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AES-6250 Online Syllabus

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University Policies

University Policies can be found in your Blackboard course. Once you have logged into Blackboard, you will find the University Policies link in the Course Menu on the left-hand side.

Program Guidelines Program guidelines can be found in your Blackboard course. Once you have logged into Blackboard, you will find the program guidelines link in the Course Menu on the left hand side. Attendance, late policy, etc. can be found here.

Course Description Advanced investigation into the effects of exercise on the major systems of the human body, including cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular, glandular and digestive; with emphasis on optimizing human performance. Prerequisite: Functional Anatomy & undergraduate exercise physiology coursework, or permission from instructor. Course Objectives: Upon successful completion of this course, students will:

A. Learn the regulatory mechanisms and interaction of the various energy systems during exercise as well as how training, detraining, and aging affect energy metabolism.

B. Explain the interaction between the cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal system and the role of the buffers in regulating the body’s acid-base balance.

C. Describe how environmental conditions (heat, cold, and hypobaric) affect one’s physiological function and ability to perform exercise.

D. Distinguish the factors involved in training and learn how to manipulate the athlete’s training stress to optimize performance in sport.

E. Examine the different categories of nutrients and their role in athletic performance. F. Identify various substances that have been proposed to be ergogenic aids and determine their

potential benefits, proven effects, and any health risks that may be associated with their use. G. Describe how the endocrine system influences and is influenced by exercise and the body’s

adaptations to exercise. H. Investigate Nervous system and resistance training adaptations

i. Nervous system structure + function ii. Electromyography + Neuromuscular adaptations

I. Explain the physiological changes that occur during aging and the unique physiological responses to acute exercise and chronic adaptations.

Principal Units Taught in the Course:

A. Bioenergetics & Metabolism

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B. The Neuromuscular System C. Cardiovascular, Respiratory, & Renal Acid/Base Balance Regulation D. Neuroendocrine Influences on Physiology and Performance E. Nutrition & Ergogenic Aids F. Performance & Training Manipulations G. Environmental Physiology

Required Texts: Kenney W. L., Wilmore, J., Costill, D. Physiology of Sport and Exercise (7th ed.). Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL. 2019, ISBN-13: 978-1492572299; ISBN-10: 1492572292 American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Additional Required Readings (peer-reviewed articles) provided within each module. Recommended Texts: Peter, T., Russell, T. A., Houston, M. Biochemistry Primer for Exercise Science (4th ed.) Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, 2012, ISBN-13: 978-0736096058; ISBN-10: 0736096051 Course Grading Activity Type Due in Module Point Value/Percentage Introduction Discussion Due Day 3, Peer Response Day 5 10 pts Introduction Quiz Due Day 4, Module 1 10 pts Plagiarism Certificate Due Day 7, Module 1 10 pts Discussions Due Day 4, Module 1-7, Peer 30 pts each / 240 pts total Responses Due Day 7 Discussion Due Day 3, Module 8, Peer Responses 30 pts Due Day 5 Assignments Due Day 7, Module 1-7 50 pts each/ 350 pts total Grading: 93-100 A 4.00 82-80 B- 2.67 69-67 D+ 1.33 90-92 A- 3.67 79-77 C+ 2.33 66-63 D 1.00 89-87 B+ 3.33 76-73 C 2.00 62-60 D- .67 86-83 B 3.00 72-70 C- 1.67 59 and below F .00

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Assignments: Module 1 Assignment 1A: Plagiarism certificate Due Sunday by 11:59:00pm CST By Day 7, submit Plagiarism Course Certification. Plagiarism course MUST be successfully completed to progress within the course and the AES program. This assignment must be completed prior to the Module 2 assignment’s due date. If not successfully completed, no new work will be accepted until the certificate of successful completion is uploaded. This will result in new work being assessed as “Late” & the Late Policy will be followed. The course can be accessed via: https://plagiarism.iu.edu/ If you have taken this plagiarism course in a previous course, you can upload that same certificate (ie. You don’t need to re-take this plagiarism course again, but you must upload the certificate as proof of completion). Module 1 Assignment 1B: Due Day 7. For this assignment, you must create a production or presentation on energy production within the body. You should include both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, including ATP-PCr, Glycolysis, and the Krebs + Electron transport systems and how these processes differ based on the starting substrate. Your work should be media rich (and sourced appropriately), detail all key steps and compounds, and explain rate limits for each pathway. Your target audience is an undergraduate exercise physiology course and your goal is to teach them the physiological steps of energy production and how the body works as a system to create energy. You may utilize the record or note feature within PPT to accommodate information you would plan to say but may not necessarily be represented on the slide. The final slide must include a reference list in APA 7th edition format. Recommended Tools:

• PowerPoint (Microsoft Office Product) o Getting started guide - https://support.office.com/en-us/article/powerpoint-2013quickstart-guideb66ae484163c- 4285-83ef-932b1722adda

• Google Slides (free - https://www.google.com/slides/about/) o Getting started guide - https://gsuite.google.com/learningcenter/products/slides/getstarted/#!/

• Prezi (create a free basic account here https://prezi.com/pricing/) o Support and Guides - https://support.prezi.com/hc/en-us

Module 2 Assignment: Due Day 7.

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Please complete the Module 2 lab activity. This activity requires the completion of 2 strength assessments. Your submission for this assignment should include the results from these assessments in a clear way (tables are great) and answers to the lab questions. Answers must be in complete sentences and be supported by academic sources. At least one peer-reviewed article source is required for this assignment. Length: 2-5 pages of content (cover, title, and reference page not counted towards page length), APA style & format required throughout. Module 3 Assignment: Due Day 7. Please complete the Module 3 lab activity. This activity involves a field assessment of oxygen consumption (1.5 mile run or other). Your submission for this assignment should include the results of the assessments you performed, including all relevant methods and answers to the lab questions. Answers to the associated questions must be in complete sentences, have clear rationale and support from academic sources. 2-5 pages, double-spaced APA format required. (cover page, title page, and reference list not counted towards page limit). Module 4 Assignment Due day 7 For the module 4 written assignment you are to select 1 hormone (cannot be identical to the primary hormone shown in your discussion map). You will write a mini review on this hormone covering its: 1) primary functions, 2) origins and targets within the body, 3) how either endurance or resistance training influences this hormone, 4) 1 disease or disorder that may occur if this hormone is chronically outside its homeostatic range, and 5) how the disease or disorder affects body functions. This mini-review is to be written in paragraph format, 2-5 pages in length. Double-spaced, 7th edition APA format. The CUC cover page, title page, and reference list do not count against page limits. At least 2 peer-reviewed references are required. Module 5 Assignment: Due Day 7. Sports nutrition is an important component of an athlete’s success. Pick a sport (be specific) and include a short recommendation about how you would prepare this athlete for their competition or event. Include a description of their energy system needs, macronutrient needs (dosages, timing, quality etc), potential supplementation needs, as well as an actionable 3-day sample plan on how these recommendations would be executed as part of a diet plan and relative to training or event times. Finally, comment on how your plan may require alteration if your athlete was vegan. Please share your thoughts in 2 - 5 pages, while addressing the above questions and support with academic resources. At least two peer-re Module 6 Assignment: Due Day 7 For your week 6 assignment you will be answering the following questions in short response/paragraph format. Please answer all questions within 2-4 pages, double-spaced, APA format, reference list required. At least 2 peer-reviewed articles required, reference list required.

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1) Explain the critical training variables and describe which of these variables is the most important (if any) and why. Evidence should be used from the course readings and outside sources to support your response.

2) Explain the expected cardiovascular & respiratory aerobic adaptations from chronic aerobic exercise.

3) Explain the expected metabolic adaptations resulting from chronic aerobic exercise. 4) Explain the skeletal muscle adaptations expected from a strength-focused resistance

training program vs. a hypertrophy-focused resistance training program. 5) Provide a 1 week sample workout plan utilizing the critical training variables and an

evidence-based exercise Rx scheme for either a: middle distance runner, a marathon runner, a collegiate volleyball player, or a college football lineman. Assume they are in pre-season without any competitions on the schedule.

Module 7 Assignment: Due Day 7 Choose one of the following athlete scenarios and describe the environmental conditions they are competing in, how you would prepare this athlete for competition, what dangers might they be exposed to as a result of the environment, and how training adaptations may mitigate these dangers. Scenario 1) ultra-endurance runner competing in the Badwater ultramarathon (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badwater_Ultramarathon); Scenario 2) recreational runner competing in a 5k “fun-run” in Alabama in August; Scenario 3) A biathlete competing in the Olympic Trials in Minnesota in December. You must use at least 2 peer-reviewed sources to support your response. Your response must be within 2-4 pages, double-spaced not including cover page or reference list.

Module 1: Bioenergetics and Metabolism Learning module description/summary: Within this module you will explore how the body produces energy, controls exercise metabolism, and how different substrates require different metabolic pathways. You will complete an introduction quiz, a discussion, and an assignment within this module. Please watch the instructor’s Welcome video within the Discussion Forum Module Outcomes/Objectives:

A. Learn the regulatory mechanisms and interaction of the various energy systems during exercise.

B. Explain how the human body produces ATP through ATP-PCr, Glycolysis, Krebs, and ETS.

C. Connect exercise adaptations to adaptations to bioenergetic pathways D. Lab: Investigation of Exercise Intensity and Connections to Bioenergetic Pathways.

Required Readings/Resources:

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• Kenney et al. Chapter 2 “Fuel for Exercise: Bioenergetics and Muscle Metabolism” • Neufer, P. D. (2018). The bioenergetics of exercise. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in

medicine, 8(5), a029678. http://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/content/8/5/a029678.full.pdf Lundby, C., & Jacobs, R. A. (2016). Adaptations of skeletal muscle mitochondria to exercise training. Experimental physiology, 101(1), 17-22. https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1113/EP085319%4010.1111/%28ISSN %291469-445X.StressSkeletalmuscle

• Brooks, G. A., & Mercier, J. (1994). Balance of carbohydrate and lipid utilization during exercise: the" crossover" concept. Journal of applied physiology, 76(6), 2253-2261. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.6.2253

• Khan Academy. (2009, December 8). Introduction to cellular respiration. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/2f7YwCtHcgk

• Khan Academy. (2015, August 25), Steps of glycolysis. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/ArmlWtDnuys

• Khan Academy. (2015, August 28). Oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/J30zpvbmw7s

• Khan Academy. (2013, May 17). Basics of metabolism. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/wQ1QGZ6gJ8w

Recommended Readings: • White, A. T., & Schenk, S. (2012). NAD+/NADH and skeletal muscle mitochondrial

adaptations to exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 303(3), E308-E321. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/ajpendo.00054.2012

• Hawley, J. A., Lundby, C., Cotter, J. D., & Burke, L. M. (2018). Maximizing cellular adaptation to endurance exercise in skeletal muscle. Cell metabolism, 27(5), 962-976. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413118302572

• Brooks, G. A. (2018). The science and translation of lactate shuttle theory. Cell metabolism, 27(4), 757-785. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413118301864

Discussions: Introduction Discussion Please share a short introduction about yourself and include a photo to personalize your post (yourself, family, pet etc.). Within your post include a recent video regarding human performance that you found inspiring. (For example - https://youtu.be/TWfph3iNC-k) Please share your introduction no later than Day 3 and respond to two peers by Day 5.

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Module 1 Discussion Based on what have read within this module (required and recommended readings/videos) about bioenergetics and exercise metabolism as well as what you may have retained from previous classes, pick one of the following discussion topics and present to the class. You must support your response with at least one new peer-reviewed article, but can also cite any of the required or recommended resources. Topics (pick 1):

1) What are at least 2 factors that affect rate of a reaction within a metabolic pathway? Define and explain these and provide at least one example for each.

2) What is the intercellular and intracellular lactate shuttle system? Provide examples of each and how they are utilized during different exercise/performance conditions.

3) What conditions contribute to the utilization of the intracellular lactate shuttle (i.e. slow versus fast glycolysis) and what reactants, products, enzymes, coenzymes, or transporters are involved.

4) What are at least two factors affecting enzymatic activity AND what are examples of how these factors affect enzymatic activity?

5) Explain the relationship between sport/exercise type, most utilized metabolic pathway, and ATP capacity.

6) Pick one type of exercise category (endurance (aerobic), anaerobic, or mixed) and explain what the primary energy system would be for this type of activity and what kind of metabolic adaptations might be expected after chronic participation in this activity. Metabolic adaptations may include those related to: mitochondria, enzyme concentration, capillary development/oxygen delivery, cofactors etc.

Your primary response is due by Day 4 and your response to two peers by Day 7. One peer- reviewed source (minimum) is required to support the contents of your post. Assessments: Introduction Quiz: Due day 4. Assignments:

Assignment 1A & B due day 7

Module 2: Neuromuscular System Learning module description/summary: Within this module you will explore the neuromuscular system, action potential generation, and muscle contraction and relaxation. You will complete a discussion and assignment within this module.

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Module Outcomes/Objectives: • Explain action potential generation and muscle contraction and relaxation • Explain the importance of muscular and neural structures related to human movement • Apply readings in applied topics related to muscular contraction principles and nervous

system responses. • Synthesize physiological information and apply it to performance settings

Required Readings/Resources:

• Kenney et al. Chapters 1 “Structure and Function of Exercising Muscle” & 3 “Neural Control of Exercising Muscle”

• Willingham, T. B., Kim, Y., Lindberg, E., Bleck, C. K., & Glancy, B. (2020). The unified myofibrillar matrix for force generation in muscle. Nature communications, 11(1), 1-10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17579- 6?elqTrackId=72e3717b50f842be8ad58e6c0813e2cb

• Herzog, W. (2018). The multiple roles of titin in muscle contraction and force production. Biophysical reviews, 10(4), 1187-1199. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc6082311/

• Mendell, L. M. (2005). The size principle: a rule describing the recruitment of motoneurons. Journal of neurophysiology, 93(6), 3024-3026. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/classicessays.00025.2005

• Khanacademymedicine. (2013, December 14). Neuron action potential mechanism. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/MZz4OUOyFvg

• Khanacademymedicin. (2013, September 18). Neuromuscular junction. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/lRJd56BCidg

• Khan Academy. (2010, February 16). Anatomy of a muscle cell. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/uY2ZOsCnXIA

• Khanacademymedice. (2013, September 8) Motor neurons. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/LwA00uqniiU

• Khan Academy. (2010, February 15). Myosin and Actin. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/zopoN2i7ALQ

• Khan Academy. (2010, February 15). How tropomyosin and troponin regulate muscle contraction. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/LiOfeSsjrB8

Recommended Readings:

• De Luca, C. J., & Hostage, E. C. (2010). Relationship between firing rate and recruitment threshold of motoneurons in voluntary isometric contractions. Journal of neurophysiology, 104(2), 1034-1046. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/jn.01018.2009

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• Nishikawa, K. C., Monroy, J. A., Uyeno, T. E., Yeo, S. H., Pai, D. K., & Lindstedt, S. L. (2012). Is titin a ‘winding filament’? A new twist on muscle contraction. Proceedings of the royal society B: Biological sciences, 279(1730), 981-990. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspb.2011.1304

•

Discussions: Module 2 Discussion: For this discussion you will be selecting one topic from the list below to develop and present to the class in the discussion forum. Topics:

1) Compare and contrast the sliding filament theory with the winding filament theory presented within the course textbook readings and within the provided peer-reviewed articles (Herzog, Nishikawa). What components do they have in common, how are they different?

2) Discuss the relationship between the alpha motoneuron and skeletal muscle. Be sure to address important physiological connections, distribution among fibers, and functional properties.

3) Define and Discuss the size principle and how it relates to neural firing rate and recruitment of skeletal muscle. Use a practical applied example as part of your response.

4) Discuss the connection between the afferent and efferent neural pathways and muscle contraction. Use a practical applied example as part of your response.

5) Discuss a disease or disorder that affects the neuromuscular system. Define key characteristics and how this chosen disease or disorder alters normal function.

6) Describe an action potential sequence, using a discussion of resting membrane potential, depolarization, and repolarization as well as key ion channels within your response. How might an imbalance to Na+ or K+ affect this sequence?

Your initial post is due Day 4. By Day 7, please respond to two peers. Assignments: Module 2 Assignment: Due Day 7.

Module 3: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, & Renal Acid/Base Balance Regulation Learning module description/summary:

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Within this module you will investigate the cardiac and respiratory function, compare normal and abnormal physiology, and conduct a cardiorespiratory field assessment. You will complete a discussion and assignment as part of this module. Module Outcomes/Objectives:

A. Explain cardiac and respiratory function during rest and exercise B. Understand the role of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal system as it relates to

acid-base balance C. Conduct a cardiorespiratory assessment D. Synthesize physiological information and apply it to performance settings

Required Readings/Resources:

• Kenney et al. Chapters 6 “The cardiovascular system and its control”, 7 “The respiratory system and its control”, & 8 “Cardiorespiratory responses to exercise”

• Poole, D. C., Rossiter, H. B., Brooks, G. A., & Gladden, L. B. (2021). The anaerobic threshold: 50+ years of controversy. The Journal of physiology, 599(3), 737-767. https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1113/JP279963?casa_token=UNv prKAv0UoAAAAA:8rW3Fn4KL-x4urfKMyy_0F8wVPO1ZG- 9BSfIQO5dx9olHqTEVH06gIiXBkU361ZLtRYw09ZtqZ20

• Zwiren, L. D., Freedson, P. S., Ward, A., Wilke, S., & Rippe, J. M. (1991). Estimation of VO2max: a comparative analysis of five exercise tests. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 62(1), 73-78. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02701367.1991.10607521?casa_token=wF 1dxWLuWpQAAAAA:rpwYBWn3f3rvfihw7lUt8t2_I4BfEVW3NoY1Bqej6aCj1aHi- FeIA9RC9pezwFTgg9fyPQ0EkA

• Hopkins, E., Sanvictores, T., & Sharma, S. (2020). Physiology, acid base balance. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507807/

• McNamara, J., & Worthley, L. (2001). Acid-base balance: part I. Physiology. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 3, 181-187. https://cicm.org.au/CICM_Media/CICMSite/CICM- Website/Resources/Publications/CCR%20Journal/Previous%20Editions/September%2020 01/11_2001_Sep_Acid-Base-Balance-Part-1.pdf

• Khanacademymedicine. (2012, October 10). Flow through the heart. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/7XaftdE_h60

• Khanacademymedicine. (2012, November 8). What is preload? Retrieved from https://youtu.be/DLD23lPv8eo

• Khanacademymedicine. (2012, November 21) Inhaling and exhaling. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/mykrnTh1tz8

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• Khanacademymedicine. (2013, February 25) Oxygen movement from alveoli to capillaries. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/nRpwdwm06Ic

• Adam Stiff. (2019, January 19) Full VO2 max test. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/ixPS6aiCzmA

Discussions: Module 3 Discussion: For this module discussion you will be selecting one of the topics below to develop and present to the class in the discussion forum:

1) Investigation of abnormal or artificial physiology. You will discuss an aspect of heart or lung function, how these organ-related functions in a normal situation and how these functions are different in the clinical condition you have selected. Your response must include a comparison of normal functioning vs. the clinical condition and must include how the condition may affect performance. You may choose any condition to investigate as long as it pertains to heart/ lung function. Make sure you compare the functional differences and any special considerations related to exercise participation.

2) Explain how a condition like COPD may affect acid-base balance. Given what you have learned about acid-base regulation, what other systems in the body would be affected by this condition? Support your response with evidence and peer-reviewed sources.

3) Present a discussion of the exercise intensity domains (moderate, heavy, severe) and how the anaerobic threshold is or is not related to these. What role, if any, does oxygen consumption and/or lactate play related to the anaerobic threshold? You may use previous module readings as well as those within this module to support your response.

Please respond to the prompt by Day 4 and reply to two peers by Day 7. At least one peer- reviewed source is required for your primary post. Assignments: Module 3 Assignment: Due Day 7.

Module 4: Neuroendocrine Influences on Physiology and Performance Learning module description/summary:

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Within this module you will investigate cellular signaling and hormone interactions. You will complete 1 discussion and 1 written assignment within this module. Module Outcomes/Objectives:

A. Explain and discuss the role of signaling and its importance regarding physiological function

B. Explain and discuss general hormone interactions within the body C. Create productions that adequately convey information about homeostatic and hormonal

control within the body

D. Application of the role of one hormone and its interaction with exercise & performance

Required Readings/Resources: • Kenney et al. Ch. 4 “Hormonal Control During Exercise” • Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2005). Hormonal responses and adaptations to

resistance exercise and training. Sports medicine, 35(4), 339-361. https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.2 165/00007256-200535040-00004&casa_token=1OhsY8YBHvEAAAAA:YIgj- THFMhZ4aSupu29q3tzeeX7Xlr-8h- rNN4BzD0THaIqBiMKrIrHgzcp9STlA3w_mrF1erYQf_A

• Friedmann, B., & Kindermann, W. (1989). Energy metabolism and regulatory hormones in women and men during endurance exercise. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 59(1), 1-9. https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/ 10.1007/BF02396572.pdf&casa_token=eKK4m6ROYdMAAAAA:F5b1tyyp4zd_AvZ5zJ RgPEA9iOiS1kXUA-p2na_u89PGdJvwvNGXk82VkvHDFm89JzZzZF_2P3Is8w

• Elliott-Sale, K. J., Tenforde, A. S., Parziale, A. L., Holtzman, B., & Ackerman, K. E. (2018). Endocrine effects of relative energy deficiency in sport. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 28(4), 335-349. https://is.muni.cz/el/med/jaro2020/MNVS081p/um/Endocrine_Effects_of_Relative_Energ y_Deficiency_in_Sport.pdf

• Khanacademymedicine. (2014, February 25). Physiological concept of positive and

negative feedback. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/zv8LHyH7_rI • Khanacademymedicine. (2013, September 18). Endocrine gland hormone review.

Retrieved from https://youtu.be/ER49EweKwW8 • Khanacademymedicine. (2013, September 18). Types of hormones. Retrieved from

https://youtu.be/KSclrkk_Ako

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• Khanacademymedicine. (2013, September 18). Cellular mechanism of hormone action. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/TNGSzt2v4xY

Recommended Readings: • Lewis, N. A., Towey, C., Bruinvels, G., Howatson, G., & Pedlar, C. R. (2016). Effects of

exercise on alterations in redox homeostasis in elite male and female endurance athletes using a clinical point-of-care test. Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism, 41(10), 1026–1032.https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/apnm-2016- 0208?casa_token=CcyXoGfDp54AAAAA:W901Ezbqh6ExRnxrH4KPj4CyRKpMBpVm mxCHXShSKwjZJgUteoztE-qMq_PEb2y1AynwyIPo02di

• Hyun-Lyung Jung, Jong-Sik Ryu, & Ho-Youl Kang. (2018). Hormonal responses to consecutive carbohydrate ingestions during heavy-resistance exercise. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 21(5), 97–108. https://www.asep.org/asep/asep/JEPonlineOCTOBER2018_Ho-Youl%20Kang.pdf

Discussions: Module 4 Discussion: For the module 4 discussion, you will be creating a hormone map and sharing it with the class. You will find examples of a hormone map within Chapter 4; however, please note that you may not use any of the hormones featured within the example maps of chapter 4 as your topic. A complete map will include the secretion signal for the hormone, the origin of the hormone, and hormone targets, and the physiological outcomes of hormone increases or decreases within the body. Be sure to indicate feedback loops within your map. Please provide an explanation of the steps within you map and explain why this interaction is important physiologically. Respond to the prompt by Day 4 and respond to at least two peers by Day 7. At least one peer-reviewed source is required to support your hormone map. Recommended tools and resources: *ensure open access is selected prior to posting*

• Infogram - https://infogram.com/ (create a free basic account) o Starting resources - https://support.infogram.com/hc/en-us o Examples - https://infogram.com/examples

• Piktochart - https://piktochart.com/ (free trial) o Starting resources - https://piktochart.com/videotutorials/ o Examples - https://piktochart.com/formats/infographics/

• Canva - https://www.canva.com/ (free) o Starting resources and examples - https://www.canva.com/create/infographics/

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Assignment:

Module 4 Assignment Due day 7

Module 5: Nutrition & Ergogenic Aids Learning module description/summary: Within this module you will explore basic principles of sport nutrition, ergogenic aids, and banned substances. Module Outcomes/Objectives:

A. Explain the role of key macro and micro nutrients as they relate to exercise performance. B. Explain and discuss documented ergogenic aids for the improvement of body

composition, strength, and endurance performance. C. Synthesize current literature related to sports nutrition, ergogenic aids, and banned

substances to give evidence-based recommendations for a particular athlete group.

Required Readings/Resources:

• Kenney et al. Chapters 15 “Body Composition and Nutrition for Sport” & 16 “Ergogenic Aids in Sport” • Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Roberts, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S. M., Jäger, R., ... & Kreider, R. B. (2018). ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 1-57. https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y • Kerksick, C. M., Arent, S., Schoenfeld, B. J., Stout, J. R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C. D., ... & Antonio, J. (2017). International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1), 1-21. https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4/

• Khanacademymedicine. (2014, April 26). Thermoregulation in the circulatory system. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/C_LiAEjuIIc.

• Khanacademymedicine. (2013, September 18). Thermoregulation by muscles. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/HfXqyPS5bRo

• Khan Academy. (2015, July 3). Introduction to buffers. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/gjKmQ501sAg

Recommended Readings: • Kreider, R. B., Kalman, D. S., Antonio, J., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Wildman, R., Collins, R., ...

& Lopez, H. L. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. Journal of the

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International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1), 1-18. https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z

• Stecker, R. A., Harty, P. S., Jagim, A. R., Candow, D. G., & Kerksick, C. M. (2019). Timing of ergogenic aids and micronutrients on muscle and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 16(1), 1-8. https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-019-0304-9

• Guest, N. S., VanDusseldorp, T. A., Nelson, M. T., Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Jenkins, N. D., ... & Campbell, B. I. (2021). International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18(1), 1-37. https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-020- 00383-4?fbclid=IwAR1QaEiZP- efuLN0Y1vjKjOQBuiemK5rF7iT613s_uMAo54asHc8UacTLAg

• Jones, A. M., Thompson, C., Wylie, L. J., & Vanhatalo, A. (2018). Dietary nitrate and physical performance. Annual review of nutrition, 38, 303-328. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-nutr-082117- 051622?casa_token=himGHaCgF88AAAAA:aigvkQ7iyW9F0uNZzbmtdjCAiV3pt4vRJ 1R78ge9RwZks88QO4S9OOpi2gMAyaagQZNlRysFyg

Discussions: Module 5 Discussion: For this discussion post please design a supplement stack (minimum 2 ingredients) that increases performance for either an anaerobic or resistance-trained athlete OR an endurance athlete. Be sure to justify your selections with support from peer-reviewed and academic sources. Websites, blogs, or social media influencers are not appropriate sources. Within your post, you must include the following: 1) type of athlete, 2) names of stack ingredients, their recommended dose amount and timing relative to performance, 3) mechanism of action (i.e. how does the ingredient work, 4) any special considerations/cautions related to the stack. Please share your supplement creation by Day 4 and respond to two peers by Day 7. At least one peer-reviewed article is required to support your supplement creation. Assignments: Module 5 Assignment: Due Day 7.

Module 6: Performance & Training Manipulations Learning module description/summary:

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In this module you will investigate the physiological adaptations to chronic exercise, analyze manipulations to critical training variables, and create a needs analysis for sport. Within this module you complete a discussion and an assignment. Module Outcomes/Objectives:

A. Identify and discuss the physiological adaptations to chronic exercise B. Identify the critical training variables used to apply training programs C. Review core resistance training and endurance training principles D. Create a needs analysis for a specific sport using documented training strategies and

manipulation of the critical variables

Required Readings/Resources: • Kenney et al. Ch. 9 “Principle of Exercise Training” & Ch. 11 “Adaptations to Aerobic

and Anaerobic Training” • Tan, B. (1999). Manipulating resistance training program variables to optimize maximum

strength in men: a review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 13(3), 289- 304. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/930a/b121b1b46776ffde3858979c747bd8f8ae93.pdf

• Helgerud, J., Høydal, K., Wang, E., Karlsen, T., Berg, P., Bjerkaas, M., ... & Hoff, J. (2007). Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve V˙ O2max more than moderate training. Medicine & science in sports & exercise, 39(4), 665-671. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.594.6219&rep=rep1&type=pdf

Recommended Readings/Resources • Kenney et al. Ch. 10 “Adaptations to Resistance Training” • Zuhl, M., & Kravitz, L. (2012). HIIT vs continuous endurance training: battle of the

aerobic titans. IDEA Fitness journal, 9(2), 34-40. https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/HIITvsCardio.html

• Mangine, G. T., Hoffman, J. R., Wang, R., Gonzalez, A. M., Townsend, J. R., Wells, A. J., ... & Stout, J. R. (2016). Resistance training intensity and volume affect changes in rate of force development in resistance-trained men. European journal of applied physiology, 116(11), 2367-2374. https://idp.springer.com/authorize/casa?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1 007/s00421-016-3488- 6&casa_token=no65F7RT5kQAAAAA:I3TtkSEMbVEYb1PYWiCetOp7mDrYRGMH5 XqK9D2LvoIFYBtGy4Auu_9m2pqfecvcG1X0sTF1oKSGNQ

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Discussions: Module 6 Discussion: For this discussion you will develop a needs analysis for a sport of your choice. A needs analysis should address the physical demands of the sport (intensity, duration, movement patterns, biomechanics, muscles involved, energy systems primarily involved) assessments for progress monitoring, and characteristics of athletes suited for the sport. You will select at least one assessment specific to the sport you have selected to help identify needs in one of the areas listed above. You must justify your assessment selections, explain how they measure progress, and explain what they measure physiologically and why the measurements are important. Please share your response by Day 4 and respond to two peers by Day 7. At least one peer-reviewed article is required to support your assessment of your sport of choice. Assignments: Module 6 Assignment:

Module 7: Environmental Physiology: Heat & Cold Environments Learning module description/summary: Within this module you will explore the impact of the environment on performance, identify strategies to manage fatigue, and create lifestyle recommendations designed to maximize human performance. You will complete a discussion and assignment within this module. Module Outcomes/Objectives:

A. Explain and discuss the impact of hot and cold environments on performance. B. Identify strategies to manage fatigue and enhance performance based on physiological

understanding. C. Synthesize physiological information and apply it to human performance. Use this

information to determine training strategies and recommendations.

Required Readings/Resources: • Kenney et al. Ch. 12 “Exercise in Hot and Cold Environments” • ECSS.tv (2015, November 20). Performance in thermal extremes. Retrieved from

https://youtu.be/bA8Wt7w-rGY • Hosler, M., Hosler, V., Tobin, C., Strop, B., Schroeder, W., & Beckwith, L. (2014).

Physiological responses to prolonged exercise in extreme heat conditions: A case study. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 17(4), 1–9. https://www.asep.org/asep/asep/JEPonlineAUGUST2014_Beckwith.pdf