Research Paper ( Graduate student)

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RESEARCH ON LASER. 2

Abstract.

The laser was first invented in early 1950 by Albert Einstein with the help of other

physicists and electrical engineers. The motive behind this invention was the search of

monochromatic radiation to study the spectra of molecules. Hetch (2010) claimed that Half a “ [2]

century has passed since Theodore Maiman's small ruby rod crossed the threshold of laser

emission. The breakthrough demonstration earned headlines, but in the early years, the laser [2]

was called “a solution looking for a problem,” and there was a germ of truth in the joke” (p. [2] [2]

1). Since then, there have been developments in the laser by scientists, physi sts, engineers, ci

and other personnel to improve its performance.

Additionally, these personnel have worked to increase the variety of lasers. Therefore, [2]

through these advancements, lasers have proved their significant roles in scientific research,

consumer products, telecommunications, engineering, medicine, materials working, and other

applications. This paper reviews the highlights of these advances and puts them into [2]

perspective by demonstrating how laser technology has grown to meet application

requirements.

Introduction.

Lasers are devices that emit collimated beams of intense light. These narrow beams [0]

have the following properties; the laser light emitted is coherent. This means that the laser

light produced at the same time and in the same direction, unlike light waves, which are is

based on space and time. However, the laser light emitted is monochromatic. This implies

that the laser light produced is of the same wavelength, contrary to the light waves that are

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that the laser light produced is of the same wavelength, contrary to the light waves that are composed of different waves with different wavelengths.

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Additionally, the light waves emitted by lasers are collimated. This means that they

are narrow, unlike the light waves which are divergent. Lastly, laser light h a high intensity as

(Koichi, 2013). These properties are illustrated in the diagram below. [13]

LASER PROPERTIES

There are types of lasers, namely; Helium-Neon Laser, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon

Ion Lasers, Carbon Dioxide Laser, ND: YAG Laser, Excimer Lasers, Semiconductor Diode

Lasers, and Dye Laser. These laser types can be classified as gas lasers, solid lasers, and

liquid lasers (Waynant, 2001). Firstly, the excimer laser is used in micro-surgeries and

industrial microlithography because of its high ultra-violet energy, which produces a focused

beam of sub-micrometre size. Secondly, semiconductor diode lasers are used extensively for

communications, in compact disc players, retail scanners, and printer. This is because of its

ability to transmit signals in an infrared spectral region.

However, dye lasers are majorly used in high resolution atomic and molecular

spectroscopy. This is due to its absorption power and emission of wavelengths of high

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spectroscopy. This is due to its absorption power and emission of wavelengths of high intensity from the mixture of colours and solvents. Moreover, ND: YAG lasers are mainly

used in manufacturing industries for welding, cutting and other heating purposes. This is due

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to its high energy output of laser lights. Lastly, gas lasers such as carbon dioxide laser,

helium-neon laser, and Argon, Krypton, and Xenon Ion Lasers are majorly used in the field

of medicine due to its power of producing infrared wavelengths.

LASER TYPES CLASSIFICATION

Therefore, lasers have full applications in the field of science, technology, engineering,

physics, and other areas. The use of laser light in the stated fields are going to be put into

context below.

Laser Application in Physical Disciplines.

1. Information Technology.

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Laser light is used in information technology devices such as CDs and DVD players.

The laser technology behind the CDs and DVD players is that a focused beam emitted by a

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semiconductor laser, less than 1 mm wide, scans and reads the disc surface. Once the laser

light hits the disc surface, it reflect eye and then determines the type of data s the receiver's

then displays it on a screen. Nonetheless, other devices that use laser technology are the

barcodes used in supermarkets to scan the price of items, laser printers for printing

documents into hardcopies, and laser pointers. Therefore, laser technology has enabled [0]

computers to transfer data fast across the internet and to be stored economically and

efficiently.

2. Telecommunications.

Another field that uses laser technology is the telecommunication industry. Laser

technology is incorporated into communication devices like microphones, audio-video

sources, and televisions. Communication is enabled in these devices through the transmission [12]

of light pulses along optical fibres, which are generated and relayed via lasers. This is made [0]

possible b the use of fibre amplifiers. In microphones, the audio transmitter converts a sound y [8]

signal into an optical signal through the help of laser light, in which the intensity of light

emitted varies with time. The optical signal travels in the direction the laser is pointed. [8] [8]

In audio-video sources, a modulator takes low-frequency audio/video signals to convert

them to a higher radio frequency modulated signal via a cable that is connected to a WBS

laser transmitter. Due to a varied range of frequencies, the WBS laser can be used with a [8]

wide variety of sources that transfer audio/video signals. This laser technology behind audio-

video sources is, therefore, applicable in TVs.

3. Manufacturing Industries.

Manufacturing industries use laser technology in welding, cutting, and heating of

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Manufacturing industries use laser technology in welding, cutting, and heating of metals. The laser technology behind this use is that the intensity of laser light is high enough

to provide heating energy for cutting metals, welding, and other services that need high

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temperatures precisely, such that these materials can be used in automobiles. Additionally,

laser technology inside computers is used to cut intricate designs into the desired model.

Other areas within the manufacturing industry where laser technology is employed include;

Laser marking and engraving, laser drilling, laser melting, laser micromachining, laser

soldering, and laser surface treatment.

4. Measurement and Analysis.

Laser technology is used in measuring devices such as tape measures. Laser tape [0]

measures use a type of measurement called interferometry, which measures minute changes

in distance. On the other hand, the specific wavelengths produced by lasers are used to [1]

analyze chemical and physical structure, and so the laser technology is used in factory quality

control and to monitor environmental pollutants remotely.

5. War machines, guns and tanks. [ 1 0 ]

Through the help of laser technology, the forces of the army use guns that use lasers.

The laser guns show the snippers the target position before firing a bullet. This helps the

police officers aim precisely at the target hence reducing terrorism in a country. Therefore,

laser guns are strategic weapons used by snippers. However, the light inside these guns is

built using laser technology, and this light enables snippers to view their targets.

Additionally, the inbuilt laser technology in guns is used to control its energy output. This is

enabled in such a way that, when the target position is far, the energy output is high, and

when the target position is near, the amount of energy output is low (Craig, n.d).

6. Robotics.

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Laser technology is also found in robots. This laser technology works in a way that the sensors inside the robots detect laser light enabling it to calculate distances. Robots detect [10]

a laser beam from its sender, and by using image processing, the receiver may determine the

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diameter of such a shaft and estimate the distance of the robot from the other objects and

surfaces. Furthermore, robots use low-power lasers and reflectors to sense the mobility of

objects. A single sensor, through the help of laser technology, can monitor multiple objects at

once and the tags attached to the gadgets (John, 2018).

Laser Applications in Sciences.

The lasers used in the field of medicine emits light within the visible, near-infrared,

mid-infrared, infrared, and few ultraviolet rays of the electromagnetic spectrum. The

electromagnetic spectrum shows the amount of wavelength of different forms of light, as in

the chart below.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM.

7. Chromophores in the Skin.

Laser lights have a high absorption intensity. However, the components of the skin,

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such as haemoglobin, melanin, and water, have varying absorption intensity. The melanin's

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absorption spectrum decreases while that of haemoglobin creases also, the absorption in —

spectrum of water increases, as illustrated below (Inja & David, 2011).

ABSORPTION SPECTRA.

Lasers can, therefore, be adjusted to varying absorption spectrums. Therefore, medical

practitioners use this technology to choose a suitable wavelength for the target chromophores

during dermatology, such as removal of tattoos from the skin.

8. Selective Photothermolysis.

Laser technology is however used in tissue therapies. Selective Photothermolysis involves

destroying target tissues through direct heating. For the tissue to be destroyed, the membrane

should be able to absorb the wavelength of the laser light. The pulse width of the lasers used

to destroy the tissue should be shorter than that of the tissue. Lastly, the energy of the beam

used should be high enough to destroy the tissue. Therefore, dermatologists should choose

the appropriate laser beam that meets the above requirements for the tissue to be destroyed

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(Inja & David, 2011). The thermal relaxation of skin chromophores also differs, as illustrated

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in the chart below. Therefore, doctors should also consider that before choosing the laser

beam to be used.

THERMAL RELAXATION.

9. Lasers in Dentistry.

Dentists can offer various dentistry services through the integration of devices with

laser technology into their dental procedures. During a dental surgical procedure, the laser

acts as a cutting tool or a vaporizer of tissue that it comes in contact with. Nonetheless, laser

light is used to bond the gap between teeth. Furthermore, the high intensity of laser light is

used in the whitening of teeth (Modulight, 2019).

10. Cancer Detection.

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The high intensity of laser lights is used in cancer treatment and detection. This is

made possible by doctors cancer cells and then destroy them. ‘ability to identify and detect

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Therefore, surgery done to kill cancer cells directly would not be necessary. However, the

operation at times causes infections due to exposure of body cells to germs.

11. Scientific Research.

Research colleges use laser technology to develop new inventions. Lasers relate to [0]

the matter at the quantum level in particular ways, and so are essential searches in scientific

research. Lasers are used to follow chemical reactions and illuminate atomic structures using [0]

the atomic and molecular scales designed using laser technology. Besides, biologists use

microscopes designed using laser technology to view and study cellular structures.

12. Plastic Surgery.

Plastic surgery medical centres use machines designed using laser technology to carry

out cosmetic operations that need laser light for the procedure to be successful. Therefore,

demand for such devices in many countries has increased; hence, the development of lasers. [1]

However, laser technology used in plastic surgery minimizes the risk of any infections and

any complications during the surgical procedures. Laser light is used in cosmetic operations

such as liposuction laser face surgery laser nose surgery laser abdominal surgery treatment , , , ,

of laser hair loss and other parts of the body.,

Below is a diagram that illustrates the amount of wavelength and amount of power

that should be used when using laser light in some of the fields in medicine.

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SUMMARY OFAPPROXIMATE WAVELENGTHS AND POWER CONSUMPTION IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE. [0]

Physicists are currently developing new lasers, and engineers and scientists are involved in

these projects. Their proposed innovation includes nanoscale devices that emit light. [0]

However, these devices are expected to be useful in chemical and biological sensors. [0]

Recently, there has been a development of laser optical tweezers to manipulate biological [0]

cells to escalate the new area of bio-photonics. There is also a proposed innovation of [0]

developing a new semiconductor laser known as the quantum cascade laser. The device is [0]

expected to emit terahertz radiation (between infrared and microwaves). The quantum

cascade laser, however, will help in national security screening. [11]

In conclusion, laser beams have a strong force that can be exploited in various fields

such as weapons development to enhance national security against terrorism. However, this [11]

technology can be incorporated in the industrial sector and developing various technological

means. Moreover, the health sector should consider using this unique laser technology in

different medical uses to improve universal health care. Lastly, scientists, engineers,

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physicists, and other personnel should join hands in developing more technologies in lasers for a better future in the fields of medicine, physical disciplines and other areas.

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References

Craig, F. (n.d). How laser weapons work. Stuffworks.

Hecht, J. (2010). A short history of laser development. , 49, pp 99-122. Applied optics [2]

Inja, B. A. & David, J. G. (2011) Basics in dermatological laser applications. Karger

Publishers.

John, B. (2018). This robot uses lasers to ‘listen' to its environment. Techcrunch.

Koichi, S. (2013). Introduction to laser physics. 44(2) Springer Series in Optical Sciences.

pp. 1-30.

Mahtab, A. Q. (2018). The uses of laser technology in medical fields-How lasers cause a [11]

medical revolution? The Scientific World.

Modulight, Inc. (2019). Lasers for medical applications. Retrieved from

https://www.modulight.com/applications-medical/.

Waynant, R.W. (2001). Lasers in medicine. pp 20-352. CRC Press.

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