week8 - Signature Assignment: Developing My Topic and My Literature Review

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Choose a Research Topic

Hiba Al Mehdi

School of Business, Northcentral University

BUS-7100: Scholarly Literature Review

Dr. Richard Thompson

October 3, 2021

Richard C. Thompson, Ph.D. Grade – 9.5/10	10/6/2021
Assignment: Choose a Research Topic
Week 7 Requirements	Feedback
The problem statement is between 250-300 words. It describes the gap in the literature or the problem found in the research. It is something that has not been solved. A problem statement is used to describe what the researcher intends to solve. Include the following items in your draft:	I see you changed your topic since Week 5 – this is acceptable and I think the topic is clearer as well. See comment on formatting of your Problem Statement and need for supporting research. See comments on Purpose Statement. See comments on your Theoretical Framework. I look forward to your revisions in Week 8’s assignment
1. Write a problem statement with no more than 250 words. 1. Write a purpose statement using the directions below. 1. Include two or three paragraphs about a theory or conceptual framework. 1. Add your annotated bibliography from previous work.
From the dissertation template, use the following points to write a purpose statement: Begin with a succinct purpose statement that identifies the study method, design, and overarching goal: “The purpose of this [identify research methodology] [identify research design] study is to [identify the goal of the dissertation that directly reflects and encompasses the research questions that will follow].”
1. Indicate how the study is a logical, explicit research response to the stated problem and the research questions that will follow. 1. Continue with a brief and clear step-by-step overview of how the study will be (proposal) or was (manuscript) conducted. 1. Identify the variables/constructs, materials/instrumentation, and analysis. 1. Identify the target population and sample size that will be needed (proposal) or was obtained (manuscript).
Length: 10-12 pages total, not including title and reference pages. Include a minimum of seven scholarly resources.
Work is free of spelling, punctuation, grammar, & word usage errors. APA was used for citations and references.

Running head: DRAFT OF RESEARCH TOPIC 2

Business Performance Risks Caused by Outsourcing of Information Technology.

The information technology (IT) growth has resulted in the rise of transaction demand by consumers and businesses. The majority of the organization's technical teams are ever-present to solve any emerging needs. Following rampant business needs growth, organizations are on a mission to keep the source and demand of particular information technology functions intact. The world's globalization has changed the production mode of enterprises from insourcing to outsourcing. The management of cost and time management efficiency are the determiners of the organization's business performance.

Furthermore, several factors must be in consideration during the process of outsourcing, such as time and financial considerations, and technology. Outsourcing can also harm employees, which may translate into risks to business performance. This paper discusses business performance risks caused by IT outsourcing in organizations (Munoz, 2017).

Problem Statement

The major challenge to be dealt with in this research is identifying the risk that information technology outsourcing brings to the organization's business performance. The process of outsourcing involves internal work transfer to providers of external service. This type of outsourcing translates into clients' satisfaction to gain a competitive advantage, the fundamental outsourcing target. Besides, the Outsourcing process is associated with numerous problems such as integrity of resources, network security, and connectivity. In the long run, this kind of outsourcing may impact the performance of employees in business operations. During the process of outsourcing, some technologies remain associated with problems. On the other hand, internal resources remain used as corrective measures to some problems impacting other business sectors. Comment by Richard Thompson: “The problem to be examined through this research is…”. You had this formatted correctly in Week 5, although I see you changed your topic (which is acceptable) Comment by Richard Thompson: This could be an interesting topic, but I do not see the supporting research that indicates we do not already know what these risks are. The interrelationship between risk and outsourcing in general is well researched. What is there in the InbfoTech literature? Update this for Week 8

In addition, this action is likely to results in limited resources in other business sectors and eventually translate to poor business performance. This way will ultimately increase the organization's risk. The relationship between the service risk of IT (network security or application maintenance) and the organizational performance of a business lacks conclusive quantitative analysis caused by outsourcing. Also, outsourcing brought dissatisfaction with some work because some internal organization work was closed due to transfer to outsourcing suppliers. These effects vary depending on the organization size, the outsourcing organization, and the nature of work offered by the organization to the outsourcing supplier (Balogun, 2013).

The Purpose of This Research

Non-experimental quantitative research aims to assess the risks of outsourcing certain services of IT suppliers of third-party. Following the perspective business view, outsourcing adds up to be a fundamental tool for solving multiple issues management of time and competitive advantage. In this analysis process, business performance involves the standard variable; identification of risk and size of the company are the predictor variables. During the study, around 100 employees were participants from organizations in the information technology field. Usually, all the participants remained surveyed online. According to Brydges (2019), various studied factors determine the difference between risk factors and business performance. The predisposing factors for these results will add to the literature of this paper (Balogun, 2013). Comment by Richard Thompson: “…to third party suppliers.”? Comment by Richard Thompson: Will be Until you start writing Chapter 4 in the dissertation which reports on the results of your research, you will always talk about your research in the future tense as you have not conducted the research yet

Theoretical Framework

Transaction cost analysis can apply to organizations participating in IT outsourcing. Transaction cost economics involves studies of contractual governance and relations. It can operate to extend the concept of the transaction cost. In this study, organizations maximize their profits by indulging in information exchange. Ideally, approximately three dimensions form the critical determiners of transaction costs, including specificity of an asset, transaction frequency, and transaction uncertainty. The frequency of transactions leads to the rise of the trust of both involved parties and limits their speculation. The limitations of forecasting trading results lie in the uncertainty of trading. Comment by Richard Thompson: Good. Now, source? Cite your sources, even if you paraphrase

The difficulty in using resources for other purposes lies in the particularity of the assets. According to transaction cost analysis, when a simple contract gives way to a significant transaction in the organization, the risk of the contract increases (Balogun, 2013).

The theory of integrated systems operated to offer analysis during an organization's participation in the network security system of an outsourced IT organization. Systematic interdisciplinary research gives insight into the principles applicable to all research fields, an integrated systems theory. This theory sits petty to understand not only information security management but also information security strategies. The theory of an integrated system offers a theoretical framework for the trade-off between both risk and profit. In this study, integrated systems theory was applied to increase profits through outsourcing and keeping the network's security. The organization's scale and risk are under scrutiny as the growth of outsourcing. Upcoming organizations have a sense of belief that they are not as familiar as large established companies. Larger and more established companies will receive more improved packages. Comment by Richard Thompson: Are you proposing to use Transaction Cost Analysis and Integrated Systems Theory? In the framework section, after you describe both (what are the major concepts and how do they interact) then you need to create a framework that applies both concepts to yoru particular research problem (Problem Statement). Sometimes it is useful to make a diagram, or concept map, of how all of this fits together. See Davis (2011) in your Dropbox.

In contrast, upcoming companies may feel obliged to pay more to acquire packages of the same kind. Both companies will be affected if the risk calculation is incorrect, whether small or large. There should be consideration of the undiscovered costs when performing risk calculations. In general, large established companies remain positioned to receive the quality service associated with reduced risk. However, according to Balogun (2013), small upcoming companies are forced to wait for opportunities. In other situations, unlike wise to large companies, small companies tend to have established good relationships with companies meant for outsourcing, which may change the risk level.

Following employees' experience, which becomes examined by the change process, the expectation theory remains applied in this theoretical framework. The attribute that contributes to the behavior of workplace behavior is the expectations theory. Furthermore, motivation is impacted significantly by three elements such as valence, instrumentality, and expectation. Specific results remain produced if hard work becomes embraced, termed instrumentality.

Also, workers get a particular reward for their hard work, which is called expectation, while valence involves value worth trying. According to Munoz (2017), putting all of these together, especially when the valence (result) is attractive, the individual will be motivated to take action (instrumental) (Munoz, 2017).

Pan, L. (2019). A big data-based data mining tool for physical education and technical and tactical analysis. International Association of Online Engineering (IAOE). https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i22.11345

The tools for mining data strongly support physical training and education and assist in the promotion of both tactical and technical analysis. This research material gives information based on using massive data technology to evaluate competitive data about sports. The author of this article engineered an algorithm to help establish the mining of data tools for use with data about sports. The findings in this resource material intensively enhance big data technology in this particular sports field (Pan, 2019). Data mining involves a method of processing information that uses a variety of theories and techniques. Mining of data relays analysis of statistics which is an essential tool for extracting and aggregating information. Data mining relies on the decision tree structure, which embodies offsetting decisions.

Additionally, the mining of data heavily relies on the structure of the decision tree, which forms a process of a set of decisions. Also, mining of data applies the logic of fuzzy and networks of artificial neural. Generally, data mining analysis uses visualization techniques to show the concluding presentation (Pan, 2019).

In this article, the author uses badminton as an example. He is able to identify data of accurate game data using big data in assisting coaches in guidance and targeted physical education. Ideally, the tool has a massive impact on the athletic world because it assists in the avoidance of weakness while developing strengths. According to Plan (2019), this tool will equally aid in technological improvement and tactics.

Cesarotti, V., Gubinelli, S., & Introna, V. (2019). The evolution of project management (PM): How agile, lean, and Six Sigma change PM. Journal of Modern Project Management, 7(3), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.19255/JMPM02107

Project managers have several means to deal with projects. For instance, Frames,

which includes Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) and Projects in Controlled Environment (PRINCE2), assists the project managers who use project management. The framework of PMBOK was published by the Institute of Project Management (PMI) in 1996 (Cesarotti et al., 2019). The duties are simple and straightforward, and there are limits in traditional project management (TPM). The five essential processes of various TPM include initiation, planning, execution, control and monitoring, and closing. For the case of software projects, there was the creation of Agile Project Management (APM).

Additionally, APM uses SCRUM and Extreme Programming as the method of primary project management for any project. Learning ongoing and adaptation are the fundamental tools to management methods of an agile project. Furthermore, another approach is Lean project management which focuses on waste elimination and value creation. The success of Lean project management is essential in various areas, such as used in the production environment. Also, another method is Six Sigma is; it is a method of driving data for improving processes. The 6 Sigma project uses the DMAIC framework. The DMAIC stages framework includes control, definition, measurement, analysis, and improvement (Cesarotti et al., 2019).

In this resource material, the author compares the above four tools of project management. Moreover, he compares the following tools: intra-communication, life cycle methods, leadership style styles, customer roles, rework, risks, costs, delivery team dimensions, and main applications (Cesarotti et al., 2019).

Osmyatchenko, V., Oliinyk, V., Mazina, O., Matselyukh, N., Ilin, V., & Orzeł, A. (2019). The influence of the global technological changes on principles and functions of accounting and the formation of the organization strategy. Journal of Security & Sustainability Issues. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2019.8.4(7)

In the accounting system, modern technology performs a critical role in this article's content. The changes in technology occur in three phases. First, innovation, which is the primary one, occurs at the onset of technology and economic growth.

Second, the application being the second phase occurs during a period of growth of the economy. Third, the other phase is Stagnation which occurs technological products saturate the market. In the final phase, new technology research for new processes or products begins (Osmyatchenko et al., 2019).

Accounting as a business process is changing using artificial intelligence (AI). Resource work is shifting from daily tasks to management work. With the help of the AI global information system, the life of accounting is changing. With the process of globalization and technological changes, accounting principles have adapted to new operating conditions. At the same time, standards of accounting remain supervised by local countries or local governments. The implementation of the international accounting experience has its challenges. The dynamic changes in the technology industry require flexible accounting processes, and the professional skills of accountants need to be constantly revised. According to Osmyatchenko et al., 2019, technological change and data processing speed are essential in the digital world.

This article is majorly yearning to relay the mechanism by which global information systems can limit the cost of counting.

Turkanović, M., & Polančič, G. (2013). On the security of certain e-communication types:

Risks, user awareness, and recommendationshttps://doi.org/https://doi- org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.1016/j.jisa.2013.07.003

In the 20th century, communication changed with the development of electronic products. The continuous innovation development in communications, social media, and smartphones has also created multiple security issues. This article discusses the risk of security and privacy of electronic communications (Turkanović & Polančič, 2013). Exchange of data takes place in communication via electronic channels. Furthermore, these communications exist in many forms, such as instant messaging, smartphones, websites, and social media. Equipment and applications are two major types of electronic communications.

The scholar of this article discusses device email and applicable digital communication primarily via social media handles. The most common online activity is email, and now social media is approaching it. With the increase in mobile device usage, email usage is declining, while internet usage is also increasing (Turkanović & Polančič, 2013).

Usually, there is guaranteed safety in executing communication electronically because there is no room for accessing unauthorized data. This way made it possible because everyone has the legal ground to curb used information. Since security is an attribute assigned to computers, privacy remains assigned to individuals in the same way. With the development of technology, more and more people are using electronic communication, whether private or professional. As a result, privacy issues continue to rise (Turkanović & Polančič, 2013). The 2011 online privacy survey results show that 94% of people need privacy on online platforms. Around three-quarters of the users believe that the internet has limited regulation. Also, the author has given a report based on feedback on privacy online via numerous surveys. For any smartphone user, privacy is a massive issue. One of the surveys vividly indicates that privacy is essential for teenagers and parents with social networks. In 2008, worldwide mobile phones companies sold about 2 billion mobile phones. With the exponential growth of smartphone sales, privacy concerns have increased yearly. The majority of individuals store quite a considerable number of their personal information in their smartphones which stands a greater risk to every individual.

According to Turkanović and Polančič (2013), this article equally mounts intensive focus on risk solutions and awareness increases.

Dobrev, K., & Hart, M. (2015). Benefits, justification, and implementation planning of real-time business intelligence systems. Electronic Journal of Information Systems Evaluation, 18(2), 104-118. http://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx? direct=true&db=bth&AN=109261834&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Compared with delayed intelligence of business (BI), real-time business intelligence (RTBI) benefits organizations. The subject of this article is the main topic. Extraction, conversion, and loading are normal ETL processes, usually an overnight batch process.

Conventional BI mostly has nothing to do with the process of real-time business. According to Dobrev and Hart, 2015, the fundamental mission of RTBI is to lower the time of the action and grow the value of the business.

Likewise to traditional BI, RTBI is an evolutionary process. It is interesting to note that organizations embrace RTBI as a means of several changes to the existing traditional architecture of BI. This article digs deep into implementing an enterprise service bus (ESB) to better pass information on modern applications and incorporate as many applications as possible. For instance, the first step indicates that an organization is required to redesign the business processes, clarify the requirements, evaluate the area of current BI, and determine whether to establish from ground zero or purchase. The uses of RTBI can be in different forms, such as predictive analysis, dynamic pricing, monitoring of demand, detection of fraud, improvement of the supply chain, and forecasting (Dobrev & Hart, 2015). RTBI positively impacts organizations via several functions such as real-time data, improved processes, and better forecasts. Most organizations tend to embrace the use of real-time data as a massive improvement for them. It is crucial for those who have not decided on which technique to embrace to choose between near-real-time or real-time. Before moving to RTBI, the risks and benefits must undergo revision.

Chatterjee, S., Sarker, S., & Valacich, J. S. (2015). The behavioral roots of information systems security: Exploring critical factors related to unethical IT use. Journal of Management Information Systems, 31(4), 49-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2014.1001257

The world rate of privacy of software rate was around 42% in 2011. Unethical behavior arises from the ease of use and presence of both technologies and the internet. Studies indicate that Unethical IT is the major of certain intentional security violations (Chatterjee et al., 2015). The process by which unethical IT use attitudes to impact the world negatively is what this article discussed.

According to the author, individuals with technological idealism have a bad attitude towards the immoral use of IT. In some countries, there is no punishment for the unethical use of IT, one of the reasons for such unethical use.

On the other hand, the growth of technology remains believed to be beneficial. However, it is associated with risks increase. In other words, technological growth remains thought to be a double-edged sword. Few people try to benefit from unethical use; this is the primary factor in this behavior. These misguided behaviors have raised additional concerns about the security of IT. These actions may bring large-scale security breaches to the organization.

Yogi, Y. W., Govindaraju, R., Irianto, D., & Sudirman, I. (2019). Capabilities in managing offshore IT outsourcing challenges and the influence on outsourcing success from the IT vendor perspective. International Journal of Technology, 10(4), 841-853. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v10i4.885

Delivering part or whole functions of the company to other organizations form part of the definition of outsourcing. One of the most outsourced processes is information technology to lower production costs, focus core function of the company, and performance improvement. Globally, China and India are known to be the countries where most IT outsourcing occurs. For purposes of succeeding through offshore IT outsourcing, IT vendors need outstanding strengths. In this article, the author discusses a model that explains the relationship between the ability to manage outsourcing challenges and offshore IT and its impact. The author obtained 64 samples (Yogi et al., 2019) from IT suppliers of Indonesia who conduct IT offshore projects. The author concludes that IT vendors should establish interactive capabilities to achieve offshore outsourcing based on the research results.

IT vendors need to ensure that they are guaranteed senior support of management to obtain the right resources. The author also encourages learning about customer culture to promote interaction. This article has limitations, such as the samples come from suppliers but lack customer feedback (Yogi et al., 2019). This article discusses any supplier company's capabilities to survive in IT outsourcing, particularly in Indonesia.

View 64 examples to provide practical information for other sellers of IT.

References

Balogun, S. A. (2013). The effects of risk and size of company on business performance in information technology outsourcing (Ph.D.). Available from Dissertations & Theses @ Northcentral University. (1400224467). https://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://www- proquest-com.proxy1.ncu.edu/dissertations-theses/effects-risk-size-company-on-business- performance/docview/1400224467/se-2?accountid=28180

Brydges, C. R. (2019). Effect size guidelines, sample size calculations, and statistical power in gerontology. Innovation in Aging, 3(4), igz036. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz036 Cesarotti, V., Gubinelli, S., & Introna, V. (2019). The evolution of project management (PM):

How agile, lean, and Six Sigma are changing PM. Journal of Modern Project Management, 7(3), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.19255/JMPM02107

Munoz, E. (2017). Exploring morale, motivations, and commitment of employees affected by outsourcing and divestiture (D.B.A.). Available from Dissertations & Theses @ Northcentral University. (1960868768). https://proxy1.ncu.edu/login?url=https://www-

DRAFT OF RESEARCH TOPIC 2

proquest-com.proxy1.ncu.edu/dissertations-theses/exploring-morale-motivations- commitment-employees/docview/1960868768/se-2?accountid=28180

Turkanović, M., & Polančič, G. (2013). On the security of certain e-communication types: Risks, user awareness, and recommendationshttps://doi.org/https://doi- org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.1016/j.jisa.2013.07.003