midterm health

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Bioethical Analysis Worksheet

Context -

In this case, the bioethical issue is the decision regarding determination of the sex of the

unborn. Due to the execution of “one child policy” in China, the residents of China have

accustomed to having one child. However, they have established their preferences for the sex of

the child. They prefer male children over female children. In other words, the female infanticide

has increased in China. Chang and Fang are anticipating a baby. But Chang and his family has

enforced Fang Yin to find out about the sex of the unborn and arrange for an appropriate

termination if it comes out to be a female. It has become hard for Fang Yin to develop a decision

about recognition of the sex of fetus. Being the mother of the unborn, Fang Yin must make the

decision about the determination of the sex of the unborn.

The information provided in the article, “China’s one child policy” by Matt Rosenberg is

relevant to the problem and making decisions. Recently, a particular clause permits the people to

have more than one child. For example, if the two individuals have no siblings, they can have

two children. Here, it is not clear in the case if Fang Yin and Chang have siblings or not. This

information can prove very conducive for creating an effective decision.

Stakeholders -

The decision will benefit Chang and his family as they wish to continue their family

name by having a male child. Also, they are taking into account their long term benefits and

satisfaction (Jimmerson, 1990). Fang Yin is also a stakeholder as she will be blessed with a

child. However, Chang and his family are the key stakeholders in this case. For Fang Yin, the

health of her child is the most important than any other thing. While for Chang and his family,

the male child will continue the name of the family.

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As for as Fang Yin is concerned, the health and wellness of her child is her immediate

priority. While for Chang and his family, the immediate priority is the termination of the unborn

if it comes out to be a female.

Alternatives and Tradeoffs

First and foremost, it is important if Chang and Fang Yin have siblings or not. As it will

allow Fang Yin to defend her status of being in the favor of continuation of the pregnancy. The

second option available to her is that she should not determine the sex of the child and wait till

the child is born. Later, she can give the child to the Social Welfare Institute in case if she

delivers a female child (Jimmerson, 1990).

Fang Yin will be affected as a result of termination of pregnancy. It will impact her

psychological well-being being the mother of the fetus. Whereas, Chang and his family will be

impacted financially in case Fang Yin decides to continue her pregnancy.

Solution

In my opinion, it is a righteous decision for Fang Yin to not to go for examination to

determine sex of fetus. Although it will be difficult for her to give her child to the Social Welfare

Institute but in the presence of the policy, still it is better option than infanticide. The new clause

which has been introduced in 2007, offers certain relaxation about the policy. So, if Chang and

Fang have no siblings they can keep this child. Besides, continuation of pregnancy is good for

family stability.

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Reference

Jimmerson, J. (1990). Female Infanticide in China: An Examination of Cultural and Legal

Norms. Pacific Basin Law Journal, 8(1), p.47-79.

"Putting the Man in Contraceptive Mandate"

Discuss why both the individual and society should be concerned about current and

future implications of this issue. Address each of the suggestions for change.

Putting the man in contraceptive Mandate is part of Patient Protection and Affordable

Care Act formulated in the year 2012.The policy sanctioned sterilization and provision of

contraceptive products to women at a favorable cost. Participation of men is normally absent as

seen through past research sexual health and contraception (Alison ,2014). Sterilization of

females is at a greater risk vasectomy. Additionally vasectomy is less expensive as compared to

female sterilization. The risk process in female sterilization requires health practitioners

prioritize care for women. Inadequate involvements of men in the reproductive health lead to

excessive burden of reproduction and contraception that women go through. Additionally,

marginalization of males in health clinics deters those who may need help. Insurance

organizations are not mandated by ACA to reimburse for vasectomy. Research conducted

by(NSFG) National Survey of Family Growth shows that 28% of women depend on sterilization

as a contraceptive measure.

The inadequate clinics for men have resulted in high cases of sexually transmitted

diseases such as gonorrhea and Chlamydia. The rate of male attendance in medical facilities

results in misleading information on funding institutions due to believe that men are not

interested with the services. Institutions should provide trainings to health care providers and

correct negative attitudes on vasectomy in the society. Contraceptives involving males are

currently under research (Josh ,2016). Government support and subsidy from pharmaceutical

organisations depends on demand for the products. The demand for these products is bound to

reduce as a result of due to ACA emphasizing on self sufficient drugs supplied to women.

United States government recognizes the significance of family planning through the

approving of the contraceptive policy. Non-inclusion of vasectomy and inadequate provision of

male contraceptives shows the nations standpoint on family planning as a female issue. Changing

the act enables individuals view contraceptive as a human issues, whereby when men are

involved the outcome is increased safety and savings and ethical balance on the reproductive

burden. The wide advertisement on vasectomy can reduce the increasing cost barriers but

reduces the social expectations of men (Kockler, & Dirksen, 2018). Vasectomy is important for

females as compared to other alternative costs due to less risk involved and cost effectiveness.

Exclusion of ACA vasectomy should be reviewed .Pregnancy complications related to effects of

sterilizations are expensive especially in case of tubal ligation. In case of failure of vasectomy

intrauterine pregnancy occurs which is normally expensive to operate.

Petition can enable representatives comprehend the demand for equality on gender when

deciding on reproduction (Kockler, & Dirksen, K2018).. Awareness campaigns and social media

should inform people on the importance of sterilization and contraception of male’s female

contraceptive measures. Research should also be conducted concerning male contraception ways.

The research should focus on their impact and safety on their reproductive health results.

Additionally the research should that inform clinical practices that can affect the future of ACA

policies.

References

Josh B. (2016) Unraveled: Obamacare, Religious Liberty, and Executive Power. Cambridge

University Press

Alison B. (2014) Global Population: History, Geopolitics, and Life on Earth. Columbia

University Press

Kockler, N. J., & Dirksen, K. M. (2018). Integrating Ethics Services in a Catholic Health System

in Oregon. The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly, 18(1), 113-134.

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In the movie of Gattaca, when people are born genetically engineered in a future time,

one example of a genetically engineered individual genetically born in the movie is Vincent.

Vincent is genetically predicted to die at the age of 30. However, despite the prediction, Vincent

defies the odds and through false identity, he is able to get access to Gattaca, “an astronaut

training program for a manned mission to a moon of Saturn.” Vincent is able to borrow the

genetic identity of a paralyzed athlete known as Jerome. He was able to obtain the genetical

identity through hair clippings, blood samples, and skin scrapings.

In the incident when one of the supervisors in Gattaca was murdered, when investigators

were invited to do a blood test, they discovered that there was a presence of real DNA belonging

to Vincent. This test links Vincent to the crime scene making him a suspect of the murder. Due

to this Vincent tries to dodge the evidence that links him to his real DNA to his new found

identity. However, in the end, the real suspect of the murder is finally caught and Vincent makes

a successful Saturn voyage "Gattaca." "There is no gene for the human spirit."

Genetically born children have some advantages like in the case of Jerome when his

parents visited a genetics centre for the second child. Upon arriving, the geneticist informed them

that it had taken the liberty of doing away with any prejudicial conditions like myopia, premature

baldness, alcoholism and addictive susceptibility, obesity and propensity for violence. The

geneticist is responsible for giving a child the perfect start. However, the genetically made

procedures are expensive. For instance, for an embryo to be given a mathematical or musical

skill, the parent must give an extra charge of $5, 000. This means that a child is to be given a

gene that was not originally present in the parent’s original DNA. Another argument that

opposes the use of genetics is due to discrimination as depicted in the movie. Vincent outlines in

GATTACA 2

the movie that “it is not legal to discriminate – ‘genoism’ it's called – but no one takes the laws

seriously.”

Data taken from people’s genes can be used by employees and insurance companies can

use the data to minimize the financial risks. This will make the disadvantages of genetics to

bypass its benefits. To explain this further, we can apply the consequential theory which we

learnt in class. This theory is generally an ethical theory. This theory takes on a problem from an

angle that is the most preferable course of action and one that can yield the best result. In this

theory, one must be able to choose the right course of action. Genetically born children have

many advantages making this procedure the best course of action to be performed on children.

For example, genetically born children are able to have mathematical and musical skills,

premature baldness, and alcoholism, among others.

GATTACA 3

References

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Gattaca+Full+Movie&&view=detail&mid=72BDAFB

33762FB631FF672BDAFB33762FB631FF6&&FORM=VDRVRV