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Lung Cancer Rehabilitation

Cardiorespiratory Care

Afnan Asel

Apr8,2019

Introduction

Apparently, cancer occurs when cells in the body grow out of control. Human body is comprised of tiny cells. In normal circumstances, cells grow when the human body requires them, and commit suicide if they are no longer required. When cells grow uncontrollably, the end result is cancer. Referring to Nsouli et al (2017) when cells in the body grow out of control, they form a mass often called a tumor. However, it is fundamental to note that other types of cancer like kidney cancer can spread to the lungs. Cancer is named with respect to the site of the original lump. The lungs alternate flow of air into and out of the body. According to Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths internationally. Approximately one million deaths are reported every year. This shows that more knowledge is required in the medical community in relation to prevention, intervention, and treatment of cancer.

History

Sharing the same thinking as Kuba et al (2017), knowing and understanding the root cause of a disease lays the foundation. This is the first step that helps medical workers in the fight against a certain disease. According to various epidemiologic data, cigarette smoking is the main cause of respiratory cancer, particularly among men. Conferring with Dittus et al (2015) lung cancer is significant as well as widespread disease that continues to overburden health systems across the world. However, in the 20th-century lung cancer was a rare disease. Over the past hundred years, the prevalence has risen tremendously. The steady increase of lung cancer has invited researchers to explore what caused such a dramatic disease. As Tiep et al (2015) points out multiple factors can be linked to the disease. Evidently, increased air pollution, change in lifestyle, dietary, and exposure to toxic gases are among the main causes of lung cancer. It is surprising to note that lung cancer rose at the same rate in nations with fewer industries.

Lung cancer rehabilitation

According to Michaels, (2016) cancer, rehabilitation is a process that helps cancer victims restore their physical, social as well as psychological functioning impacted during the treatment of the disease. The value for exercise and rehabilitation for cancer survivors in the study by Michaels, (2016) is thoroughly demonstrated. Michaels, (2016) in the study summarily demonstrates how oncology physical therapist can benefit cancer survivors. In some cases, a patient undergoing through cancer treatment can impact functioning as well as the quality of life through the period of treatment. However, as Cuneo et al (2015) points out in the study that both exercise and rehabilitation can help prevent some of these treatment-related effects. Due to the improvement in technology and treatment protocols, health systems have significantly combated the disease. Early detection and screening are among the key advances in the fight against cancer. As a result, a patient suffering from cancer can now live longer. Referring to Nsouli et al (2017) cancer survivors are more likely to report poor health after treatment protocols. For example, cancer survivors are likely to suffer from psychosocial and functional disabilities. Having mentioned that physical therapy helps cancer survivors in restoring both their physical and functional strengths. The study by Michaels, (2016) confirms that the use of a CR approach of rehabilitative services may be essential for ensuring cancer survivors receive oncology rehabilitation.

The study by D’Journo et al (2018) is very forthright in revealing the role of pulmonary rehabilitation in palliative care for patients suffering from lung cancer. Health practitioners often combine the approach with other therapies especially for survivors with advanced cancer. Exercise plays a paramount role in helping cancer victims. Physiological changes experienced during the period of exercise are fundamental in the sense that it profoundly prolongs life. In another study conducted by Simone Tramma et al (2012), emphasizes the importance of combining clinical care, behavioral tools, and physiological aspects not to mention pulmonary rehabilitation in restoring the functional capacity for cancer survivors. However, the fact that lung cancer is associated with the breathing system, exercise has been pointed out as the main tool for both the restoration and endurance of patients by challenging the breathing system. On top of this, victims of lung cancer can be administered through such clearance of airways and oxygen therapy.

Risk factors for acquiring lung cancer

Different studies have found multiple factors that are likely to increase chances of an individual getting lung cancer. Cigarette smoking is the prevailing factors in all studies with respect to understanding this complex disease. In other words, cigarette smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. Most deaths of lung cancer are linked to smoking. Ideally, tobacco is made up of countless toxic chemicals that cause cancer in both people and animals. In comparison, people who smoke risk getting cancer than nonsmokers. Unlike other risk factors, smoking can spread cancer in different parts of the body. Secondhand smokers also risk getting lung cancer. A person exposed to cigarette smoke has no difference with the original smoker. Apparently, approximately 75000 people who never smoked die from cancer.

Naturally occurring gas is another risk factor for getting lung cancer. The gas, radon can increase the risk of acquiring lung cancer. In relation to this, other substance such as gasoline exhaust causes cancer. This means that people working in certain areas risk getting cancer. For example, people working in the oil industries are more vulnerable to lung cancer-causing substances. Cancer is also hereditary. For instance, an individual whose family has had lung cancer are more likely to get cancer (Cerantola et al 2013). Lastly, society is changing at a relatively high rate. Ultimately, technology has changed so rapidly in the sense that it has impacted many aspects of human life. Technology is being used in boosting agricultural products. Diet has, therefore, raising concern due to high risk of lung cancer.

Knowledge in the medical community

Knowledge about the disease has significantly improved in the medical community. The fact that the disease is leading in causing death has forced the entire medical fraternity to conduct research to know the disease. Cancer is overburdening many societies hence the need for further research to understand the disease better. From this standpoint, there has been an improvement in individuals undergoing regular checkups and screening. To show that lung cancer is recognized by health systems various studies have been conducted with respect to knowing lung cancer, interventions, and treatment. For example, the National Cancer Institute conducted a study to understand the rationale behind screening in medical occupation setting. The institute considered several patients who were under cancer treatment program. In simple terms, there is a vast knowledge of the disease in the medical community. However, due to changing social patterns, health systems in collaboration with other relevant agencies should increase risk factors awareness of cancer. Fortunately, various agencies such as the National Cancer Institute are working on getting the word out there to the public.

Medical treatments for lung cancer

As earlier stated in the discussion, lung cancer is treated in different ways depending on its type. Surgery is among the common medical treatments for lung cancer. Referring to Simone Tramma et al (2012) a good number of people have undergone through surgery. Primarily, this approach is beneficial because it has better outcomes. Ultimately, surgery has minimal post-surgical pain and there are lesser complications. This process, however, is preferred in case cancer is confined to the lungs. However, based on the nature of the disease, a surgeon can recommend chemotherapy after the surgery. Radiation therapy is another medical treatment for lung cancer. Conferring with Dittus et al (2015) its uses a high powered beam of energy beams which are used to destroy cancer cells. Ignoring the protocols, people with highly advanced cancer, radiation may be a necessity. Chemotherapy uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. Drugs can be administered either intravenously or administered orally. Lastly, palliative care is a treatment approach used to reduce the effects of cancer treatment. According to Michaels, (2016), palliative care is a process that requires cancer victims to work with a doctor to mitigate their symptoms.

Summary

Lung cancer has become a major health problem in most parts of the world. There are various risk factors for getting cancer. This may range from exposure to toxic gases, diet, hereditary factors and smoking among others. Lung cancer not only leads to causing death in both men and women but it has also created a burden to health facilities, governments, and families. Cancer treatment results in physical, mental and physiological factors. However, the health community through comprehensive research has taken the issue into consideration. Early screening and improvement in treatment protocols have improved the lives of lung cancer victims.

References

Cerantola, Y., Valerio, M., Persson, B., Jichlinski, P., Ljungqvist, O., Hubner, M., & Naesheimh, T. (2013). Guidelines for perioperative care after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS®) society recommendations. Clinical nutrition, 32(6), 879-887.

Cuneo, K. C., Davis, M. A., Schipper, M., Lawrence, T. S., & Feng, M. (2015). High-serum HGF and low-serum CD40L are associated with liver toxicity after stereotactic body radiation therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology• Biology• Physics, 93(3), S114.

D’Journo, X. B., Falcoz, P. E., Alifano, M., Le Rochais, J. P., D’Annoville, T., Massard, G., & Doddoli, C. (2018). Oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal decontamination with chlorhexidine gluconate in lung cancer surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Intensive care medicine, 44(5), 578-587

Dittus, K. L., Lakoski, S. G., Savage, P. D., Kokinda, N., Toth, M., Stevens, D., & Ades, P. A. (2015). Exercise-based oncology rehabilitation: leveraging the cardiac rehabilitation model. Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention, 35(2), 130.

Kuba, K., Esser, P., Scherwath, A., Schirmer, L., Schulz‐Kindermann, F., Dinkel, A., & Mehnert, A. (2017) Cancer‐and‐treatment–specific distress and its impact on posttraumatic stress in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Psycho‐Oncology, 26(8), 1164-1171.

Michaels, C. (2016). The importance of exercise in lung cancer treatment. Translational lung cancer research, 5(3), 235.

Nsouli, T., Frandina, J., Tanny, S., Chaudhari, R., Rosenbaum, P., Mix, M. D., & Aridgides, P. D. (2017). Local tumor control after stereotactic body radiation therapy for early lung cancer is not impacted by the use of intensity modulated radiation therapy or respiratory gating. International Journal of Radiation Oncology• Biology• Physics, 99(2), E487.

Simone Tramma, MD, MS; Eileen Storey, MD, MPH; David Weissman, MD. “Lung Cancer Screening in the Occupational Setting – An Update.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, saving lives, 2012. Retrieved from https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2012/08/29/ctscan3/

Simone Tramma, MD, MS; Eileen Storey, MD, MPH; David Weissman, MD. “Lung Cancer Screening in the Occupational Setting – An Update.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, saving lives, 2012. Retrieved from https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2012/08/29/ctscan3/

Tiep, B., Sun, V., Koczywas, M., Kim, J., Raz, D., Hurria, A., & Hayter, J. (2015). Pulmonary rehabilitation and palliative care for the lung cancer patient. Journal of hospice and palliative nursing: JHPN: the official journal of the Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association, 17(5), 462.