week5, week 6, week 7

Running head: Illegal Immigration, Drug Trafficking, and an Open Border. 1

PROBLEM STATEMENT, PURPOSE STATEMENT AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 6

Hello Hiba, thank you for making changes. I provided you with more improvements, especially in your problem statement. Please add more statistical information to strengthen it. Also, use all data from those states. Only 100 would be for qualitative analysis. You can determine your minimum number of data using Gpower. Your research questions are good.

Integrated Feedback

Hiba Al Mehdi

School of Business, Northcentral University

CMP-9701B: Pre-Candidacy Prospectus

Dr. Gabriele Suboch

August 19, 2022

Assessing the Relationship Between Illegal Immigration, Drug Trafficking, and an Open Border.

Problem Statement

The problem to be addressed in this study is if there is a relationship between illegal immigration, open border, and drug trafficking. Illegal activities such as drug trafficking and illegal immigration occur when there is a lack of border control (Cha, 2020). Open borders affect society, law enforcement, public safety, and government. It also allows people from any country to enter the United States without background checks and provides the perfect environment for terrorism. It is possible that having an open border will make it easy for criminals from other nations to enter this country (Hikmatullo Ogli, 2020). There is a challenge in an open border when immigration agencies fail to regulate people entering the country. According to Molobe & Odukoya (2021), increased cases of drug trafficking occur when people smuggle drugs cross an open border. For example, in FY2021, CBP seized 624,500 pounds of drugs compared to the fiscal year 2020, the cocaine seizures increased by 68%; Methamphetamine seizures increased by 7%; Heroin seizures decreased by 6%; Fentanyl seizures increased by 134% (Seagren, 2020).  Comment by Gabriele Suboch: What is the challenge?

The open border is a problem with poor policies regulating the immigrants entering the country and the probable illegal channels they use to penetrate (Hikmatullo Ogli, 2020). There is an interconnection between the open border, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration since one leads to another, and addressing the open borders would help solve the other issues. Comment by Gabriele Suboch: Expand on this and show the increase of illegal immigration in the last year and months. Comment by Gabriele Suboch: You are predicting the outcome of your research.

Purpose Statement

The purpose of this quantitative study is to examine if there is a relationship between open borders, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration. The methodology will be quantitative with a case study design. Publicly accessible databases, for example, United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Department of Homeland Security, and other peer-reviewed resources will be used to generate data. The independent variable will be open borders, while the dependent variables are illegal immigration and drug trafficking. This data will include information from California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The proximity of these states to the border between the United States and Mexico makes them excellent locations for carrying out research and gathering data (Goneppanavar et al., 2019).

The researcher will use a systematic sampling method to pick files that contain incidents of drug trafficking. All the data from the peer-reviewed resources, DHS, and CBP databases between the years 2010 and 2020 will be used for the study. Prior to data collection, IRB approval will be requested. Data will be analyzed using the SPSS software program. An Analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be performed to prove or disprove the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The researcher will determine based on the p-value which hypothesis will be accepted or rejected. Comment by Gabriele Suboch: I recommend to look at 2021 and even 2022 to show the increase Comment by Gabriele Suboch: You are using all data from those states and not only 100. The is qualitative analysis.

This research is important, especially for policymakers, to evaluate current information and the need for immigration policy changes and enforcing drug trafficking. In addition, it provides an in-depth analysis of illegal immigration and the chain of distribution for illegal drugs in the United States due to the open borders (Izcara Palacios, 2019). The findings would represent a significant advance in comprehending the difficulties posed by open borders and the impact that this has on the illegal trafficking of drugs and immigration into the United States.

Research Questions

The goal of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between illegal immigration, the flow of illicit drugs, and open borders.

RQ1

What is the correlation, if any, between illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and open border?

H1o

There is no correlation between illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and an open border. H1a

There is a statistically significant relationship between illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and an open border.

RQ2

To what extent, if any, are open borders promoting illegal immigration and drug trafficking?

H10

There is no significant correlation between open borders promoting r illegal immigration and drug trafficking.

H1a

There is a statistical significance in the correlation between an open border promoting illegal immigration and drug trafficking.

References

Bauder, H. (2017). Perspectives of Open Borders and No Border. Geography Compass, 9(7), 395-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12224

Brydges, C. (2019). Effect Size Guidelines, Sample Size Calculations, and Statistical Power in Gerontology. Innovation In Aging, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz036

Cha, Y. (2020). Rethinking Illegal Immigrants from a Critical Perspective -Whether or not to Blame Illegal Immigration and the Government Capability to Manage Illegal Immigration-. Journal of Multi-Cultural Contents Studies, 35, 293-329. https://doi.org/10.15400/mccs.2020.12.35.293

Hikmatullo Ogli, S. (2020). Regional Mechanisms against Illegal Drug Trafficking. The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology, 02(10), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume02issue10-15

Izcara Palacios, S. (2019). Corruption at the Border: Intersections between US Labour Demands, Border Control, and Human Smuggling Economies. Antipode, 51(4), 1210-1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12527

Molobe, I., & Odukoya, O. (2021). The prevalence of drug use and illicit trafficking: A descriptive cross-sectional study of irregular migrant returnees in Nigeria. Journal Of Migration And Health, 3, 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100034

Miller, R., & Baumeister, S. (2017). Managing Migration: Is border control fundamental to anti-trafficking and anti-smuggling interventions? Anti-Trafficking Review, (2). https://doi.org/10.14297/atr.20171321

Seagren, C. W. (2020). US Customs and Border Protection policy routinely violates stated core values. Available at SSRN 3674321. https://www.cbp.gov/document/stats/nationwide-drug-seizures