ Logically lead the reader to the next chapter on the findings of the study.
Chapter 4: Findings
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☐Begin with an introduction and restatement of the problem and purpose sentences verbatim and the organization of the chapter.
☐ Organize the entire chapter around the research questions/hypotheses. Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Review peer-reviewed research articles to locate examples of how to report results generated using the research design used in your study.
XXX of the Data Comment by Northcentral University: Replace “XXX” with “Trustworthiness” for a qualitative study or “Validity and Reliability” for a quantitative study. For mixed methods studies, replace “XXX” with “Trustworthiness/Validity and Reliability.”.
Checklist:
☐ For qualitative studies, clearly identify the means by which the trustworthiness of the data was established. Discuss credibility (e.g., triangulation, member checks), transferability (e.g., the extent to which the findings are generalizable to other situations), dependability (e.g., an in-depth description of the methodology and design to allow the study to be repeated), and confirmability (e.g., the steps to ensure the data and findings are not due to participant and/or researcher bias).
☐ For quantitative studies, explain the extent to which the data meet the assumptions of the statistical test and identify any potential factors that might impact the interpretation of the findings. Provide evidence of the psychometric soundness (i.e., adequate validity and reliability) of the instruments from the literature as well as in this study (as appropriate). Do not merely list and describe all the measures of validity and reliability.
☐ Mixed methods studies should include discussions of the trustworthiness of the data as well as validity and reliability.
Results Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Present sufficient information so the reader can make an independent judgment regarding the interpretation of the findings.
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☐ Briefly discuss the overall study. Organize the presentation of the results by the research questions/hypotheses.
☐ Objectively report the results of the analysis without discussion, interpretation, or speculation.
☐ Provide an overview of the demographic information collected. It can be presented in a table. Ensure no potentially identifying information is reported.
Research Question 1/Hypothesis Comment by Northcentral University: Repeat this process for each research question.
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☐ Report all the results (without discussion) salient to the research question/hypothesis. Identify common themes or patterns.
☐Use tables and/or figures to report the results as appropriate. Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Tables and figures should not be included on the same page. If you introduce a table or figure in the middle of the page and there is not enough room to include the entire table or figure on the page, it must be placed on the next page. Perform a hard right return (hold down the shift key while hitting the return key) and begin the table on the next page. Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Tables and figures should be placed with the corresponding research question. The formatting of tables varies, depending on the statistical test. Follow APA formatting requirements for tables, titles, figures, and captions. Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Tables and figures must be referenced in the text. Please refer to APA guidelines regarding when and how to use tables and figures. Do not fully describe data in the text and also present them in a table.
☐ For quantitative studies, report any additional descriptive information as appropriate. Identify the assumptions of the statistical test and explain how the extent to which the data met these assumptions was tested. Report any violations and describe how they were managed as appropriate. Make decisions based on the results of the statistical analysis. Include relevant test statistics, p values, and effect sizes in accordance with APA requirements.
☐For qualitative studies, describe the steps taken to analyze the data to explain how the themes and categories were generated. Include thick descriptions of the participants’ experiences. Provide a comprehensive and coherent reconstruction of the information obtained from all the participants.
☐ For mixed methods studies, include all of the above.
Evaluation of the Findings Comment by Northcentral University: The Academic Success Center has a weekly group session on both Writing Quantitative and Writing Qualitative Analysis. Learn more about these sessions and find the link to register here.
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☐ Interpret the results in light of the existing research and theoretical or conceptual framework (as discussed in Chapters 1 and 2). Briefly indicate the extent to which the results were consistent with existing research and theory.
☐ Organize this discussion by research question/hypothesis.
☐ Do not draw conclusions beyond what can be interpreted directly from the results.
☐ Devote approximately one to two pages to this section.
Summary
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☐ Summarize the key points presented in the chapter.
Chapter 5: Implications, Recommendations, and Conclusions Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: A common tendency is to rush through Chapter 5 and fail to develop ideas fully. Take time to remember why the study was important in the first place and ensure Chapter 5 demonstrates and reflects the depth and importance of the study. Refer back to the study problem and significance and consider what professional and academic organizations might be interested in your research findings. As you complete Chapter 5, seek out avenues to present and publish your research.
Begin writing here…
Checklist:
☐Begin with an introduction and restatement of the problem and purpose sentences verbatim, and a brief review of methodology, design, results, and limitations.
☐ Conclude with a brief overview of the chapter.
Implications
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☐ Organize the discussion around each research question and (when appropriate) hypothesis individually. Support all the conclusions with one or more findings from the study.
☐ Discuss any factors that might have influenced the interpretation of the results.
☐ Present the results in the context of the study by describing the extent to which they address the study problem and purpose and contribute to the existing literature and framework described in Chapter 2.
☐ Describe the extent to which the results are consistent with existing research and theory and provide potential explanations for unexpected or divergent results.
☐Identify the most significant implications and consequences of the dissertation (whether positive and/or negative) to society/desired societal outcomes and distinguish probable from improbable implications.
Research Question 1/Hypothesis Comment by Northcentral University: Repeat this process for each research question.
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Recommendations for Practice
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☐ Discuss recommendations for how the findings of the study can be applied to practice and/or theory. Support all the recommendations with at least one finding from the study and frame them in the literature from Chapter 2.
☐ Do not overstate the applicability of the findings.
Recommendations for Future Research
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☐Based on the framework, findings, and implications, explain what future researchers might do to learn from and build upon this study. Justify these explanations.
☐ Discuss how future researchers can improve upon this study, given its limitations.
☐ Explain what the next logical step is in this line of research.
Conclusions
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☐ Provide a strong, concise conclusion to include a summary of the study, the problem addressed, and the importance of the study.
☐ Present the “take-home message” of the entire study.
☐ Emphasize what the results of the study mean with respect to previous research and either theory (PhD studies) or practice (applied studies).
References Comment by Northcentral University: Tip: Create your reference list as you develop each section. As each citation is included in the paper, insert the reference in this section. Use the level 1 heading for the References title. If using a citation software, ensure all information is included and properly formatted. Although such programs can be helpful, they are not always correct. Comment by Northcentral University: For each reference listed, there must be at least one corresponding citation within the body of the text and vice versa. The References should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author. Note. Academic Writer, an APA Style resource provided to NCU students, has over 150 sample references. Learn how to register for an account here.
Bauder, H. (2017). Perspectives of Open Borders and No Border. Geography Compass, 9(7),395-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12224
Brydges, C. (2019). Effect Size Guidelines, Sample Size Calculations, and Statistical Power in Gerontology. Innovation In Aging, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz036
Cha, Y. (2020). Rethinking Illegal Immigrants from a Critical Perspective -Whether or not to Blame Illegal Immigration and the Government Capability to Manage Illegal Immigration-. Journal of Multi-Cultural Contents Studies, 35, 293-329. https://doi.org/10.15400/mccs.2020.12.35.293
Choi, S. W. (2018). Does restrictive immigration policy reduce terrorism in Western democracies? Perspectives on terrorism, 12(4), 14-25.
Crowe, S., Creswell, K., Robertson, A., Huby, G., Avery, A., & Sheikh, A. (2017). The case study approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1771-2298-11-100
Davis, D. E. (2011). Irregular armed forces, shifting patterns of commitment, and fragmented sovereignty in the developing world. In Contention and trust in cities and states (pp. 249-265). Springer, Dordrecht.https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-0756-6_17
Eshkobilov, S. (2022). Criminological description of organized crime. The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology, 4(04), 1-6.https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/tajpslc/article/view/6805
Fazel-Zarandi, M. M., Feinstein, J. S., & Kaplan, E. H. (2018). The number of undocumented immigrants in the United States: Estimates based on demographic modeling with data from 1990 to 2016. PloS one, 13(9), e0201193.
Finley, L., & Esposito, L. (2020). The immigrant as bogeyman: Examining Donald Trump and the right’s anti-immigrant, anti-PC rhetoric. Humanity & Society, 44(2), 178-197.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0160597619832627
Gramlich, J., & Scheller, A. (2021). What is happening at the U.S.-Mexico border in 7 charts? Pew Research Center. Retrieved 26 August 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/11/09/whats-happening-at-the-u-s-mexico-border-in-7-charts/
Hikmatullo Ogli, S. (2020). Regional Mechanisms against Illegal Drug Trafficking. The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology, 02(10), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume02issue10-15
Inés Ospina, G. (2019). THE ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION FLOWS TO THE SOUTHERN BORDER OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. UNISCI Discussion Papers, (50).https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=16962206&AN=142449188&h=dZyOMZBjX8SpAZjAfeWwgLvCMNg3Rs1kjYkR9tNsgHuv55HF1OpvHKxs%2BNadhZRpXIrLzgMjz3Jh%2Fy7b%2BNveqg%3D%3D&crl=c
Izcara Palacios, S. (2019). Corruption at the Border: Intersections between U.S. Labour Demands, Border Control, and Human Smuggling Economies. Antipode, 51(4), 1210-1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12527
Khullar, D., & Chokshi, D. A. (2019). Challenges for immigrant health in the USA—the road to crisis. The Lancet, 393(10186), 2168-2174.
Kibuacha, F. (2021). How to Determine Sample Size for a Research Study - GeoPoll. GeoPoll. Retrieved August 22, 2022, from https://www.geopoll.com/blog/sample-size-research/.
Margulies, P. (2019). The Boundaries of Habeas: Due Process, the Suspension Clause, and Judicial Review of Expedited Removal Under the Immigration and Nationality Act. Geo. Immigr. L.J., 34, 405.
Meade & Nancy (2018). "The Effect of Border Enforcement on Drug Trafficking into the United States." The Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 54, no. 2, 2011, pp. 377-394.https://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1998-01-01_1.pdf
Miller, R., & Baumeister, S. (2017). Managing Migration: Is border control fundamental to anti-trafficking and anti-smuggling interventions? Anti-Trafficking Review, (2). https://doi.org/10.14297/atr.20171321
Molobe, I., & Odukoya, O. (2021). The prevalence of drug use and illicit trafficking: A descriptive cross-sectional study of irregular migrant returnees in Nigeria. Journal Of Migration And Health, 3, 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100034
OnaTypicalDayinFiscalYear2018,CBP. Retrieved: https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/cbp-enforcement-statistics
Ratelle, J., Sawatsky, A., & Beckman, T. (2019). Quantitative Research Methods in Medical Education. Anesthesiology, 131(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002727
Seagren, C. W. (2020). U.S. Customs and Border Protection policy routinely violates stated core values. Available at SSRN 3674321. https://www.cbp.gov/document/stats/nationwide-drug-seizures
Slack, J. (2019). Deported to death: How drug violence is changing migration on the US–Mexico border (Vol. 45). University of California Press.
Trac. (2022). Latest Data: Immigration and Customs Enforcement Removals. Trac.syr.edu. Retrieved 26 August 2022, from https://trac.syr.edu/phptools/immigration/remove/.
Appendix A Cross-border drug trafficking cases nearly doubled in four years -E.U. Agency. Comment by Northcentral University: Each appendix referenced in the text should appear in this section at the end of the manuscript. Appendices should be listed in the order referenced in the text. Remember to include each appendix in your Table of Contents. Apply the level 1 heading for each appendix title and the appendix name. Replace “XXX” with the appendix name.
Tosh, S. (2021). Drug Prohibition and The Criminalization of Immigrants: The
compounding of drug war disparities in the United States deportation regime. International Journal of Drug Policy, 87, 102846.
Retrieved from: Drug prohibition and the criminalization of immigrants: The compounding of drug war disparities in the United States deportation regime.
Deportations due to drug convictions are only one aspect of the growing "crimmigration nexus" between the criminal justice system and immigration enforcement agencies. As illustrated by this article, from 2009-2016, an average of 34,600 noncitizens have deported annually due to drug charges (U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 2017). In 2018, 76,585 noncitizens were seized by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for drug crimes, second only to those apprehended for DUI (U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 2018).
There is much proof and backing for the statements made in the text. There are current examples and references to research that might help any reader regarding the relationship that exists between immigration and drug trafficking. The primary sources for this article come from a year of ethnographic observation of removal procedures in the New York City immigration court and 39 interviews with immigration attorneys, criminal lawyers, and activists. Added are summaries of related policies and studies on deportation for drug offenses.
Appendix B Biden's Open Border Is Fueling the 'Deadliest Drug Epidemic in U.S. History.
PRESTON. B. (2021). Biden's Open Border Is Fueling the 'Deadliest Drug Epidemic in U.S. History. Retrieved from Biden's Open Border Is Fueling the 'Deadliest Drug Epidemic in U.S. History' – P.J. Media
This article published on the P.J. media illustrates how the US-Mexico border worsened after Biden's open border policy. The author argues that the open border is helping to spread lawlessness. Now that the border is open, fentanyl, an opioid, is pouring in. The article vividly illustrated how the highly addictive and deadly narcotic fentanyl had flooded the southern border due to the porous border and poor security relations with Mexico. More than three times as much fentanyl as they did in the same period the year before was captured by customs officials between October 2020 and March 2021. Since 2019, cartel earnings have skyrocketed thanks to rising demand in the United States. In 2016, illegal narcotics caused the deaths of more than 90,000.
Appendix C
Cross-border drug trafficking cases nearly doubled in four years -E.U. Agency.
Reuters (2021). Cross-border drug trafficking cases nearly doubled in four years -E.U. Agency. Retrieved from Cross-border drug trafficking cases nearly doubled in four years -E.U. agency | Reuters
This article published on the Reuters website illustrates how an open border increases the cases of drug trafficking. According to the article's author, the number of cases involving transnational drug trafficking almost quadrupled from 279 in 2016 to 562 in 2020, according to a European prosecutor's organization study. Nearly a third of them were new and synthetic medications. This surprising information was primarily due to the massive growth in the creation of synthetic substances. Prosecutors in the European Union have a significant problem responding to the rising volume of synthetic drug manufacture and sales on the dark web.
The author has clearly illustrated several factors related to the dramatic increase in illegal immigration. As international commerce has become more integrated, people have more freedom to travel. The United States has the proper infrastructure and rules for immigrant entrepreneurs because of its advanced economy.
