Exp22_Word_Ch04_Cumulative_Cattle
Solutions Aplus
Ahmed_Exp22_Word_Ch04_Cumulative_Cattle.zipAhmed_Exp22_Word_Ch04_Cumulative_Cattle.docx
Name 4
Many large-scale genomics projects in progress today relate to sequencing human genomes, and finding relationships between certain sequences and disease, in addition to creating large storehouses of genetic data for later research. Most goals of genomic projects relate to strategies for early detection, prevention, and cures for diseases. However, a lesser-known area of genomic research is that of farm animals, particularly those that are integral to the national food supply. By understanding many of the same correlations and sequencing patterns found in human genomic research, farm animal genomics can fosteroften fosters practices that lead to increased livestock health and productivity, and the bioengineering of new animal-related technologies. Additionally, research related to farm-animal genetics proves valuable for humans, as farm animals are often models for physiological and pathological studies. Comment by Exploring Series: This report needs a cover page. It is also incorrectly formatted as a research paper.
A developing area of livestock genomics is that of pathogen sequencing. Specifically, the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) branch of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is conducting a genetics study to sequence the respiratory microbiome and virome associated with Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) in beef cattle. This disease is one of the most costly and prevalent diseases within the cattle industry, causing severe respiratory distress that usually results in death. As such, BRD results in lost revenue for cattle farmers each year. To combat this, in 2021 the ARS began following specific populations of beef cattle in the US and Ireland to study the microbiome and virome profiles at various points of time during the animal’s life cycle. Specifically, profiles are evaluated in calves prior to weaning and again after entering the feedlot, at which time the animal is most likely to contract BRD. This study will continue through 2022. as funding permits.
Objectives of the study are three-fold; to gather information about the prevalence of BRD, develop scientific methods to identify the pathogenic agents that cause the disease, and to understand the dynamics of secondary infection in cattle that contract the disease a second time, provided the first infection is survived. These objectives will help researchers uncover and understand any connections between microbiome profiles of cattle that develop BRD and those that do not. Consequently, this study has the potential for large positive impacts to the beef cattle industry. As detailed in Table 1, several research activities are ongoing, contributing to the understanding of pathogen sequencing in cattle.
|
Microbiome Cattle Conservation |
|
|
University of Castleberry Bovine Studies |
https://uc.bovine.edu/research2/?54689 |
|
USDA Temple Station (Bovine Unit) |
https://usda.gov/temple-bovine |
Table 1:Research Activities (Bovine Pathogen Sequencing) Comment by Exploring Series: Don’t forget to add a table of figures.
The approach of the study includes sampling upper respiratory tracts of calves as they move from birth to the feedlot. Next, microbiome profiles will be gleaned from the samples using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing, and specific viral pathogens found will be profiled using qRT-PCR. After the initial sampling, additional upper respiratory tract samples will be harvested from the same animals at three different points in time, which include pre-breeding, pre-conditioning, and weaning. As the calves transition to the feedlot after weaning, more samples will be collected from those who contract BRD, and exhibit symptoms. From these sick animals, viral DNA will be collected using a nasopharyngeal swab, and then extracted and amplified using standard PCR technologies. This will allow researchers to then extract RNA and reverse transcribe to determine if any viral pathogens are present. Finally, the microbiomes of infected animals will be employed to determine if cattle treated for BRD have any different pathogenic profiles as compared to healthy control herds at points in time before weaning and when diagnosed with BRD.
|
Independent genome sequences from cattle microbiome |
|
|
Antimicrobial-resistant genes found |
At the completion of the study in 2024, there will hopefully exist a better awareness and understanding of any genomic factors that contribute to the probability of cattle contracting Bovine Respiratory Disease. From this information, new and better strategies can be implemented to reduce contraction of BRD and help to reduce instances of lost revenue from sick and/or dead cattle. Additionally, cattle populations should benefit from insights gleaned from this study, as better practices can be put in place to provide for healthier cattle.
Exp22_Word_Ch04_Cumulative_Cattle_Instructions.docx
Grader - Instructions Word 2022 Project
Exp22_Word_Ch04_Cumulative_Cattle
Project Description:
As a pre-veterinary major, you are assigned the task of creating a brief overview of livestock genomics, especially as the topic relates to cattle. You have completed a draft of the paper and submitted it for review by your instructor. Having made several comments, primarily regarding formatting, your instructor has returned it to you for completion. You will modify the format, add a cover page and a table of figures, and ensure that sources are properly acknowledged both in text and in a bibliography.
Steps to Perform:
|
Step |
Instructions |
Points Possible |
|
1 |
Start Word. Download and open the file named Exp22_Word_Ch04_Cumulative_Cattle.docx. Grader has automatically added your last name to the beginning of the filename. |
0 |
|
2 |
Click or display the Review tab and ensure that the view is All Markup. Click or select the first edit in the right margin, indicating that the words can foster were deleted. Click or select Reject and Move to Next in the Changes group. Delete the words often fosters in the same paragraph. Change the view to No Markup and ensure that the modified sentence reads correctly, with the words can foster instead of often fosters. Change the view to Simple Markup. Accept all changes and stop tracking. |
2 |
|
3 |
Ensure that the writing style is APA. Apply the following formatting to the whole document: Document is double-spaced. There is no paragraph spacing before or after any paragraph. Margins are 1" at the top, bottom, left, and right. Alignment is left. |
8 |
|
4 |
Click or navigate to before the period that ends the second sentence in the second paragraph, ending with in beef cattle. Insert a citation to a new source (Article in a Periodical) as follows: Corporate Author: Institute for Bovine Research Title: BRD and Cattle: What You Should Know Periodical Title: Agriculture Today Year: 2023 Month: October Day: 18 Pages: 26-34 |
8 |
|
5 |
Click or navigate to before the period that ends the first sentence on page 2, ending in is survived. Insert a citation to the United States Department of Agriculture source. (On a Mac, click or select Citations on the References tab and double-click or select the entry.) |
6 |
|
6 |
Click or select the Institute for Bovine Research parenthetical citation shown in the second paragraph on page 1. Edit the citation to include page 31. |
6 |
|
7 |
Click or navigate to after the period that ends the fourth sentence in the last paragraph on page 2, ending in and exhibit symptoms. Ensure that the insertion point is after the period. Insert a footnote that reads A diagnosis of BRD will be confirmed by attending veterinarians. (Include the period.) |
8 |
|
8 |
Modify the footnote style to include 12 pt Times New Roman font. |
6 |
|
9 |
Insert a blank page at the end of the report and insert a bibliography, selecting the Works Cited option. |
8 |
|
10 |
Change the Works Cited heading on the new page to References. Center the heading. |
6 |
|
11 |
Select all text in the bibliography, including the heading, and change the font to 12 pt Times New Roman. Line spacing should be double, and there should be no paragraph spacing. Ensure that the heading is Black, Text 1 and not bold. |
8 |
|
12 |
Double-click in or select the header area and change Name to Agrawal. Close the header. |
4 |
|
13 |
Insert a blank page at the beginning of the document. Click at or navigate to the top of the new page. Click or display the References tab. Click or select Insert Table of Figures in the Captions group. Change the Caption label to Table and change the format to Distinctive. Click or select OK. |
8 |
|
14 |
Insert a blank page before the Table of Figures. Click at or navigate to the top of the blank page and insert text from Cover.docx. Change Student Name to Sherry Agrawal. |
8 |
|
15 |
Find an occurrence of Bovine Respiratory Disease in the document, select it, and choose to mark all entries for inclusion in an index. Similarly, mark all entries of genomic and pathogen as index entries. Create an index on a separate page after the bibliography using the Fancy format. Use all other default settings. |
8 |
|
16 |
Scroll to page 3 and mark the comment related to formatting the report as a research paper as resolved. (On a Mac, right-click the comment and select the Resolve option.) Reply to the comment on page 4 with the text Does a table of figures include a title? |
6 |
|
17 |
Check spelling and grammar. Virome is not misspelled and qRT is correct. Ignore all grammatical errors. |
0 |
|
18 |
Save and close Exp22_Word_Ch04_Cumulative_Cattle.docx . Exit Word. Submit the file as directed. |
0 |
|
Total Points |
100 |
Created On: 11/16/2022 1 Exp22_Word_Ch04_Cumulative - Cattle 1.4
