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c a a ad a c a . D d c , d c d d a , c d d a a a c a d d a a d a d c a

, c d ac a c c a c a - d d d a a a ,

d d ac a d cc .

Q e ion o Think Abo : W a a a b a d ca ac ? I a a ( ) a a b ? C d ad a a c d b d add

b ? F a a c d ac a c b a a

c d ca ? I a a d a ac a c a b a a a ca ac a c ?

R a c ab a . W a a c d a d research? F a ,

d a c ab a c a c a c a a , b , ac , a d ac . T c a c , c d a a a a c ac ac a

a . T d a a c ( , a a ab c a !) b a , a , a d B

b , c ca d a d . O a d ca

a c a a d c a b c a c d a . O a ,

a d, a c a a a a c c .

F , a c a b c d c d a b a c a d ca c d d a

c d c a c d . Ad d , c a c c b c d c d b a , c a a

ab . H , a d a c b c d c d b prac i ioners a d ca a d a no

a c d . T c c c d c d c a c a a d a

a da a a c , b d c a a . I ac -ba d

a c a ac ion research c c b .

Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch? O a d cad , ac a c a b ca a ac , ad a , a d c a a d c (M , 2011). Ed ca a a a a

b ac d a a a c d c a c a a a ab a a d a b ab a a

a a d a d a a d d c a ca . B a is ac a c ? W a d ? W a d

acc ?

Ac ion e ea ch d d a a a c c d c d b ac , ad a , c , a d

ac a d a c a a ab a c a

c a , ac , a d d a (M , 2011). M a , ac a c c a ac d a

a c a d b ac . I a a c ac c (J , 2008). Ac

a c a ac d c a a , c a d , d , a d

a d b d a d a d b ab a c . I c

c ca c a ac c a a ac c d ac b

a . T , , c a d a d c ac (Pa & B , 2002). T ba c c

c d c ac a c c :

1. Id a a a c 2. C c da a 3. A a a d da a 4. D a a ac (M , 2011)

Y a c ab c ac a c a c a a d C a 2.

In od c ion o Ed ca ional Re ea ch F c a ac a a , a a

, c d ca a a c a a a ba c d a d a d c c a d a c . R a c a a b c a b a .

Q a c a a da , b a a a . A a a a a

d a a , a a c a d c a . Y d

a a a , b ac a a , d a ad a a

c ? Ca a d c da ? D a c ?

A a a a c a ; , a a d

a a c a b . C d c a : Y a a d , A ,

a c a a a a d ad . Y a ac a c a a d a ab d a a

a A . S d a a a a a d d , b a

A . I add , a a d b d a a , b d a a

c a a d , a d d a a a ab b c a A ad . B d d a a ?

M a d C a (2011) a a c c a a a c a d

c a c ab ; , c a a b a b . T c a c d ad , a , a d c .

T adi ion a c a b a d a . I a a d a a ac

da , b a a . I add , a b a b a d a db .

A ho i , a a b . H , d

a a ab a c a a d c a a

a . I ac , ca a a a a a d a a c , c d a d c a b . F a ,

common en e a a a a ba a . W a a a ba c a , a

d dab a . I a a c c d a c d c b a da d a

acc ac , c d c c a d c c .

T a b a a c a a a a d c d ab a . T a b ca a ba d ad , a , a d

c a a b a d d . T b a cc a b ca a a c c d

a a c a d b c a . I d a b acc a a d a ,

b a a a b a d a d ab . T b acc d b c c d. T cien ific me hod a c c a d a a d

b . Y a ca c c d a c c c c a a

b d c c c a c . W a a c c d c a a a a

a c, -b - c d . I 1938, A ca a d d ca J D d c b d c c d a a c d b c

(M & C a , 2011). H d c d a a :

1. C a a b . 2. S a a (a b a ). 3. C c , a a , a d a a d

, c a a . 4. F c c d d a a .

5. U c c c .

I d b ad a a a a c a d a a c d ac . F

a , d a b c a a a a . A a a c d c d c

c d ac a d c b d ab , d a a c . C c , a a , a d a (S 3) a a d a c . I

a d c a a a a a .

H , , c c d a d a c b ad d d ca ? T a a d a a b . S , ed ca ional e ea ch a ca c c d d ca a c , a,

a c a . Ed ca a a c ca ca d a :

1. S c c ab c a c c . 2. C a c c b c a c c . 3. F a a c a d/ c c

a b . 4. Ca c d b c da a (a a a

a ) a c c d, a a d, a d d. 5. S a d d d a a da a a a . 6. D a c c a d a a c

a d/ . (M & C a , 2011)

N a b D c c d a d d c d c d ca a a c . T

a c a c b . I ca , a b a ac c d a a

cc a a a d , d a a c d.

J (2008) a d a , a c a c a a a a c , b a a d c b c c a d d c c . Sc c

c c d c d a ( ca c c d da a) d b . I

d , da a a c c d a d a a d d d a b d:

c (da a) ⟶ d ⟶ b

A a c c T d I a a Ma a c a d Sc c S d ( TIMSS). TIMSS d

A ca d ca a c d ab a d da a a a c a d c c ac

d c a d a d c . S c 1995, TIMSS a d d d da a d a a c a d c c ac a a a c . TIMSS a da d d ac , ad d a d c d d ca a , a a c c d

da a. T a a c , , a d d a c a . W a a d c c

a da d a a d b c c a d a c d .

I c a , d c c b d c d a . O b a b a d da a

a b (J , 2008):

b ⟶ d ⟶ c

P d c c d a a a b c a d c b d d a a a

d a a d a , d , d c a b c . C a , a ac a c,

b c ; d c c d. T , c c , a d a c .

O e ie of Ed ca ional Re ea ch T ad a a c d ca ca c d c d b

a c a a d a d . T a a a c d

a c d a d d a b a a a a d , , a

c a d a d (Sc c , 1997). T a ac b d ac a a c ,

a a c . F , ad a a c a a a a d d a

b c a . T a a ad a d ca a a c a d a d d ca a ,

, a d c (Ga & A a a , 2000, . 24). I ad a a c , d a c d c c

c d d c c a d a a da a d d a a . T a a c d d

b b ad ca a a a ac a d a a a ac ba d d a ab

b d a d a a c a (McM a , 2004). G a a , a a a c

d c c a d a a ca da a ( . ., c , a , a d ca ); a a

a c d c a c c a d a a a a da a ( . ., b a , a c ,

a ).

Q a a a c d a d d c a ac a a d a a c

. Ded c i e ea oning a c c, a -d a (T c , 2002a). A

d c d F 1.1, a a a c b b a ab a c .

T a c d b a d d c c a c d b d. T c a d

da a a c c d d add . F a , da a a a a d, a d c c ab

a d a a a c a ( ) a .

O a d, a a a c d ca a d c a ac a . Ind c i e ea oning

ac d c c a d d d c a . U a b - a ac ( F 1.2), d c a b c c b a a d

c c d b ad a a a d (T c , 2002a). O b c c b a (da a), a

a da a, a a , a d a d a c c a d

. I a a , ca , a a a c a a da a d

. Ra , ca , a b d a c d c a

a c a b d d. Y ad ab d d c a d d c a , a a da a a a ,

C a 6.

Fig e 1.1 T P c D d c R a a A d R a c

So rce: T c (2002a).

Fig e 1.2 T P c I d c R a a A d R a c

So rce: T c (2002a).

B a a a d a a a ac c d c d ca a a c a d d b a ca

a . T ca a a c d a a ba c d b ab d

a d b d c c a . T d b d b a a a c d b a a

d b a a a c . A d a d b d a d b ab

cc c d c a ac a c d . T a b ca ac a c , a ,

a a d a a c a . I ac ca a d c a

ca a ca . M (2011) a ac ca ac a c ( . 7), c c a

ca ba d c ca ac a c . T c a c a b ; -d d c

ca ba d ac a c a b d c b . I a d a ab

a d ca a a d

c c ac a c , a c c c d J (2008), McM a (2004), a d M (2011).

R ca a a a a a c d c b d a d d ca a a. T acc

, a c c c da a b a a iable ( ac a a a c c a d c a ac c a a

c a c ab c a c d a c c ) a d a a da a d h po he e ( d c d c d ) a e ea ch q e ion . F a , a a a a c d

c c da a a c d c a a d ab ( ca a ab ) d

a : A d c a d c a b a d ab c a K 8 a

ad - a c a ( . ., K 5, K 6)?

T e ea ch de ign d b a c a a b d ca d . R a c

d a b a a . I none pe imen al e ea ch, a c a d c c

a a ab d , b ca a a ad cc d b ca b b c d. I

d , a a c , a ab ca b c d a a d b a c . T

a a d c d c a d ab b a a a a d , a

ad c a , b d c a , a d b ab c ca b c d c d b a c . T ac a a ab ca b c d

a d a a d c b a a c a d a a c , c a

c d a c c a d a d . T a a a c c a d ca

d c b a ab a b a ab . E a a a c d c d descrip i e, compara i e, correla ional, a d ca sal-compara i e

a c (McM a , 2004). Descrip i e d a ab c a ( . .,

W a c a d ac a c -ba d a c a ?). Compara i e d c a ac ca b d d c d b c a

a c a d ( . ., I a ca d c b a a d c da ac

a c -ba d a ?). Correla ional d a d c a a b

a ab ( . ., W a a b a ac c a d a c -ba d

a ?). F a , ca sal-compara i e d (a d a ac d ) c a

b d d b a cc d a b da a a a ab c a a a a a c d d c ca a a

b a ab ( . ., D ac c d a a d-a c c c a a

a c -ba d a a ac d d c c a c ?). N c a ba d a

a c d d b a a a a c d d a

c ca , c a ac a c -ba d a .

I e pe imen al e ea ch, a c a c a ab c d d d a a

c ( ca ) a c a b a . T a ab c a c a c a a independen

a iable ; a a ab a a a a d b a c , a a a c d c

b c c c c d . F a , c a a a a b a d,

d d a d c e pe imen al o ea men g o p; a c d b c a d a a con ol g o p a c d a da d

a c . T a a ab ( . ., b a a ab d ab , a a

ac a ) d a dependen a iable ( c a d d a ,

b , d d a ab ).

T a a d a a a c d , d c c b d c b . H , a

a a a c d . S a ac a d d

b a U.S. ad a a d ( . ., a ) a ac a bac a d ( . .,

a ) a ac . S , a d a a c a b a a d a ac a d a b a bac a d a ac . T d d a ab

d c . T a a ab a d a c a bac a d a ac c ;

c c ad a a d a ac . F a , acad c a c (d d a ab ) a

d a d a ( . ., a a a ) b . T a c a a d

a a a ac d c c c a ( . .,

c ); d , a a c d d a ab .

Da a c c d a a a a a c d a ca a d a a a a d a ca . A a

a c d d c a c , a a c , b . De c ip i e a i ic a a c a , a , a d da a. S c c c c d c a c a

a , d a , d , a , a da d d a , c a , a d a da d d c . Infe en ial a i ic a c a d a c a ca ca c d c b d c a b a ab . S a i ical ignificance

a d c ad a ca c d a ab a c c c d a d a d

( . ., d c b a b a ab ) a a a d d d a a

d c a pop la ion c a a d a .

W a a a a c d c a a a b a ab , a a a c d a c

b ad , c a ac da a c c . Q a a a c d a c b a d a

d , ac d a d , a d a a c . T a c a a a a ab a

a a d ; a c a d a a d a d (J , 2008). Q a a a c d

a a c a a d b a (T c , 2002b). T , d a c d b b ad a d - d d. T a a c c c a d a da a a

c c d a . T a a c a a a . T iang la ion

a c a c da a d ab ca c c ac acc b a (B da & B ,

2007; G , 2006). I a a a a d c a a a a c (a

ri-) c da a; a a a c da a a , a a a d b

pol ang la ion ( c pol - d d a a a ). U a , ab a c

a b a d a a a a d a a c d c d (G , 2006). F a , a

a a d , c c da a a d b a , d a d b a , a d .

T a a c da a d a a d d , a , a c a c

c b a , a d da a . I d , d d a ac a a

a d ac d, d d ba a b a d ac a b a ?

S a a a a c , a a a a a a c d . T c d phenomenolog , e hnograph ,

gro nded heor , a d case s dies (McM a , 2004). Phenomenological die a a c a

c d d a a a d a d a ( . ., W a c a ac c ac a d d

d b d a c a a b d ?). E hnog aphic die a d c b c a ac b ( . ., W a a d

ac a a a Ma S E a Sc ?). G o nded heo a c d a d c a a a a a c a ( . ., W a

a a d c c a ac c a ac ?). F a , ca e die a -d d d d a

a , ac , , ( . ., W a a c c a Wa M dd Sc ?).

Da a c c d d a a a a c d a b d . R ca a a a da a a ca a a a d c a b a , , a d d c a d (McM a , 2004). R a a da a a a a d b a a c a logico- ind c i e anal i , a c a c a

a a d d da a (M & C a , 2011).

A a a a d a a a ac c d c a c a d a , d b

c d d a c . S d b a c da a. T d a d a

mi ed-me hod e ea ch de ign . T c b a a a a d a a da a d d a b d a d a a c b a da a

c d . I d , d ca a a b a a a d a a da a.

C (2005) c d ac a c d b a d- d d , c b

a a a d a a da a. T a d c b d a c . T a a

d- d d ad a ( . ., b d a d a d a a a c b ); a a

ac a c add ca - b a c a d d a .

O e ie of Ac ion Re ea ch F d cad , a b b b c a d

a c c . T b c, d b a d a, a c c d c

ac a , c c , ad , , a d (Sc c , 1997). B ad a c a

d c . A ac a c d b c c , b a ac U d S a a b d a d c d a

a d b c a . H , a b a d, c b b a a c a . T ac b ab a d

c ca a ac c a a d (b c c a d d d a ) a b .

O , c ad a d b d d ca a a c a a a a d

. H , a ac d d a a a d acad c a c

(A d , 2002). T a d ac a ad a d ca a a c a a d c ab ac

a c d c a d ac a ca a a ( . ., a c a a ) a d

d ada a ( . ., c a c d a ac a ; M & Pa , 2002). I

b a , b ca c d ad a a c d , a a d c a d ac c ac - a d, c a -ba d ac a c .

Sc c (1997) d ac a c a a a d a a c a a a ac

a d ( . 28). I a a d a d b , c a ac d ab d ca a c .

McM a (2004) d c b ac a c a b c d a c c c a c b ,

ac c , a a d c a a ca . Ac a c a c b c c ac c ca b

c a d a d b ac c . The main goal of ac ion research is o address local-le el problems of prac ice i h he an icipa ion of finding immedia e ans ers o q es ions or sol ions o hose problems (M , 2018).

A , a c a a a b b ac c . T a d c d ca a

a d ca a problems problems of prac ice. A a , b a ab da d ca a .

H , b a d a d c ab . F a , a a c a ac ,

b c a a b a c a c : m s den s do no perform ell in ma h. B d ,

a b ac c . H , R c a d , a d M a (2017) a d c b d a b ac c a :

T b ac c c d ca , b a , c c a d (C , E ,

F a a , & T , 2009). W a a b ac c : a comple and si eable, e s ill ac ionable,

problem hich e is s i hin a professional s sphere of ork. S c b c c b ad c d ca a

, b a a a a d d a d ca a c a d a ab ; , b a a d b d ab ac (La , 1985).

( . 142)

A a a b ac c b d a b

The s den s in m class do no perform ell in ma h. Wha migh I be able o do differen l i h m ins r c ion ha co ld facili a e impro emen in m s den s ma h skills and performance?

I d , a b ac c b a d a a d ca c a d b c c

a c a , d , a d c (M , 2018). T a a d a problem, c c d a

cc a d c a d a a b ac c , c c b , a d a a c a c , a d c d c c

a b , add , c c a ca d (M , 2018).

B ca ac a c a ab a ac c (McL a , 1995), c a a a ac

a c c . Reflec ion ca b d d a ac c ca a a d , d c d d d , a d a c a b . I d ac b

c , b c ac a c a c a a a ac b a c ; a a a d c a a a a b c c d a a c a a d a a a a ba a a d d c a (Pa & B , 2002). Reflec i e eaching a c d

a d a c d a d ca a , a c , a d

ac ca c , a a a c d a (Pa & B , 2002). T c a ca

c c a d b ac c a a ac c a c ac

a c .

Acc d , ac a c a a ab d a d ac a d ac

(M , 2011). T ac a c , ac a c a d b c c , a c a

c ac c . T c a a d ca ac a c c a ac a

d a c c a , c ca ab ac a d ac d , c a d/ c a d a

ac c , a d a (M , 2011). A a c a ac d b a ac c a

a d c . Ac a c a c a b c ca b acc d.

A B ief Hi o of Ac ion Re ea ch T ac a c ca b ac d bac K L ,

c d d c ac ion research a d 1934. H a a c c d ac d a c a d c a d a ac

(H d c , 2013). L b d a a c c d c d c ca i hin c c a b

d a a a a a b , d c a , a d a ad a

a c c d acc :

T a c d d c a ac c ca b b c a ac d a a c c a a a c a

. I a ac ion-research [ a add d], a c a a a c c d a d c a c a ac , a d a c ad c a

ac . R a c a d c b b c . (L , 1946, . 35)

L d ac a c a a a c c , , a d ac a b a d a

a d add c a b (H d c , 2013):

Ra a c a a a , , c d a a ac c c d a c c a ,

ac , a d ac - d ab ac . (L , 1946, . 38)

L c c c a d c a c ac c a b a a d d c b ca a a a a ac a c . A ca

c c b L d a a d d ca d a c c d b c a

d c d c a c c a a c (H d c , 2013).

Model of Ac ion Re ea ch N a a d d ac a c

c . S d a , a a c . S a a c c ca a ; d c a a c ; a a d a a . Y ac d b a c a b c. Eac

b a c ac c , d b c c a d a a d da a. F a , ac

d , ac a , c a ba a ac a c (M , 2011). I

d , a d ac a c a a - a c a a a c a c c . S a :

S (2007), ac a c ac a , d c b ac a c a a ,

a c a , , a d ac ( . 8). D ac a , a c a b , c , a d a ac . T ac ad a .

K L (S , 2001) a d c a ac a c a , c c d ac d , a , a ac ,

a a , a d a d a b a c d ac .

Bac a (2001) ac a c a c c c ca a ac a c . H d a d a

a a c a a a , a ac , b a d a a ac , a d c a d a

a c c a , ba d a a d c c .

R (2007) b ac a c d a a c a

ac c c : a , a ac , c c d c , a d c .

W c d d ? P a , I d a a , a I a a a a a

(a d c d b a d ).

G a a , ac a c c c d a - a c d (M & C a , 2011),

c b a d d d a c a . F b , a a a :

1. T a a 2. T ac a 3. T d a 4. T c a

W a a d a ad a a d d ac a c a c , c c ca c a ca d c d a a a

(J , 2008). P ac - a c a d ac a c d a a a d a d d .

D d a a ac a c c , a b a c a d d ac a c b c c a , ac a d b ,

d a a , a d c , c a a (M & C a , 2011). Y a

ab c c c d c ac a c C a 2.

Cha ac e i ic of Ac ion Re ea ch: Wha I I and Wha I I No A ac a c ca b a a a a d c ,

d d b d ca a ac (M & C a , 2011). T a a a c d

a c a ac a a a ac c d c d ca a a c . I a d ca a a

d, da a d a d a ac a c a d . T , c d a c (J , 2008; M & C a , 2011; M , 2011; Sc c , 1997), a a d c b a ac a c :

Ac a c a c a d ca , a , b c a c a .

Ac a c a c d ca ac c .

Ac a c a a d a a , c d b ac ac . Ac a c c ab a ; a , c d

d ca a a d d ca a .

Ac a c a c a , c d ca a a b d d d a c

c . Ac a c ac ca a d a c a

ac , c a d c acc a c d .

Ac a c d c ca c ab ac .

Ac a c a a d, a c a ac d a d a c .

Ac a c a c a d a ab d ca . Ac a c - d d. Ac a c a c ca a a d ca a ac

Ac a c a c c ca c a , ac , d , a d c . Ac a c a ca ac ac c .

O a a c a d ca d a d a ac a c (J , 2008; M & C a , 2011; M ,

2011; Sc c , 1997):

Ac a c a a ac d ab ac ; a c a d

c ab a . Ac a c b ;

c ca a b , d ( ca ), a d c ca c c .

Ac a c d b ; a c d b a c a d ca , , d a d c a .

Ac a c a d d a d ca a ; ,

d c , a d d c a d ca a b .

Ac a c c c ; ac a c a b a a

a a ba d b a a d da a c c a d a a d a a d

d a d a . Ac a c a ad; d ac a a a

d a c a a c a c a d c d a . T ac a

a a a c a ac c , a d a ac d a d c

b a , , a d c a a c , a ac a .

Video Clip 1.1 V a c D . M d c a c ac a c .

T pe of Ac ion Re ea ch T a a a ac c d c ac a c

par icipa or ac ion research a d prac ical ac ion research. T pa icipa o ac ion e ea ch

a d d a a a a , c , a d a . I c d d a a d a d b ab c a c a , (F a , Wa , & H , 2012). W

a , ac a c a a b d a comm ni -based inq ir , collabora i e ac ion research, o h par icipa or ac ion research, emancipa or ac ion research, cri ical ac ion research (C , 2005; F a a ., 2012; Ga , M , & A a a , 2009).

I c a , p ac ical ac ion e ea ch c add a c c b d a c a , c , a

c (F a a ., 2012). I c ab - c d c ac a c , a d

ca a ac a c a ac a c (Ga a ., 2009). Ga a . (2009) d a

a ac ca ac a c :

I d d a d ca a d ca a ab d a a ac a c a b

d a . Ac a c a c d c a d a d c a c c ca c . Ac a c a ca ab c a a

c , d a c d c a c , a d d ac a ba d d .

F b , c a ac a c a a d ca a ac c ac ca ac a c .

The Impo ance of Ac ion Re ea ch A , a d a a ba c a b

a : W d I b c d a ac a c c , c a a d a d a d

b ac d a a d ca a ad ? M a d C a (2011) a d d a a a a a

[F ,] ac a c d a b , . S c d, ac a c ; ca

a a ad a d d d a . T d, ac a c d d ca

b d a d, a d , d ca a ac c . F , a a c ,

ac a c ca a b d a a c a . F a ,

a d b a , ac a c d d ca a a a a d a ac d ca a a d b a d a a d ca a ac c . ( . 339 340)

U a , a a a a d a d: I b a

b a a , d d ac a c ? A a , M a d C a (2011) a :

F , a a a c a d a d cad , ac a c a c a d ad a c d c a c . S c d, a a ca , ac a c

d c c d c a ad a a ac a c . Ed ca a b

a c a b a c d c a c . T d, ac a c d c

a c a a c

c ac a b a a c d a d d c c d c . F a , b ca ac b a da d a c a d c c d c ac a c , ac a d d c

. ( . 340)

T ca ( a a c) d c a b

c d c a d c d c ac a c c . T a d c b ad b a a a

c ac a c ca b d cc d ca a c c c ac c ,

d ca a ac c , c c a c , a d ac , a a a

a a d a a c a c a c ad cac .

Connec ing Theo o P ac ice R a c d d a a d b ac c d ca (J , 2008). T b ac c a d ac d c

a c d . J (2008) d c b d c a a c c a c d , a c ac b a

d . F , a a b a a d b a c , c d c a d a c

d ca a c , a d ac c c a ac . T a a a a b d c b d a : R a c cc

, a ac c a ac c (Pa & B , 2002). W a b c c c a d c a c d a d

c a ac c a d d a (J , 2008).

J (2008) a a c ab b a d . F , c ac a a c ( . ., a c d c d b a d c a d

a c ) c a ac ca a d b d a a a d c d a ac ca da - -da c d . R a c a c a d c , c a

a ab da c a , a d a c d a d da d a d c a a ab ac .

Ma ac a a d ca a a c d c a a a d ac a b , a , d ca a c ac ca a d

a d . S c d, J a - a a a c ac c a a

c a c c ac c ac b a a c a . O ,

a c d d a c a a acc ac , c ac a

c , ac ca c a ac add c a a da ba .

Video Clip 1.2 & 1.3 V c ac - a c d c a c ac a c .

Ac a c ca b d a b c a a - a a . O a d, d ca ca a c

d b ac c a d b d a d a a c a . O a d, da a c c d

a d a a d b ac c ac c a ca b d a d a c a d b ac c (J , 2008). Pa a d B (2002) c a

- a a b a a ac d c a a d b a d a c , b

a a d d c d ca a a d a c ( . 7).

Imp o emen of Ed ca ional P ac ice A a d c d , a a c ac a c

c a ac c . W ac a c a d c ca ac c ,

a c c a d a b a a a ac a d, ac ca d c a (Pa &

B , 2002). T c a ac a c a c a d c ab a a d a ca a ad

d ca a ac c (Pa & B , 2002).

T a b a a ab a d a ac c a ac c . Ma ac b

a a a d a d a b cc d a a b d .

I ca , , cc ac ( . ., ca a ac ) a c a

a d a ca c ac a d c c ac . T c a c ac d a a ac a d a

c . I a b a , a ac , a da a b ; ac c a

c a a . Eac a b a d d , d , a , , a , , a d

a . Eac d d c a d c a a d , a

c a ac (Pa & B , 2002). S a c c ac a c ca d

c a a d ac c d a a a d d a .

Connec ion o School Imp o emen T d c c c d ac a c a a c a d d a c a ac c . Ac a c ca a b a d a d ac a d c a a a c

. O a acc a ac ac a c a a c ab a . O b a

b c a c a b d c , d a , c , a d c (M , 2009). C ab a d d a d d ac a c

a c c a collabo a i e ac ion e ea ch ( CAR), a d d d a ac a c (C a , L c , & M , 2008, . 2) a d a c a a

ac , ad a , a d c, - a d c . T c c ca ad a

a c d e er d ca a c ; c c a c d ac a c (C a a ., 2008, . 2). B

c a d d ca (a ad c ), c ad b c , b

a , a d d c d c c a .

Teache Empo e men and In ellec al Engagemen A a a c ac a c a ad a c

eache empo e men . O d ca a c a b c da a-d a . W ac c c

da a d a a d c ab d a d c a c a a ac a c d ac b c d. T ac

a ac b c a , a , a d c a a ca

c a a b d d (J , 2008).

T ac a a d c a d a a d a c a c a ac c a d

b b a a . T a ac c ad a d c a da d -d , ad a -d ad . T

a a a d ab b d - a d d c - ad a a d d; ad

d d a a c a . T a d ( . ., ac a , , a d ). T c c c d c a , b

a c c c a d c (J , 2008).

A a b c d, ac b c c c a a d c a

c a a d c . T a a a d d a c c d c ac a c a a a ac a a ab

ac a d a c a a c a a ab da ac a c a

c a d c . T ac a d c a a a a a c a d

ac ad c .

P ofe ional G o h J (2008) c a ac ad a ac - c a

a ac , a a a da ac a a - ac d da , a d a d c b a d , a a ac , c a a a

a a a c a a ac . T ac a d d ,

c , ac c c a d a c ac c . T a ac ca d a d c a d ca ( . ., a

a d ) , , da d. E - d a d d, c ac ca c a d d (a d ac ca a , a a ), d d a d a d d a

b a a acc a .

Ac a c a b a a a ac b - a d a d

a d a d a d c c a a a c a c d c a d a - (Pa

& B , 2002). F , ac a c a a ac b ac a a c

a d , a d b d b a a c c a c a d d b

ac b d d c (Sc c , 1997). F d a , c ac a c ca b d c a ac a d , a a c a a ac

a . T a ac ac a heir ac c a d d c a a d

heir d heir c a .

R ad d d a ac a c a a a a d c ab a a d d a

b d ad a a a c I , d C a - Ba d Ac R a c : R P c a C ab a d M a P a D Ed ca (M , 2013).

Social J ice Ad ocac I d ca , a d a a d a d ca a

a d , a d b , c a c a , d d ca , a d . E a a d a

d ca a a c a c d a d b c b b c ca b . T

ab a , a , c a c a d a d , , a d a d . Ac a c ca a a

d c a ad cac c a c d ca a c . W a d a ac ac

a c c d a c i ical ac ion e ea ch a , c a , c b , a c d b

a ab a a a c a c a c a d d ca a .

Applica ion of Ac ion Re ea ch T a a a a ba c c ac

a c . F a d ca d ca a b , d a d b

, c ac d ca , a d - c ac a a d .

Iden if ing P oblem Ac a c ca b a c a d b

c . I ac , a c a , d ca a a c a b a

c c d c a ac a c d . I a a ac a c a d c a , b

c c a a c a b d d (J , 2008). T ba c c b d ca cc a a b d a d

c a a a c d bab b d b (J , 2008). Id , d , a d

b c ca , d b ac d a d a a d c

b ca a ac . Y a , c , a : W a a a (J , 2008)? E a

c d :

W a d a a a b a ? W d Ada , B , a d Ca ac a

ad? W a a c c a b d D b a

b ? H ca I c a c ?

De eloping and Te ing Sol ion Y ca a ac a c d b

a d d a d a c . O c a c d a b ( . ., d a d a

a , a d d a ), ca b - a a a b (J , 2008). F a ,

c a b (J , 2008) a c a d ca a b a a a a

a b ; c a b ; a d ; a d a a a a d , c

d c a , .

Ac a c ca a c a a ac b b , c d a , a d

a d a ac b (J , 2008). A ac ab ac b c b ab

b .

O c b a b d d, b d d d d c

(J , 2008). E d a b d d , , . O , d a a a

, c d b d a d ad d. T c . Ac a c a

a b a a d a a a , a da a-d d c a . Fo ma i e e al a ion cc

d a a ; mma i e e al a ion cc c a a . B

a a d c a a d c a a d.

P e e ice Teache Ed ca ion A a , ac a c a

d a . I ca a a , a c d c a ac , a a a a a d b ac . T c ac

d ba a d d a d c ca c a d. W

d ba a d d a d , da d c - a c a b a a c ac c a d - c ac (J ,

2008). Ac a c ca add d d ba b c ac c a a

d a c (J , 2008). T ca d c a a a c a ,

a a b a d c d c . A a , a a d d a a d

c c a d a d d ca a a c c a d c d a c a a b

c ac . N ca a ac a c add d ba , b ca d c a d

a ab d ca a a c , a .

M - c ac a cca c a a c ac d ca . H , I a

c ad c : I a a d d a a c ac d a , c d d a

a a d ac a c c , d c ab a . P c ac ac a c c ca c

b a d , b a c a ac ( c d ), b a ac c . I

a d, b d d a a b bab a a c, ac a c a ac . Ac a c ca a a c c c

ac , - c ac , a d ac ca . Sc a d ac c d a -

d c d a d ac ;

d a d ac d c a d ac acc c b ac c . T ac a c , c

ac , - c ac , a d ac ca a d d a . O

ca a , : B c d a - ca c b a a a c -

ba d a a c ac , d a a ad b (J , 2008).

In-Se ice P ofe ional G o h A a b d c d, ac a c a c

a ac d a d a b c a d . I ac , J (2008) b ac a c b a

c a d c a add a d ac ( . 44). Ac a c a d ac

c c ac c , b c c ac c , a d b c d a .

A ab - c c a ac a a d a a d

a , a a d c a .

Rigo in Ac ion Re ea ch R a c , a d, a c c d a . Q a a c

a da d d ac c . T ba ab a ad a ( . ., a ) a c

c c a d a d ab . Ac a c , b ca a c a a , a d c a (S ,

2007). H ca , a ac a c a b c d a . P a b a , c ac a c c d c d b ac a d

acad c a a c , b . S (2007) c b a a , c a a c d, a ac a c a a a

a a d ca a a c c c . Acc a c ca a dbac ,

d c a a ( . 191).

T d a a ac a c a , c , . H , c ca ac a c a

a c d. T c ac a a da d a d c a d a c d d d a d c . T a ac

a c ca b d a rigor. I a , igo a , a d , acc ac , a d c d b ac a c a d

d . R ca a c a d alidi a d reliabili a a d acc ac ,

da a, a d a c d a d acc rac , credibili , a d dependabili a a d (M , 2001). (T c c a d c d C a 5.)

Ma ac a c rigor a c b ad , a c a c c ,

a c da a c c , da a a a , a d d (M , 2001). R ac a c ca ba d c d c c a a b a d a d

c a c a c a c (S , 2007).

A d, d a c d d a d c a ac a c .

C a -ba d ac a c ca b d a d a d a a d c ( . ., ac , ad a , c , a , c b a d , a a a ), a d

ac a c d d a c a c ab , c ca a d

c a d d a c a a d c (M , 2001). F a , a c d d a

b ac a c b d a , c a c d a d d

a a a a a a c c c b ca a a . I c a b ad d a b

c c d a ab , a a d d b d c a d

H , ac a c d d ca - d a a d, a a a d , I b a a c a -ba d ac a c a ca a a a d c . I a b a

a c a ac a c d a a a d a (M , 2001); ac a c

c . T a c a d d a , c a ab , a d d c ab . T , a b

a ab c c a a , a d a c - c c a d a c a a c a a d

a d a . W a a ca ac c , a d c d b , b c a , d (a d d b a ab ). T a b a d,

b a c a d c a d, a a c (S , 2007).

T a a c d c ac - d ac a c d . T a b ada d M (2001), M (2011), a d S

(2007):

Repe i ion of he c cle Ac a c , b a , c c ca . M ac a c b a c

a ac a c c c . I d d ad a , c ca c d

a b c c , a c c c d c a c c (M , 2001). I ,

ac b c c , a d a d a c d b add d d . Prolonged engagemen and persis en obser a ion I d

a a a c a d a d c a ac a c c ,

b d d d d a d c (S , 2007, . 58) a a

b b a d. H , d . F a ,

b a a d b d b a a d ca c d c d (M , 2011; S , 2007). T

d b d c a a c ac . E perience i h he process I a ca a d c d b d d c ac

a c ( ). I a ac a ( c a ) c d c d d c c

a d , d d a ca c d a d a a c d b a d c (M , 2001). H , ac - a c a c ,

c a b a c d ac a . Pol ang la ion of da a R ca b a c d d ac a c c c da a a d

a a c d d (M , 2011; S , 2007). T ac a c c -c c acc ac da a (M , 2011) a d c a a

c c d b a c a (S , 2007). Acc ac da a a d c d b d d a d

a d. Member checking Pa c a d b d d

a da a, a a , a d a ac a c c (M ,

2011; S , 2007). T a c a c b a a c a a a a c

a c c ad a a d acc a b , c , a d c . I a

a d a a a a ad d d.

Par icipan debriefing S a b c c , d b a a c a d

. H , ca , c a d , ad ac a a a

d (M , 2011; S , 2007). T a add a a c d d a

b d . Di erse case anal sis T a a a c

a c c d b a c b a c , a a d ,

a c d d a d (S , 2007). Referen ial adeq ac A a c a ac a c

d d c a b d a a d b c c a d c d

d . T a a con e ali a ion. C ca b d a d

a d d b d d a a a c a d a d (S , 2007).

N d a , ac a c a , a b a a a d ad a

d ca a a c .

S a

Ed ca a a c a c c d d ca a b .

W a a ab d ca a b , a c c

d , c a ad , a , a d c , a b b a d.

T c c d a a c, b c c d d a .

T ad a a c c d c d b d d a a a d a

d . T b ad a c d a (1) a a a d (2) a a .

Q a a a c d c c ca da a a d a d d c a ac

a ; c d b a ( . ., d c , c a a , ca a -c a a a c ) a d a d . Q a a a c d c c

a a da a a d a d c a ac a ; c d , a ,

d d , a d ca d . M d- d a c d c b a a a d a a da a.

Ac a c a a c c d c d b d ca a a ab

a c a c a , ac , a d d a .

Ac a c d b ac for ac , d a d c a .

T ac c a a a ac a c . T ba c c ac a c c

a : a , ac , d , a d c . M ac a c d a c c ca a d a . Ac a c ca b d b d a b

a d ac c , d ca a ac c , ac , d a

ac , ad ca c a c , d d ca a b , d a d

, a d a d d ba c ac .

Q e ion and Ac i i ie 1. L d c b a a ( . ., b , d

) c a c a a d a a . D a a

b a a a ac a c d ? 2. D c b a a ad a d c a

a c d c a ac c . I ad b , d a ad a d c ? I , a d d c a b , a d d a a d c ?

3. T ab a c a d a a a d c a . I a c a ( a . 30), d a ad a a a d a b ad a a c a d ac

a c . 4. D a ad a a c ca b a d

d ? I , ? I , d b a ca ? 5. D a ac a c ca b a d

d ? I , ? I , d b a ca ?

Ke Te m ac a c 5 a 7 ca d 13 c ab a ac a c 22 c 7 c 12 c ca ac a c 24 d d c a 9 d d a ab 12 d c a c 12

d ca a a c 8 a c d 13

a a 12 a a c 12

a a a 25 d d 13

11 d d a ab 12 d c a 9

a a c 12 c - d c a a 14 d- d a c d 14

a a c 11 a c a ac a c 19

ca d 13 a 13

ac ca ac a c 19 c 15 c ac 15 a c d 11 a c 11 26

c c d 7 a ca ca c 13

a a a 25 ac 22

ad 6 a a 13

a ab 11

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc d d a c a , ac c , F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch No e: F a add a ac a c ca d . A ca d a , d c b , c a b , ac a c

d b d, a d a c a add d ac c a .

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2 Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a

Ti le I P og am

Con ib ing o Wide p ead School Imp o emen S a a a , ad a c ad a a d

ac ad a S E a Sc b a c a a ac a c a a a ac d a ac

c . A ad - ac , a a a c a a a d ac a , a c a d a c

d a d c d c c a - a d c -ba d ac a c . T ad a b d a d ad

a ac a c c d c d b d d a b c ab a ac a c a c d, ,

acad c a c d .

A a T I ad ac a S E a Sc , Ka c d c ac d a d a

c d . A a ac a c , Ka b d a a a a d ac

a c c d a a ac c c . S d c d d a a , d b ac

a c a c c a a c a d d acad c a c .

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3 Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i

Collabo a ing fo he Imp o emen of Ed ca ional P ac ice Sa a a d T b a b a a -c c . Sa a ad b ac 3 a , a d T , 12 a . A a d a c c d ca c c , a a

a c a -ba d ac a c , d c d d c ab a ac a c c d

c a . T b d a d c , d a , a d , c d d a a c a b ac . F a c a d a a d c a a , ac d c d d

a c c a a c c d . T a a d c d b a a c .

Ac R a c C c 1

100

Ac ion Re ea ch a a Pa of Yo P ofe ional P ac ice

Ma a a c b a ac a c ca c c ac c .

G a d a ac a c c a c d c b c .

D c c d a ac a c c a d c b a a d

d . F a a c a

a d, d c c d b c ab a ac a c c .

L a c c d a ac a c .

101

102

Chap e T o O e ie of he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce

C a 2 O a

A b c d a a a a Ac R a c .

Ac R a c b a c c a ac c a c .

C c ca , a , c Ob d b ad d a a N d da c S a b d a a d, a a

N d da c a a d b :

Ac a c

Id a d c Ga a R a d a D a a c a I a a d c c da a A a da a

103

D a ac a S a a d c ca R c a c c

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a S d R c S c a S c S age and S ep in Ac ion Re ea ch The Planning S age

S 1: Id a d L T c S 2: Ga I a S 3: R R a d L a S 4: D a R a c P a

The Ac ing S age S 5: I P a a d C c Da a S 6: A a Da a

The De eloping S age S 7: D a Ac P a

The Reflec ing S age S 8: S a a d C ca R S 9: R c P c

A B ief E ample S 1: Id a d L T c S 2: Ga I a S 3: R R a d L a S 4: D a R a c P a S 5: I P a a d C c Da a S 6: A a Da a S 7: D a Ac P a S 8: S a a d C ca R S 9: R c P c

S mma ➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie ➤ Ke Te m ➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad C a T I P a ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a U d a d M a d M

104

➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli

105

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1 Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

Recei ing Special Se ice

106

O lining he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce O c a c a d d c , K a, K , a d J a J d a d Sa a d c d d a d d add

da a c a a d a - ad d c d c a c . T d a , a c a

, b a c d d c d , c d a b c a ,

c a b d b a a a c . T d d a d c a c a a d c d a c

c a . Add a , a a d , d b a

- ad d c d c a c .

T d ca a , c d a c d c a a d ,

c d a ad b A . T a a a d a a b A a d a da a

a c a . I a a , c d a c d ( c a ) a d c

a a d c a .

107

Q e ion o Think Abo : D a d ca a ac a c

a a ab ? W a add a (c d a d c , c , c.) ac a a a ? W a ba a c ?

I C a 1, a c c d c ac a c a b d c d a a - a c d . T a ,

a a a :

1. T planning a 2. T ac ing a 3. T de eloping a 4. T reflec ing a

H , c ca a a b a specific c d c a ac a c d . T

c a d c a c c ac a c . T b d a d C a 3 9. T ( d

a ca b c a a add d b ) a a :

1. Id a d c (C a 3) 2. Ga a (C a 3) 3. R a d a (C a 3) 4. D a a c a (C a 4) 5. I a a d c c da a (C a 5) 6. A a da a (C a 6) 7. D a ac a (C a 7) 8. S a a d c ca (C a 9) 9. R c c (C a 9)

U c a a - a c d c c , bab d d c ( F 2.1). S a 1 ( planning age)

c d S 1, 2, 3, a d 4, c a a

108

ac d a c . S a 2 ( ac ing age) c d S 5 a d 6, ac a c a a d c c a d a a da a. S 7 , c , a , a S a 3 ( de eloping age). T

, c a , a , a d ac ( a a ac a ) a d d. F a , S a 4 ( eflec ing age) c d S 8 a d 9; ac

a c a d , c a a a a , a d c c . I

a a a a F 2.1, c c b add d,

C a 3 9.

I c ca a ac a ac a c , c a a d c d F 2.1, a a c . T

F 2.1 a b c ( . ., a a d a a

ac a ) a ac a c c . Ac a c a ca b d a c c ca a (M

& C a , 2011). A ac a c a a c a b , d a a c a d d d . O d a , ac -

a c d a d a c , c c a d a a da a d a d a a c c , a d a a d c

a . U a , c d a a a a d a d c d a d a a d,

d d a a . A c a a a c a d

ac a c c c a , a a , a d , a a (M & C a , 2011). Pa a d B (2002)

d c b c a b -d - b - ad a d d a a ( . 8). T c ac

a c , c c ca a d a a , a d F 2.2.

Fig e 2.1 I a T O a a a Sc S -b -S P c Ac R a c

109

A c ac a c a d , a a a a a d a d c c a , b a d

d a a .

T d a a ab d a Ac R a c . B ab , a c a . Eac a ad c c d b a b , :

P a S a Ac S a D S a R c S a ad bac S a 1 a d d a

B c a , c d a d . Eac c b a d ad

a a b , - b - :

Id a d c, a a , a d a , D a a c a

110

C c da a, A a da a D a ac a S a a d c ca , c c

ad bac S 1 a d d a

Eac a c a d c d a d c a a a d - a d d a .

111

S age and S ep in Ac ion Re ea ch A b a a a d c c

a d a , J (2008) d a a a a d c d c ac

a c c . T b ada d a a c a a c b c. F , d

b a ca . W a a , ac - a c a , a a d , a a c (J , 2008). Ac a c ca a

a , a d a d . T ac -c d c d ac a c

add d b c a d c a a a d a ha ac (Pa &

B , 2002), c a a b c a d.

Fig e 2.2 T P c Ac R a c

112

So rce: Ada d M a d C a (2011).

A c ac a c a d , c c c d a a , ac ad a a d b .

C c 1 a c c c c d a a a d b :

S a 1 P a S a 2 Ac S a 3 D S a 4 R c

S a 4 ad bac S a 1 C c 1 a ad ab C c 2 b , a d d a .

113

C c 2 ab a c c c c d a a a a a a d C c 1.

S a 4 C c 2 ad bac S a 1 a ad a b , C c ca c ac a c c .

114

The Planning S age T a a ac a c c

a ac a a c a ac a c d c . T c d c c

d d , a a d a a d a c a a d c, a d d a a a ac a ac

a c d .

115

S ep 1: Iden if ing and Limi ing he Topic T a a c d d c d ac ha

d . S c a a d a c a c a ac - a d ac a c , c a ca c d a ab c a c , a a

, a a a a . E a , a d c a d

a d (J , 2008). R b a a a ac a c c a

b , c c ac c , c c a a d (F a & Wa , 2003). T a

b d a d a d a a c c.

Video Clip 2.1 V a c D . M d c c c d c ac a c .

I add , d a a c ac a c , b a a ab (F a & Wa , 2003). W a d c , a - ca , c a d a c c a

bab b a a c . Ac a c d d d a d c d c d b c a ac d

a c d a ( c ), da a c c a d a a d d a ( ) c d c a c , a d a b d a a . F

a , ac a c c a a a c (F a & Wa , 2003).

S d a d a c ac a c c a d c d C a 3.

116

S ep 2: Ga he ing Info ma ion A d a d c, a

a a a , a c a M (2011) a econnai ance. I a a ca b a a a ac , c ,

ad a c d c d a c d a c b a d a

a d a . Y a ac a a c c a d , a a a d d a

a a c.

M a , d c a a c a c b a d a a b d a d a

a d c a c b (M , 2011). D c a a c a : - c , d c , a d

a a . T a d c d d a C a 3.

117

S ep 3: Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e R a d a ca b d d a a c a a ca d c c d

a . A c , c d a b , a c a , c b d d a b a ,

ac c a a , c d c d c , a d d c c a (C , 2005; J , 2008). T a a c a d a , b ca a

ac - a c a d d c ab a c c a d a . T a d a ca

d b , d a a a a c d , c a c c c da a (Pa & B , 2002). A a , ac

d a ac a c c c a d a c ac a c a ac c (J , 2008).

M c da c , c d c c c da a d c , a d a d C a

118

S ep 4: De eloping a Re ea ch Plan I a ad a d ca a a c d , d a

a c d a d a c c da a a e ea ch me hodolog . I d a ac a c

d a a d c a b ad d ac a c c . O c a d d a d

c d a c b c, a a a a c a d, b , d c c

(Pa & B , 2002). A C a 4, a research q es ion da a

a c b ; he ac a c a c d c d . T a c

d a d . E a ac a c d d b d d ac a d a a

a c . T a a a a c a c a a

d c ab d .

I ca b d a a b b a one a c . H , a c , a b a a a a add a a a b b d a ( . ., a b a a a ) a

. T a d a s bq es ions (M & C a , 2011). I ac -

a c a c c a a d, a b b a a c , a a

a b , a a c . A research h po hesis a c ca c d a a

d c , a c . A a c a ad a a c c a

a a a c a d d ac a c .

R a c a d d c a ab a b c a a . R ca C a 1 a

a ariable a c a ac c a c a c ab c a c d a c c . T , a

a ab c ac a c a ac c b a c da a b c c d. F a , c ca a

119

a ab b b ab a d a ab . F a , b b a nders anding add a d

b ac ac b ca ac a d a d ac a d cc a d b a . A d c ca

b a , ca d c a b c d d a d . A a a a ab

b acc rac a add a d b ac ac . S d c d b a add a d b ac

b c . T acc ac c d b a d b c b b ac d a d c c .

C a d d c ab c c a ac c b a d b d a c d b d c c da a; a a c a d c a d d a c d . T ac a c d d c d

ca d da a a a d d, a a c a a d d d , a d a acc d d a

(C , 2005). A d b d c b d C a 1 b a a , a a , d

d a ca b d (a a a d a d ca d ; F a & Wa , 2003).

S , c a a d , c a a d , , b a , , a a c d , a d

a a d ca d a ca b c d. A , b a ac a c

a c; , da a c c b c d, a d d c ab a a c d a d da a c c b d d before d d (J , 2008). R b , a , a da a b c c d

d a d c a c a a d d .

A a d a a ac a c d a c a e ea ch e hic .

R a c c d a a a c c d c a c , c a a c a b .

C d a b a d a c a a , a d a a c a b a d d, a d

a c b d. A M (2011) a ,

120

ba ca d a a c c ( . 29), c d d a a d

a c a . A a , a c c a c , ca , a d a . P ac - a c d

a d c b a c d c a c c , d c , a d a c a . I a a c d a c d ac

a c c a ca a a c a c a d b a a c e er . Y

a ab ca c d a C a 3, 4, 5, a d 8.

Video Clip 2.2 & 2.3 V c ac - a c d c c c d c ac a c .

D a a d a c a d , a c d , c , a d d c a d d a a c a a d c d C a 4.

121

The Ac ing S age T ac a ac a c c

c ac a a c ac a ac . I c d d a a c d a c a ,

c c da a c a a b d, a d a a a da a.

122

S ep 5: Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing Da a T c c d c ac a c d c c da a b c c d a d ac all c c . I d , d c b ad ab

da a c c c a b d d . F a a d Wa (2003) a da a

c c c . F , ac ca obser e a c a d d ca a c . T a c a

c d d , ac , a , a d ad a . W b a a ad b ac , a d d a

c d a c a b a b d. Field no e a a ca d d c b d a a a d

a d.

S c d, ac ca c c da a d d d a b a in e ie . W ,

ca a a -a d-a c a b d d a . H , ca a b

c d c d , q e ionnai e e . O , da a c c d b a ca ad c add a da a c c d (F a & Wa , 2003).

F a a d Wa d ca da a c c c a a a d a a e i ing doc men o

eco d . A a c d a - c , c da a a a ad b c c d; b ac a c a

a a ad . E a da a a a da c c d , ac , c

a , a , c a a , a c a , a d d a d .

I d add a ca a d d b F a a d Wa (2003). T ca c d

a a a , c a checkli , a ing cale , e , a d a a a a d c .

123

C c a d a ca a d c a b ac , a c b c . I a , a b c d d c d . H , a a b

c ca d d c c da a a a a ac a c d . T , a da d d ac -d d, a

a a a c , a a da a a ca b d c ac a c

Ac a c a a da a, c c d a d a c . A b F a

a d Wa (2003) a d J (2008) , a c c a a ab a

d . T a a d, ac , enco rages ac - a c pol ang la e da a. R ca C a 1 a

pol ang la ion c a a c da a d ab a a d

acc ac . F a , b c a da a , d c ab d a c ad d

c d b d b a a b a b d a d d a d d a a -

c .

M c a , c d a a da a c c a d c , d d C a 5. B a a ( . ., b a , , a ) a d

a a ( . ., , c c , a ca , ) c a d.

124

S ep 6: Anal ing he Da a A a da a cc a a d a a c

d . I radi ional q an i a i e a c d , a a ca cc a a da a a b c c d. I radi ional

q ali a i e a c d , da a a a ca b d da a c c , c a d c

c c da a, a d c d da a c c . Ac a c c b a ac . J (2008)

, [A] c c da a, a a b , ca , a a . T a a

c da a c c [a d a a ] b a ( . 63). H c b a a d a b a a a da a a a c a

b c c d.

D c ab c da a a a a ba d a da a a a a a a .

M , a b a a a da a a c a c ( ) b add d a d,

, a d b d . M a a da a a a a a a d b a a d c c ,

ac a c a a da a a a d a . Q a a da a a b a a d d c a c a a c . I ca ,

d c a c c ; , a a c a b d c a c a a

a b a ab (C , 2005).

A , a c d ad c : T b c d a a a da a,

c a a c d , a , a d c a b d a c

d . T a a ac a c da a ca c c a d d a d a , a a c

d (F a & Wa , 2003). I add , a d a o a a a da a; a

ac , ad a , da a a a

125

(C , 2005). I a ab a a ca c b a a a d a a d C a 6.

126

The De eloping S age T d a ac a c c c a a

a a , da a c c , a d da a a a a . T a a ac b ac c a d

c c ac a c a c d.

127

S ep 7: De eloping an Ac ion Plan O c da a a b a a d a d a a

d, ac a c c d a ac a . T a a a a ac a c d ac a ac a c . T a c d a ac a a

c c a d a b a ac a b (C , 2005). T ac a a a d

a ac a c c . A ac a d, c

c a b d, a a d, a d d, a c c ca a ac a c .

T ac a a b d a d d a ac c a , c ab a a a ac , a c d a d c d ba . I a , a

b c a a a a d c ac a ; , c a d a d d

b a c . T b d c d a ab a ; ac a c d

c c a .

F a ab a a ac a a d a a a a C a 7.

128

The Reflec ing S age T c a ac a c c a

d a a c a c d. I add , a c ac a c c a c ca a .

129

S ep 8: Sha ing and Comm nica ing he Re l A a a a a c d a

d ca a c a a . Ac a c d b d . S b ca a

d a c d a b a ca a d a a a d a a

b d a a b a d. T a a d ca a c a a

ac c a a d c d , a .

T a ca a a a . F a , J (2008) a a a c a

a d c a ac a c c a . R ca b a d a d c

a a a , a a a b a a a a c d d ac ac

- c (J , 2008). E a d d a d a a c a a b a a a a .

P a c ca c d a ca a b ad c b a d , c a ,

ad a , d , a d a .

O a a , ac a c d ca a b d a d a d ca a a d c ,

ca a . R ca b a d a a c c ac

c , a a , a , a a (J , 2008). Acad c a a a d

c a d a a a ca b ad a d c . J a a c a c c

d ca a , a , dd , c a c a b c a a a , a a c , c c , c a d , a a a a a a

a c a ac a c . T , , d a a c a a d a d .

130

D a d a a d c ca ac a c , b a a d , a d d

C a 8 a d 9.

131

S ep 9: Reflec ing on he P oce Ac a c a ab c ca a a

ac c . I d c ca a ac c , a a a c c a ac c . R c , a a ac a c , a b d a d ac c c . I a c c a a

ac - a c a a b d , d c , a d a d c ab b

a c ( c , a d, c ac a c c c ).

H , a c a d a c c ; c ac a c a d c ca a

ac c c d ring c ac . W a ac a a a , c a a d a a d b

d , a a a ac , a d a c a a a a d c

. T a a d ring c . S a , ac - a c d a c

ac c hro gho ac a c c . R c ac c ac -

a c c c . T a ac a d c a d, a a , re isions c

a . B d , ac - a c a c d d c ad a a c ; ca ada c d a a a . I a ,

c a a a b a d ac a c c c .

R c a c c d c ac a c d c d C a 9.

132

A B ief E ample N a a a a c c a ac

a ac a c d , c d a a ac a c d . O a b

d a c a a c c a d d a , , a b d a d a c d c U.S. c . T c a

a a b a a ad a a c c a b A ca R a d d

c . T d a c a , ac c c a a ac ,

b a a b a a bac a d a ac ac ( . ., b c a d c d bac d d a A ca R ). T c a a ac a a c a ac a c c , a d a .

133

S ep 1: Iden if ing and Limi ing he Topic T ac a c cca

d d c add a a a d a a a c a a ac .

T d a b d a c c b a d ca

. T d a c a a a a bac a d a ac ( . ., b c ca

c d b a a ) a a ac a ab a

c c . T ac d c d c a a d c a c a a ac a

d ab a c c .

134

S ep 2: Ga he ing Info ma ion T ac d c d a c a d ac a a ac b c a a b d . T

a a ac ab a a d a c c b ca

a cc d d cad a a . T a a c ab bac a d a ac ac

c . Add a , ac d , d d , c a da , c d h b a

ca d c . I d , ca c d a d c

a a a d a . T a c d b d a. A

, a a c d a d d c d a bac a d a ac c b a .

135

S ep 3: Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e T ac d c d c c a a a ba d a c , add a ad a ad b a d a cd a ac ab

c bac a d a ac ac ca , c ca ; ac a

d c ; a d, , d d a d a b c d. T d c d a ,

d a c a d a d b d a c d c a d ac c ac

ac a a a .

136

S ep 4: De eloping a Re ea ch Plan I b d a a d d c

ac c a d d c a a d c , ac d d c

c d d ( . ., bac a d a ac c c ), a a d c ad c d c ( . ., a ac a a

c a a d a ac ). T ac d c d a c ab : Is here a difference in

ins r c ional effec i eness be een a back ard approach and a for ard approach o eaching U.S. his or ? F , ba d

a d a a d a , ac a d c d : S den s ho

are e posed o he back ard approach ill e perience higher academic achie emen , as e idenced b heir abili ies o make connec ions be een his orical e en s, han hose e posed o he more radi ional for ard approach.

S c a c a d , ac d c d a d c U.S. c c a . Eac ac ac c U.S.

ac ac , c b a a d a ac a d c c a bac a d

a ac . Ac da a, a a ac -d d a da a, b c c d a d d U.S. c acad c a .

137

S ep 5: Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing Da a T c a , ac d

a c -ba d a , c a c d ab c c ca . I add , d a a U.S. ac , a

c c c ca a a ca .

138

S ep 6: Anal ing he Da a I d a d c a ,

ac b da a a a . T a ca c a c ad a a da d d

ac ( . ., bac a d a d a d ). T d a c

d a bac a d c a a ac a ca a d a

ad a a . I d , a a c d.

I add , c a ad a c a -ba d a c a

a da d d ac . A a , a c d.

139

S ep 7: De eloping an Ac ion Plan W d a d, ac d c d a ac

c a a d d c c c c d a ab a U.S. c c d ca a

a a c bac a d c a a ac . T a a b a c d

c a ac b acad c a . S a d c a d d a ca

a c a a ac ac U.S. .

140

S ep 8: Sha ing and Comm nica ing he Re l T c a a d c c c d a a d

ac a c d . T d a c a a ac a a a c b a d a d c ac a a a c d d a b c a . T

ac d a d a a c a a b b a d . A ac a d b a d

a a d a a c b a a c a d c c c a

a a d b ac c .

141

S ep 9: Reflec ing on he P oce O , ac d d b a d d c d a ad c a b b c a

a . T c d a , c d :

H d d c ? A a da a c c d a a d a a c ? W add a da a a c d d a b c d d da a c c ?

T a d a a bac a d a ac ac U.S.

S a

T c c ca a d a ac a c c c a : a , ac , d , a d c .

T planning s age c : Id a d c Ga a R a d a D a a c a

T ac ing s age c : I a a d c c da a A a da a

T de eloping s age c d a ac a . T reflec ing s age c :

S a a d c ca R c c

142

Q e ion and Ac i i ie 1. W c ac a c c d

b d b d c ca ? E a a . 2. C d c ac a c a d

c a , d d b a b c d c ac a c d d a a ? D a

ad a a a d a d ad a a d a . 3. D c a a b b c ca

ac a c d a d ca a a d c .

4. S a d c a ac a d d a a a a c . U - a

c d ac a c a d c a , b d c b s s ema icall a b .

5. A a a d c a ac a d d a a a a c , a c c ac a c d c d c c -

c a d c a .

143

Ke Te m ac a 36 c c 42 d a 36

d c c d 42 d 41

41 a a 36

a a 42 a 42

a ca 42 c a a c 39

c a 36 a c c 41 a c d 40

42 42

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc d d a c a , ac c , F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.

144

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch

145

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2 Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a

Ti le I P og am

146

O lining he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce A Ka a d c ac a c

c d a , a a d c a c ad c a c d a add

a . S a d a a c d c d , ba d a c a ad a d ab

c a :

R c c d a c: a A E a c a a c a d a d a c : d-A

d-S b D d : a S b I ( c d d) a d c c da a: d-S b

a Oc b A a da a: a Oc b d-N b D a c c /d ac a / : d- N b d-D c b

147

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3 Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i

148

O lining he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce Sa a a d T ad c c d c d d a a d

d c c a d a d a b ca c a , a d a d c b a

a a d a . K a d d d c a d c d ( . ., c

b , , a c c ), Sa a a d T a d a d a c a d a c c c

a d a a a ac a d a a c. T , d c d d a d a a

c , a c a a c , a d d d c d c ac a c c a ac d c d

Ac R a c C c 2

149

The Ac ion Re ea ch P oce Id c c c a c d d c a a c . Ob a a b d a c a c a d c. L a a ad a a a d a a

da a c c c . Id a a d c ca a

ac a c .

150

151

Pa T o Ho Do I Begin M Ac ion Re ea ch S d ?

Chap e 3. Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch and Re ie ing Rela ed Li e a e Chap e 4. De eloping a Re ea ch Plan

Pa II b d c a ac a c c . I C a 3, a a d

a d a a c c a a a a a a d c a d c d c a

a d a . I C a 4, a ab a c a d , ba c a a a d

a a a c d , a d ca c d a . F a , ac ca a d a d d.

152

153

Chap e Th ee Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch and Re ie ing Rela ed Li e a e

C a 3 O a

A b c d a a a a ac a c a d d.

P a Ac R a c b a c a a a d b .

1. Id a c 2. Ga a a

154

3. R a d a

A a a b a c a a d b :

1. Id a c P a c d a P a I a c T D c M a c R a c c

2. L a c F c , a , , , a d

3. Ga a a R c a a c

S - c D c E a a

4. R a d a E a a a a c , b , a d c

a d a ac a c c P a d d d c c a

a a c P a c

J a a c M a Pa d a c c

S c da c R a c S a a a

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a S d R c S c a S c

Iden if ing a Topic fo Re ea ch P a C d a L a T c

Ga he ing P elimina Info ma ion Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e

S c R a d L a S a c ERIC Da aba O S a c G Sc a W a L a R

S mma

155

➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie ➤ Ke Te m ➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad C a T I P a ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a U d a d M a d M ➤ W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli

156

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1 Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

Recei ing Special Se ice

157

Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch R ca a K a, K , a d J - ad ac d c J d a d Sa a a c a c a d

c a d c d c a c IEP . H , a d ad c b a

ac a a a c a c a c b ca d d a d d d a b ac - ad c a . T a a c a

c ad a a , a b ca d a d a . O , a a

ad b c c a c c a c d a b ca a c d b c . W d a d c a c c a , a d

a a c . D d c - ad a , J d a d Sa a d c d a a b a

a c d- a d d- ad d , a . A c d a c a a d ac a a -

ad , K a, K , a d J ca a a a a d a c c ca ad

T d ca a d d c a a a a a a a d a d . T

d a a c acad c a a d c a d ca ac b ca a d , b a ca

c a c a c a a d, a c a , c a c c . T ad a

c a d ac c a d a a ca , b ac , c a c .

K a, K , a d J d c d a b , c d c d c a add a , d a a a ,

b c , b a d , ba , ca , a d b a . I add , ca a c a 30- c a c a d a d c a

a ac . T , d c d d c a b a b a c a c , a 15 c a ac . T a

d c d d c a a c , a d d d c c a c c d b a .

T d ca a a ac a c a , a d ; d d a

c c da a a d c ad ad a

158

d c . T a d a c d d a a d a , c a , a d c a a d

( a ) a d a c a c a c .

159

Q e ion o Think Abo : T a d ac a c a d b

d ca ad a add a b ? I d d a a b a c d

a ? D a a b a d a

b d ac a c c ? D d a da a b c c d a a

b , a a ?

T c c a a a c d a c a d c d a a d a a c

a d a a d a a c a d c. I c a , a a c d a c

a c , c d a d a a a a d a a c a c. I add ,

a ac a c a d a d a . T ac c d d a a c c

a d a , d a a c c , a d a a . S c a c a d a d a c a a ac

a c .

160

Iden if ing a Topic fo Re ea ch Id c b a d a ac a c d

b . I a a . N a c a a c d a c a

a c c b a d a c a (H bba d & P , 2003). I a c c b ad a , a c a b c d a

b a a da a c c , c da a, a d . I c a , a b b c c

da a a a a d. T a c a a c c d c d d a a

c a .

T a c c d add a a c c a b , c a a acad c b a c a a a (R a & Ta , 1996). J (2008) d

161

a a c a a c a ac a c d a . T b a a :

1. Tr ing a ne eaching me hod. T ac c d a ac d c ; ac a c a

a c a c ac d .

2. Iden if ing a problem. F ac c a b a a a d, b cc a d d a c a

c d ; a a d a d ca a a ca d ca b d a d b a d b

ca a d ca a . 3. E amining an area of in eres . T ac a a ,

a d, a c , c ab a c a c d ca a d; ac a c ca b d

c d c c a a a .

M a d C a (2011) a a d d b d a ca c c d ac a c d .

T a a :

C a T c ca c d a a c ca a d c c a

c a a d c b d a d ac d a .

I c a a a T c c d a a b a d d a a c d

a d c , c ac d a a a d c c c , a d d

c a a . C a a a T c c d b ac a d

d a ac d b a a a , d c d d ac d a , a d d a c ac ab ac a d .

I c a d T c c d c a ac d d a , ac a ac

a ca a d a a a , a d d d c dbac d acad c a c .

162

T a a a d ca T c c d a c a d d a d a d a c , ac a a -

a d a , a d a d d a a a .

G ad a d a a Y c a ad a d a a d c a d a , , ac , a d a d . O

a c a c d c a a c a a d ad a a a d . C c T c (a) a c

a a d ac a d d a c c (b) a c a ac

c c .

T ca a a c a a ac a c a . T a d add a

a c c a d c a a ca c c , c a d ca , c , c ca c , a c , a , c a c , d a a , a d d d ca . B a d a b ad d

d ca , a c ac a c c .

Video Clip 3.1 V a c D . M d c d a c d .

A 5 Wh P oce fo P oblem Iden ifica ion empla e appea in Appendi C and can al o be fo nd a an in e ac i e PDF on he S den S d Si e.

I a b a a a c c . E a a d d a a ac

a c d , c ca c d , a , a d ac a a a a d a ca a a a d a a c a d . T a

c d a a d d c a d a a

163

a d a a a d d d .

Ma c ac a c a d a c. O a 5 W P c . T 5 W

P c , a d d b T a M C a , a c ca -a d- c a . T a

c d ca a b . A a a , c d ac a

d d . T a a a F 3.1. (N a a b b d a

ca a a a a .)

164

P elimina Con ide a ion O c a d c d d a a c a a a a

d a , a d d a a a a a a ac ca c d a (M & C a , 2011). C d a c a ab a a

a c c (Sc a bac , 2003).

F personal in eres c. P a c a a c a c . O a d, a a c a a a c c . I

ca , c c , d d c d a . I add , a b d a c a c a

a c, a d a c c . I a d a a a d

a -d d a c a a d d .

S c d c impor ance c. T ac a c d d a

d c d a a a po en ial a a d c a c d ca . I b a

a c c a d c , a . Y a d c

a b d c a a d ad a .

Fig e 3.1 Sa 5 W P c , U T a P d d A d C

165

A d a a a 5 P c a a d d a d d b .

T d a a ab d a 5 W P c P b Id ca , a d a c a b . Eac

a ad a c d a , d :

W a c c b a b d? - S d d .

W d /d a ? - T d d a a .

W d /d a ? - T a a b a a d a d d d . W d /d a ? - T d a

; ac d. W d /d a ? - T d d a d

166

W d /d a ? - I a a a a a d a d a .

A b d a a a d d b , c : S 5 W P c b

a d d ca a b .

T d c ( c a a a ad b a c c ) a d a c a amo n of

ime a d . C a d a a a ab . T a a

ac a c c a a a a ac d . A b a , a b

b c a c ca a a a .

F diffic l a c a a d c. F a a a a d ca

a , a c a c a c a b a c . T a ,

a c c b ac ca . I a a d a a c d a a c . I d a a d a a c b d d d a ca ab . I ad ab

c c d c , bab d a c a c a d a b c d c d a d

a c a a d.

F a mone ar cos s a c a d a c. I c a d d a c a

d , a a , a , a d , a d a d c , a a , a d a

a c. T a a d c c a a c .

F a , ac a c d b c a research e hics. G a a , ca a d a b a c d c

a c a a c a ( . ., d , ac ) a a d, c d ca , a , a d c ca a . A a c d d a a b

a d a acc ab d d ca a a c .

167

Limi ing a Topic O c a c a b c d a d a a d a a c d a ab , a b d d b ca b c a c d. T d ac a

c a b ad, a , c (M & C a , 2011). T c a a c a a a c d a a d a ab a c

a a a d ca c c. F c c a a c b

a d c . U ac a c d a a c c a d c a c , c ab a d a

a d a a a ab (Sc a bac , 2003). I add , c a d b d d a c a a d a b . Sc a bac (2003) a a

c, ac b d a a d a .

P d d Tab 3.1 a a a b ad a c c a d d, c d c a .

A c a b a d a d c a d Tab 3.1, c c b a c c a c

d c a d c. R a c a d a d c d d a

c a .

168

Table 3.1

169

Ga he ing P elimina Info ma ion A d C a 2, a d a d a c

a a c c, a a a . A a a , I a

ac , ad a , c c d c , d a c d

a c c. U d b d , a c a d a d a a d a

ac a c . T a a d add a a a c ab c a d a a b a a

researchable c a ad c d d. Y a a a d a dbac d a . I

add , a c d ac a a c c a d , ac a a

a d ca a a , a d a c d a c.

F a , d a a a d a d a acc b c I .

A c d d a a d a , c ca a a o n b , d , a d c a d a ac a c

c. T c , c M (2011) ca reconnaissance, a c b a d a a b

d a d a a d c a c b . R c a a c a : - c , d c , a d

a a . W a a a ac a c , M (2011) a b b c d a d :

T d ca a a ac c a ac c Y d ca a a Wa c a a d ca , a , c b a c c T ca c c a d ac a c a d ca b a a

T ca c d b ab ac a d a

170

T ac , , d c c a b . H , d d

c b d d a ab a b a a d ca a ac a c .

T c a a c d c b a c a b a b a a c a

. I d acc , c ho, ha , here, hen, a d ho b . T ca

d c a c , a c a a a c ac a c . O , a

a c a d c c a a c , a ac a c d a a a c a c a d

d a d. T , a a c c a a d a a :

W a d c a a c a a b a a b ?

W c d ( . ., c ) a a c d b b ?

H a a , c c , c a ? H a a , c c , a a d/

c d? H d a a a , c c , c a d? W a a a c a d c c c ? W d c a a a a ?

A a c a a c a d d c b a d a h b cc . A

ab a a ? I , ba d b a a , ca d a d ac a c d . R ca a a h po hesis a a ab

d a d , ad b d b . Y a a a ac a c c ca a a

d d c . Y d b d b c ab b a d ac a d a a d

ca c ac a d a c . F , d b d d b c a d ca c

171

c a a a c c d a c a .

172

Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e T a ac a c c , a d a

a , a d a . Acc d J (2008, . 75), a li e a e e ie a

a a a a c , ERIC d c , b , a d c a d ac a c c . B

a d a , ca d a c, a c , a d a a d a a c d a a

a c (R a & Ta , 1996). Y a a d a c a a ca , a c ,

, d da a c c , a d da a a a c (J , 2008). A a ca a a d a c d b a ca ca d c a

d a a c b a d d.

T a ca a ab a c c b ac a c c a d a a a d, d , a d

d c d (J , 2008). T a . A a a a d

d c a c d a a c c a d c . I a a a , a

c d c a a d a ca a d (M , 2011). I a b d d a c c b ca a a a

a a , c b a c ca a . F a ,

c d c a a ca a a a a a d , a

d ab a d ca . N a a d a a ac a c c ,

a a c ab ac (J , 2008). F 3.2 d c a c a a d a ca a a c a ac a c d .

B b a c a a d c, d b a a a . F , a d

a a b , a c , a d c c a

173

c ac . J b ca a b b d d a d. W d a a c , a , a c d c a d c a a b a c d (Sc a bac , 2003). W -

a c d a c a d a c a ba d c c a da a; d a d

a empi ical e ea ch. E ca d a b , b a ba d a d d a a a

a d c .

A c d a c a c ca b c . Y d b d ac a c

c a a a d c a c c . O , ac - a c a a d

a a a a c a d . I a d a b a a a a a

a c - c a a d c, d b , a c , a d c a

b a a c ad c (Sc a bac , 2003). F a , a d

c - a a c , d a a a a d c c

c . B ca c a d d ca , a ca c b dd d a b d a .

I a a b d a d b d a d a d c a d.

Fig e 3.2 I a L a R I Ac R a c P c , D c S a W c I P d I a

174

So rce: Ada d Sc a bac (2003).

T L a R ac b a :

T c B ad Q Na d Q

175

Bac d I a M d Da a A a Ac P a - bac L a R a a

T ab a dd d a a , b ab d , ad a .

O ab , Bac d I a , M d , a d Da a A a , ac a b d a a - a a . T b c a R c Q , P c , c.

T d, b a a a d. A a a b d a , c a d ca a c a

c a a c a d c (Sc a bac , 2003). I d d c d ca c a d ac a c a , a d a d a 20 a a ,

d b a a , a , a d a c d . M c da

a a a d c d b d a 5 a . O c , b a a d

d b ca . F a , c a c d c a a d cad a a d c d a ac a c a b a ac d, b a d c a .

F a , a a d a a I a a d b d :

1. H a c d I d? 2. H c a d a ?

M ca c W , I d a b d a a , I a a . A d a d ca a , a acc a . Ha a d a ,

a c a a b d d a , c a c a ad a a a a c

ba . Y a d a a ab d b a c a c d

a c . W b c b a d,

176

ca b a c d a a d a b a a a (Sc a bac , 2003).

T b a b c ab a d . J (2008) b a a

a ca ca 25 c , a d d c a d a 50 , b ac a c c d d b b d a , d a c c ,

a d a 2 15 c . Sc a bac (2003) a a a d c d ca c c d : D d a d c d d? D

d a d ca c c? Ha c d a c a a b all d

? D b a a a d a d ac a c c ?

177

So ce fo Rela ed Li e a e S c a d a ca b b d :

a c a d c da c . P ima o ce a a d acc a a c . S c a c a a a c , a , a d a d a

a a c c c (M & C a , 2011). I c a , econda o ce a a a d acc ; d c a a c . Ra , a

a , c a , a a , a a a ( . ., a a c ) b d b d d a .

T c d c c d a a c , a db a c , a c , c a b ( . ., b ), a d

a a a d a a c . A a a , b a c da c , d a

c b d a b a d a d a c c (M & C a , 2011).

H , a d c d a a c a .

S c da c a ca d c c c c c b a a d ca b ca d b

a c b a a ca a (M & C a , 2011). I a , ca a c d a d ca d ca d

d a ( c a ca d ca a ). H , b a a a d ca a d c ca

a d d c a b ab c d c a c a c a c da c . R c

b , c a Enc clopedia of Ed ca ional Research, Re ie of Ed ca ional Research, Na a S c S d Ed ca a b , a d a a db a c , ca

a b d b a a c c . N a ca b ca d a d d b a c a Ne spaper Abs rac s. T a a a c

ca b ad c c c . S a , a a a c ca b ca d a d d

Periodical Abs rac s.

178

P a c a d b a c c a d d da aba (M & C a , 2011). M a

d b a c da aba a a a c a c , b d acad c a d a

a c c c . T a a d d acad c a d d ca . T acad c a

d d ca a a c c d c d ca a d (J , 2008). M a a c

a b a c acad c a ( a c a d ). Ma c a b d d

a a d , c a a a d b ( a ) b c a

c c a , acc ac , a d , a d a c b d. Eac d a a c a d a a

c da b ca . I a c acc d b ca , a a ca c a

c d . S a a acc a c a 50%, a a a acc a c a a

a 5%.

A a c c da aba a , ERIC da aba a ab a a d ca a c . ERIC, Ed ca ion Re o ce Info ma ion

Cen e , a ab d 1966 b U.S. D a Ed ca . I a da aba ca a c

d ca . H , d b ca a a d ERIC. ERIC a ca b a c a , a a a c a - d a a a a acad c a ; , a a a b

(Sc a bac , 2003). O a d, 2004 ERIC d a b a a a . S c , ad a d

a c , c ca , a d c (I Ed ca Sc c , .d.a). O a , ad a c , d c da c a a d a a a c ERIC da aba (I Ed ca Sc c , .d.b). M b a

d a a :

Ad , ca , a d ca a d ca A a d a a C c

179

C a d d c D ab a d d d ca Ed ca a a E a a d a c d d d ca H d ca I a a d c La a a d c R ad , E , a d c ca R a d ca a d a c Sc c , a a c , a d a d ca S c a d / c a c c d ca T ac a d ac d ca U ba d ca

T ERIC b b a c da aba c a a 1.6 c a da bac 1966. M a 1,000 a a

d d ERIC. M a 350,000 - a d c , a a ab -ba d c , a a a ab c a (I Ed ca Sc c ,

.d.a). T ERIC da aba ca b a c d a , a a d U.S. D a Ed ca ( :// . c. d. ). T c a c ERIC da aba c d c .

Ma , b a , da aba b b c a b c . H , a a a c ERIC a c a a

a a ab . G a d, a a a a acc a d a ; ,

en ire b d a c a da aba cc b a a c d acc a c . A a a a d a b

c a c b a a d a c a c ca .

O c , a a I da aba . Google Schola . Acc d b ( :// c a . .c / / / c a /ab . ),

180

G Sc a d a a b ad a c c a a . F ac , ca a c ac a d c a d c : a c , , b ,

ab ac a d c , acad c b , a c , , , a d

b . G Sc a d a ac d c a a c . ( a a. 1)

W a c a c G Sc a , da aba a a a c b a a

d c ac d c , a b d, , a d a d c a

b c d. W d c a c G Sc a d a a c a .

P oQ e ( :// . .c /ab / :// a c . .c ) a a c ab da aba

c a b d a c a d c c a b a d a a d . T c a b d , P Q , ca a a a , c a d ab a c

a c c a d a . Ma a c P Q a acc b a c . A d a

a d a a a ab b c a , ca c d a .

T a a add a a c da aba a a ( . ., c ) b . H ,

a acc a c b a , c a b ad a a ab a c a

a c c a d d a . T da aba c d :

EBSCO I a S c ( . b c .c ) T d c a da aba c b acc a 375

- da aba . I add c a ca b c a d b acad c b a , EBSCO d a c

ca ab da aba ( . b c .c / d c / a c -da aba / - da aba ) c d da aba A ca a d d a a d a c a da aba ac .

181

JSTOR ( . . /) JSTOR d acc a 12 acad c a a c , b , a d a

c ac 75 d c . S a a a acc b c a .

P c ca Ab ac , P cINFO ( .a a. / b /da aba / c /) T c

d a c ab ac a d c a c ca , b a a , a d c a a c .

SAGE J a ( a . a b.c /) SAGE P b b a 1,000 a ac a a d a a d ca : a c c , c a

c c a d a , a a c c a d , a d a d b d ca c c . S c ca Ab ac ( . .c / d c -

c / c ab - -c. ) S c ca Ab ac d a c a d a d d c c a a d

b a a c c .

F a , I ca b a a ab c a d a , a a d a a c c .

O ea ch engine a b a b ke ords. W a c a c c d d , a

a d b a a d, a , a a a a c c (M & C a , 2011). Ma a

a c a a a a b a d c d a d b a . T a d

a a c, a a ca a d a a d a . T a a c a d ca

A ca Ed ca a R a c A c a (AERA). AERA ( :// .a a. ) c a 12 d , ba d b ad d c . I add , a c a (SIG ).

182

Sea ching he ERIC Da aba e Online ERIC c d d , b c a a c ab

. T C rren Inde o Jo rnals in Ed ca ion (CIJE) c a d ab ac a a c b d d ca a d

c a d d . Reso rces in Ed ca ion (RIE), a d, c a d ab ac d c a a a a d d ca a a . T c d c d c a a ad a c c , c ca , a a d a d d a , a d a a a c a a b b d (M & C a , 2011). T a a c a F 3.3. F

a ad a c d a c , d c c Ad a c d S a c T ( c b b a F 3.4).

Fig e 3.3 T ERIC H Pa

So rce: ERIC b , :// c. d. . U d .

T c ca d a a a d d , b a d , acc d ac b a :

183

T a c a d c ERIC I Ed ca Sc c , a a c b c a

a c ab C c a d T a b , d b a S a c b a d

Ad a c d S a c T . B a c a d c c c b d

P d a d F a a ab ERIC, b a c b , a d

b . T a c b c a a d a ab ad S a c d ca c .

A a d a a b a , b c a d

ED. a d IES b - c , d a b -c b P ac , C , C ac U ,

S c P c , J a , N -J a , D ad, S b , M d a, a d W d , d b - c b Fac b a d T d .

Fig e 3.4 Ad a c d S a c T ERIC

So rce: ERIC b , :// c. d. . U d .

184

T c ca d a a a d d , b a d , acc d ac b a :

B add ba ERIC , d b a a c b c a a c ab

C c a d T a , d b a S a c b a d Ad a c d S a c T

. T c c b d P d a d F a a ab ERIC, a a b a c b , a d b . T a c b c a a d a ab ad S a c d ca c . A a d a b c c b d

, d b b a ad c ad , H d ERIC a c ? , a d a

d a d a a b b a .

A b c a ERIC d a a d IES ERIC a a , b a a . T d a a d b d a d .

T d a a a :

H d ERIC a c ?

ERIC U a c ac a ERIC d : , a , c , ab ac a d d c Y ca a a

ERIC acc b (ERIC ID) a c ERIC d c , a a d c a c d c b ID

A ISBN. ISSN IES G a /C ac N b a a b d d c a c b .

Ra d d b a ac c d b ca da ( c b ca a a d)

T d d a d d a a a a d, ca , d ad a c d

a c c. T d d a a c a ca b a c a a c ERIC da aba .

H d I c a c c a c ?

U d c c a

c d b d Ma a d " c d b d

185

V a" c d b d"

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a : a : *

a a " : c " ab ac c d b d" b a : 2002

Add d: a a c IES F d d a d/ W a W C a (WWC) R d d c :

d d: IES F d d d c . F WWC R d d c

c : M E d c S a da d R a c : M E d c S a da d R a c : D N M E d c S a da d

W a ad a c d a a a ab ?

Y ca AND/OR a c , a d a , d a OR d a AND

ac d d a d a a a c a d ac .

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d d: Y c : N c : R c : Y

186

N c a , a , ca a c a c b a c ca , ba d a c a (a d ca d Ad a c d S a c T a ), c d

a c b d, , a . M a c a c d c d b d, a a d a a . L c d a c c a : S a d ca

b d a c c ac c a a ac c . W a c d ed ca ional assessmen a d classroom echniq es. S c

a c c a a ( . ., ed ca ional assessmen a d classroom echniq es), ca a B a a . Boolean ope a o a a AND, OR, NOT, a d AND NOT

a ab a c c c b a . T c B a a a AND a d OR AND

d, d c a c a bo h d a d c b d ( . ., a a a c ); OR

d, e er d c ei her d a d c b d ( . ., a b ad a c ). W AND a , a a c

d c a c a b d ca a a a d c a c ( a d ca a

B a a ). W c c S a c b . T a c a F 3.5.

Fig e 3.5 Sa ERIC S a c R

187

So rce: ERIC b , :// c. d. . U d .

T c ca d a a a d d , b a d , acc d ac b a :

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a a a c ad d ca a a a d c a ... S a c b b- ad P b ca Da , D c , S c , a d A a a

a b ERIC . F a c , a a , b

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188

a a a , ab b c a P d a d D c /D ad

d d , a a a a ac d a d a , . T Sa a d E a ac a b a c d a d, -

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E c c a a c a d c d c b c a d d c . R a a d a a a b d d a

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189

S d T ac L a H F a A B a ? T Ed ca P c

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F c a b a a a c d b a c a b a d ca b a a d d

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a d a T a c a a a c ac c a R ad d ca Q c Q (QQ) d .

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a c . B a - a d d a c d , ca d c b c a d b c d P b ca Da ,

D c , S c , P b ca T , Ed ca L , A d c . F a c , a c b c D c : Ed ca a P ac c a d A :

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d c a c b a . I a d a d c c ,

c c d c . T a a a a d c a a a d c . T , c c

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Fig e 3.6 D c C a F ERIC

190

So rce: ERIC b , :// c. d. . U d .

T c ca d a a a d d , b a d , acc d ac b a :

B add ba ERIC , d b a a c b c a a c ab

C c a d T a , d b a S a c b a d Ad a c d S a c T

. T c c b d P d a d F a a ab ERIC, a a b a c b , a d b . T a c b c a a

a a a c ad T ac -C d Fa ac C a A a d a b c c b d

, d b b a ad Bac a d d , d b b

c a ad ad T ac -C d Fa ac C a A Va d a d R ab , d b b a a , b a a d a , a d a

191

b c , a b c a , a d d c . O c a a d b P

d ab d a ERIC N b , R c d T , P b ca Da , Pa , Ab ac , R c C , ISBN, a d ISSN d b . A a d a b c a d c ,

d b c c P b ca T , Ed ca L , A d c , La a , S , A I , a d Id L ca , d c d b

a . A a d a a b a

, b c a ED. a d IES b - c , d a b -c b P ac , C , C ac U , S c P c , J a , N -J a , D ad, S b , M d a, a d W d , d b - c b Fac b a d T .

T ad a :

T ac -C d Fa ac C a A Va d a d R ab .

M , C a A

M d-W Ed ca a R a c , 13 4 29-35 Fa 2000

A d d d a d a d ab c a a d 625 a a d c da ac O . R d ca ac c d c a ca a a d a a da a, a d a c d

a d ad a Add a a d a d d ac d ca a c a

c d d (C a IS c ) (TD)

T a c , - a d d c , a d ca a a a - d a c . T ERIC

N b (a F 3.6) a d c d ca ERIC b a a d c a b d a acad c a ( b b

EJ) a b d ( b b ED). D c b b EJ

c d c a a a c d c a a . T a a , c

192

d d ca a c a a b a .

D c b b ED a a b a a b d a acad c c c ,

a , c ca , a c , a d . T ERIC N b a a a c , c a ED d c a a c c a d a ca a d b -d ED

b . T b a ca c c c c b a c c ac .

A a a c a c ab ac . T a b a c d c , c d

a d c c d , a a . O b ad ab ac ca a b a b a d c . I a a b d ab ac

d ca c a c . F a , a d d c a c a d c ca a d

ERIC a d d c ab d D c , c d a c ca a d a

d c .

B ca b a c ab ERIC da aba , a ac c a d c d b ab

c . T d a c b d a a c c b d a a , a d ca b

a da b a c . H , c a c d a a c

ERIC. O acc ERIC da aba c a a a ab , c a a c a a c

d a ad a a .

Fig e 3.7 T G Sc a H Pa

193

So rce: G a d G a d ad a G LLC, d .

194

Sea ching Google Schola S a ERIC, G Sc a ( :// c a . .c ) a

a c ac a b ad c - c a c a d c a a . T d a a c a

( F 3.7) a d a d c , c d a d d a , a a c , b ,

ab ac , a d c , a d c . F , d c c a d c , c d acad c

b , a c , da aba , a d a d b . G Sc a d

E a d , c a , a , a d b ca L ca c d c a ca b a

T ac c d a c c a a a c C c c b ca a d a

a b c d ( a a a )

W a c G Sc a , c a a c a d b a c ; , ca a c b da

d ba . F a d c a a a a ab , d a - a d d ( F 3.8).

Add a , ca a c b a a G Sc a a : a . F a , a d

a c a , d a hor: ca mer ler a c ba .

Fig e 3.8 A G Sc a R Pa

195

So rce: G a d G a d ad a G LLC, d .

T c ca d a a a d d , b a d , acc d ac b a :

B b ac , G a a , d b a c b c a c a

a ac , d b a c c b . T d b b Sc a , a .

b a c dd , a d M C a , a b c , a d a c d a a d d . A a c

d a b . S a c a d A c , Ca a , M b a , A , S c a, c c c b , a d C a a a a a d d b Sc a . F a c d c , ad ,

, a a , b a a d a , c a , c. c a a a a , ab

b c a d c a d c d d d , a a a a ac

d a d a , a d d .

196

F 3.9 a a c d b G Sc a c a b b a c

ad . C c ([BOOK] Ac R a c : I Sc a d E Ed ca , a ) a a b a d c /b

( a a ab ). I c c C d b 539, G Sc a a 106 d c a a d b c a . T R a d a c d c , d G Sc a da aba , a a add c ( ca , c c 101

a d c ). T A 5 a a a c a a ( a ,

ca ) a a d c . T C a d a d b b a c c a d c

MLA, APA, a d C ca ( F 3.10). Y a c a d a c a a d- c

d c c a a c c a a a ( . ., B bT X, E dN , R W ).

Fig e 3.9 A S G Sc a S a c R

So rce: G a d G a d ad a G LLC, d .

A c a a G Sc a a c c a a .

T c ca d a a a d d , b a d , acc d ac

197

b a :

B add ba a , d b a a c b c a C a

M , Ac R a c : I Sc a d E Ed ca . B a c a d Sc a a d

d , d b a a b c , d b b a c a

ad , d b b a a , b ca a , c , c.

B c a , d b b b b a , b c a , b a d

a c , a d b a , d b a c ad S b a c . S a , a b a .

Video Clip 3.2 & 3.3 V c ac - a c d c d a c a d a a .

198

W i ing a Li e a e Re ie W a a d a , ,

d c a c a a c . W a a d c a d d , a d b d a d . T , a , c ,

-b - c c a . O b a a a a a

a acc d a . W a d, I a a a a d d a .

T a d a d b c a d a c a ac a c c:

T ca c c T d c d b c H a d ac c a d c a

Fig e 3.10 T B b a c C a O G Sc a

199

So rce: G a d G a d ad a G LLC, d .

A c b b a c c a G Sc a .

T c ca d a a a d d , b a d , acc d ac b a :

B add ba a bac d c a a , d b a a c b

c a C a M , Ac R a c : I Sc a d E Ed ca . B a c a d Sc a a d

d , d b a a b c , a d a a a c c a b .

T d a a b a c , ab d C a d c a d c a

b ca : MLA, APA, C ca , Ha a d, a d Va c .

F ac d a , ca a a b a a c a a c d a a a c

c (M , 2011). T a c d a ab d d, d d, a c a d d, a d

c c b a d. R b , , a a c findings (P c a & B c , 2003) a a

c d .

O c a d , d a , b a d c a c ca a a

b ad (P c a & B c , 2003). A a , a a a d b ad d c

a c b d a a a a c a d d . A b a a a

ac a , a d a d b a a a d ( . ., d a d a

a a a , d b a a d a a a ) b a c a a ad (P c a & B c , 2003). T a b d a

200

c a . A a a d a b c, a , d b c d d d c a b c.

An E amining Backg o nd Info ma ion and Rela ed Li e a e empla e appea in Appendi C and can al o be fo nd a an

in e ac i e PDF on he S den S d Si e.

A a a a a c a a c a d d. E a , a - a

b b c a a leas a d d d . A c d d

a , b c d b c a d c c a a d . I d , d

b c more c a d c. T d a a a a c ( F 3.11). A a d a

ad a , c a c b a d c a a d;

d , a ad a d c c c c. T c b d ac c a a

b c d a b c a d d ( c a

d d ). F a , a c d c d ac c c a N C d L B d

(NCLB) a ad c a a ac c . T b ad (b b ad a a d c d) a a :

T I ac N C d L B d T ac P c N C d L B d N C d L B d a d C a A

Fig e 3.11 D c Na F c (F E c ) a L a R

201

T d a a d a d a a a b a a b d a d,

d a a a ab a d b a .

T d a a d b d :

T a 1 B ad R a d L a T a 2 M S a L a T a 3 M S a L a E d Y M d

T ab d a P L a R , a d d b a a .

Y ca a a c a b ad a d ( . ., NCLB, a ) a c a c a a I c ca d d ( . ., c c NCLB ac a c a ac c ).

A c c d a a a a , b ca d a a o r d , ba d a a c a d (M , 2011). I a d

d b ac a a c a d d a d a c b a a c a b d

a . F a , d a b a c b d d a a ad

a a a . M -d

202

a a d ac ac a c d C a 8.

S a

Id a c ac a c a c .

Ac a c c d add a c c a b .

R a c c d a b d a a a ac ca c d a , c d a c, a a c , a

, a c a d d c , a c , a d a ca .

Na a c ca b acc d b add ac ca c d a a d a - c ,

d c , a d a a ac . P a a a d c d b a d.

T a ca b a d b a d ca , c c a a a , a

a b ca . I a ca a b a d c a a c ,

- c , d c , a d a a . A a c a a c a a

a c a d a a d a c c. A a ab a c c b

c a d a a b d b . A a ca d a d a a c,

a a c a d , c a a da a c c d , a d d a a c da a a a . W a d a , a c d

a , b c , a d . W ca a d a , b b

c da c a d a c . F , b c a

c . I b c c a a a a d

a , b a d : c a d d a d c ca c

c, d c d b c, a d ac c , a d c a.

A a d c a a a d a a c ; a , d

ad a a c a .

203

204

Q e ion and Ac i i ie 1. T a a c a d a .

C ab b b add c d a d c d c a .

2. Ma a ca c d a a a a ac a c d .

3. W a d b b d c a c d c a a c a d a a a c c?

4. W a d b b d c a c c d c a a a d a a a c c?

5. S a c da aba a d I a d a ca b a da a . B a b d a

a c a d d b d a a c , a d a a a c c , a d b .

6. A a a a ca d N b 5.D a a ba d

c c .

205

Ke Te m ab ac 71 B a a 68 Ed ca R c I a C (ERIC) 65

ca a c 62 G Sc a 66

a 61 a c 64

P Q 67 a c 67 c da c 64

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc d d a c a , ac c , F a ca d ,

a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.

206

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch

207

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2 Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a Ti le

I P og am

208

Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch R ca a Ka a a T I ad c a a a , b ba

a c . S ad a a ad c b a a b a a c c a a

c a . S a d a ac , d d a d b d a a a d a

b ad c . Ka a d, a 5 a ad d a a ad c a , d a - ( . .,

-, -, a d - ad ) d d . S ad a c d c ac . F , da b a d . Ka a ad d ad

c c a b a d a d a d a a d ac , c d d a

c c a b c . T d d a d a a c c . I add ,

b c d a d d d d ad . S c d, Ka ad d d a c ad a

cca c a .

H d c d ad c c . F a , d a c

d b a a da d d ad d ac . T ad c c , d

c a d .

Ka a d a a d ad c . S c d b a a d

c a d d a d d a ba a ad a , a a a - d c a d

b c a c d c . O da d a , c d c d a b a c ERIC c ab.

S d a a c a d d d a a d c . T c d ,

d a b a c a c c d a c .

T a c a Ka a d d a a c c a , ac - ad a a a a a a

a da d d d c a d d a c a . Ka d c d d c ac ad c a

ca ad a b d d add a , d a . S a d a d ad b a a

ad - -a a b a d d -c c a d d d- add

c . S d ac a d a ad

209

c , b d , d, d b c a a a d a da d d ad

c .

210

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3 Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i

211

Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch R ca a Sa a ad b a c b ac 3 a , a d T ad b a b ac 12 a . B ad b a a

a d , ca ad 9 a d 10, d a a c d c c b . S d

ad d c cab a a a c c a d a d a c c c c d c d c .

Wa add a a d c , Sa a a d T c ab a d a c d c c d b

d . I d , a d a :

S c (a d a ) a c a d a c c C d ( . ., a d ) M c b ( . ., bac a a d ) B ca c a ca P L c c a a

S c c d ca c b , Sa a a d T d c d d c a b ca c c a

c a . T a b d a c c d b a a , c d a d

a d c a a c d- b c ad 11. W ca , ac d d a d

d c c a d . S d d ( . ., a , a , a a , a a a ,

a , c , c , c a d, c , c , d b ) d c c d a d a . F ,

d ad d c a a d , a d c d a d d c d

Sa a b a a c bac d a d a ac a d . T ca d a d b a d a a c ,

b c b ac , a c c d ca a . H , a a d Sa a a d d a

a a a a ac c . I a , Sa a a d T b d c c a d

d c a d c ( b ). S d ca d d ac a , ab

a c c , a d b d c b a a d a a .

U a , T a d Sa a b d, d a a a c a . T ac a d d b ,

212

a a ac a a a d a c a c d a c c . O

a a c d a d d a d c c . Sa a d c d d a d a

I , T c d a c add a a d a c . A a c a c a c ,

Sa a d d b a d d c a a c b a d ac

ac a d d d c . A b , Sa a a d T d c d d a d a

a b c a d a a ac a d a .

213

214

215

T c a a :

I W U Ac R a c c , c b c a (b ) a d c a d b ,

c b d d a d ac a c d a d. T a a d a c c c a a c add d a c a

c a . T c c c a c d a a d c b d a c , a d c

a c c a d a d a :

216

T c a a a a ab ad C a a d ca d .

P a a c a Na a C c T ac Ma a c (NCTM) a d Na a R a c C c (NRC) a d d a c a a c c a c a b c a d a a c c a d c a d ac (NCTM, 1989, 1991, 2000; NRC, 1989). O d

a c c b a a c a d d d a a c c a .

A a c a d a d , d a c d c d a d ac , a a c a

d , d a ac a c a c c d . Acc d McNa (2000), b

a d c a d c a a a d c a d d c .

T c a a a a ad Ma , d b a c .

P a a c a a d a ad a a a c c , d a c a c , a b cc c c a

d a d a d a ca a a c a - c . Ba a (1999) a a , F d , c a a c a d c a d ac a d

c d a a ( . 426). A a c d ac d d a a c a d c a b

c (R , 1996). Da a a c a c a d a d d c d a . E

ac d d d c c a d a d a , b , a d c ca

a d d b c (S & S , 1996).

F - ad ac c , a d a a c a a ac , d d a d

c a d d. I c a , a a c a -ba d d c , d a d a a d a c a d a c c ; , ca , a a a d

a . H b cc a a d a c a a d d c c ad b a a c a d d c d c a , b c c

a d d a d, d a d b c a a d c a d (La & N , 1997; La , 1988). A

da a ac ac d , c a

217

c a d a ab c a . H c c d a a a a c c c a d ac

a ac , a c d ca d ad ; b d a a a d ad a ca d ad a a a d c a c c c

a d a b c c a a a c c d c c d c .

T c a a a a ad A c a d a , a c

d c .

T a c a d a a c ac , a , ad a , a d c b a d . W a a c c ?

O , acc d R (1996), a a dab c d a d a d d c a a ca

. S c a a a d d c c a d c c d a d , d c ca a b

a d. H , b , c a c c , , a d a a c a b a b

b a a d a d a d c . T d a d ad a a d

a a c c c a a c - ad a a c d a a a c ac , b - ab , a d c c .

T c a a a a ad P d .

T S c b ad : A & S , 2003.

T a c a a c c c d a a c a a dd c c a . T

a a c d a d a , D c c d c a d a a a d b

a c -c c ? F a a I a d a c c d a a c a c

ad c a . A c c d a a d d a a a a adab a a , a c b d a d a ac (J a, 1980). I d

b a b d c c a c c d c a c a d . Y , b a a a

c a ca c b d a . I ab ad b c c a b b a

c a d c (J a, 1980).

T c a a a a ad P d a d a c . T ac a b ,

218

d c a .

C c d , c a a d ad , c c c . C c , a

P a a , a a a ac c a c b ac a d a d c .

H a b a c d b , b a b a d ac c ac . A

a a b c c d c a a a d a a a d a b

a d. B d a a d , c a ac a

ab a a ad . I a , c d ca a d c b b c c a a a

a (Sa a, 1988).

T c a a a a ad T ca bac d a d ca d .

F d , a da d c c d b d d a a d d d a b d . A d d

d d c c d a c d c c a d d . T ca , I c c c a c a a a ( b c a d d d c c a ), c

a I b a a d c c a d . T ac - ad c a c d b d

a ad a d b . T c a c c d, ad d, a d d d . I a d

c a d c a ad a d d a d d d d ba .

T c a a a a ad O a a d .

I a d a ad a a c c a . F , c c a d a

d c ad a , a d c d, c d c ca b d b d a a d d . A a

d -ba d c b c a . S c a cd a d c d d ca a c

a d a . H , a d I a c d a d a d ac a a a d d a .

O d c c d a b a d d c b c a ac - ad

a a . T d a

219

d a d a / ad (Sa a, 1988). S a d (Ha , 1988; Ga , 1990; A d , 1991) a

d c c d c d a c c c c c a d c a a . F c (1988) d c

c d b c c a d ca d , McK a (1990) d c c d b a a c

a d .

T c a a a a ad S c c a ca a c a , a .

A d (1991) c d a d a c c c c a a c c d c a a ad

d d . T d a c a d a 28 c d d c ad a

d c c . S d a c d d a d ad d d , d ab a a , b ad ad ad a ( . 11).

A d a a c a 16 a c . H , (K c & Ya b , 1982; a D &

K c , 1983) a d c d a c d a a a c .

T c a a a a ad B a d c ad c d c a .

T c b ad : W d , 1995.

Ac R a c C c 3

220

Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch Id a b c ac a c a d

a a ab a ac a c c a a a a c d a .

U d d c , a c a a c d a ac a c

c. U ERIC, G Sc a , da aba , d

a c b d a a d c; d ac a a a a c da c .

D a a a a d c.

D d add c a .

221

222

Chap e Fo De eloping a Re ea ch Plan

C a 4 O a

A b c d a a a d a a c a .

I , D a R a c P a b a c a a a d b .

R a c a d Ba c a c d E ca c d a P ac ca a d

Ba c a c d b a c b . T d a b .

D a a c P a

223

R a c a d Ba c a c d

Q a a a c d Ca d Ob a a d C a c a a d

Q a a a c d D c d C a a d G c a d

M d- d a c d E a a d E a d T a a d

E ca c d a P ac ca a d

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a S d R c S c a S c

Re ea ch Q e ion Ba ic Re ea ch De ign

Q a a R a c D Q a a R a c D M d-M d R a c D

E hical Con ide a ion in Yo Re ea ch Ge ing O gani ed fo Yo Re ea ch S mma

➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie ➤ Ke Te m ➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad C a T I P a ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a U d a d M a d M ➤ W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli

224

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1 Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

Recei ing Special Se ice

225

De eloping a Re ea ch Plan fo he S d R ca a K a, K , a d J - ad ac a a a

a c d c J d a d Sa a , a c a c a , d c a d c d

c a c IEP . T ac a c d a a a d a d

a c .

T a d ca ad d c d d a a d c c a c a c a ac c a c c a d a ,

c a , a d a d a d a c a c a c . T d d c a a

a a a a d a a c a ac , a a d a

d d d . J d a d Sa a d ac d a b ac d d a d . T ab a a a a d d b

c a .

T a a a d c a - ad d c d c a c a c a a a d a d - a , add d c c c a d ac c

b a b a . A d b ca c ab a a a , d ca d c a

c , c a d b a a d c ab a d c d

c a c , c a c a c d ad .

T d ca c ab a d d a c d ac a c d , ac c d d c a d d a . T a a a c a a c

a d a a c a ad . T a c a :

226

Re ea ch Q e ion #1: T a d d c a a d a

ac d a ?

227

Re ea ch Q e ion #2: T a d d c a a d a

ac d c a ?

228

Re ea ch Q e ion #3: W a a a d d b d a c a

c c a c a d c a a d a ?

229

Q e ion o Think Abo : I a c

c a - ad d ? W ? A d d d d a a a d a d

a a - ad a d d? W a a d d a a a c d a

d? W a a c d ac a c d

d ca c d ? I d a c c , ,

d ?

T a a a a a c d c ac a c d a a c a . O c a d c d d a a a c , a d b ad , a d d a a d a a d

c, d a c c a ca ac a c d . D a c a c a

c c a c a d c a a a d c c a d a a da a.

230

Re ea ch Q e ion B ac a a a c , a

d c d d q ali a i e q an i a i e e ea ch me hodologie ac a c d . T

a a d d- d d a ca a ca a b a a a d a a

d . F a a a c ca a d a a d a c a ac . O

a d, b c a ac d a a . L d a d O d (2005) d a d c d c - a ab , . Tab 4.1 a ada a ab . T ab d d

d c a ac a a ba d a ac , c d b , a a c

c a d d , a d a . O c , b ac a c a d c

a ac a a a d- d a ac , c b a c b a a a d a a a c . B a ac , a d a d a

a a a c a ac a d c d b a c , a a a a c a ac a b

d d b a c .

231

Table 4.1

232

So rce: Ba d L d a d O d (2005). R d b P a Ed ca , I c., N Y , N Y .

A a c d d a da a a c c d a (M &

C a , 2011). I d a c d , a b ab a a c a d d . T d a c d a c a a , a d , c , a

d c , d (L d & O d, 2005). R a c a a a d a a a a ac a a a a a a a ac a c . G a

a , a a a c d b - d d a d c a a a a a c .

T a a b a a c a a d a c a d (H bba d & P , 2003).

Q a a a c a d c a a a ca b a d b d a d d c a d b a .

K d a a a a a a c c d ho a d ha , c d ac - a c

d c b c a d a c a a cc (H bba d & P , 2003). O ,

a c a a d d a a c a b d . Ra , a

b c c da a d a a b a a a (Sc a bac , 2003). E ,

a c d da a c c . Q a a a c a a d a d d c a d c a d .

Video Clip 4.1 V a c D . M d c a c ca a a a c .

W a c a c c a a c , a a c a ac c a c d (Sc a bac , 2003). T c a ac c a

d b ; ac d c d b :

Q a a a c d b a d a - d d a ; a a a c d b

233

c d. R a c d b a d a a a a a a b da a a b c c d. R a c d b b ad c c c , c a a a ac a c .

R a c d b ba d b d a a c a c.

R a c b ab b a d b c c a a ab da a. R a c b ca . R a c d b b a a d a b a .

F , a a a c d b a d - d d a ; a a a c d b

c d. I ca , a d a a a . F a , c d a c

Is here a rela ionship be een s den s academic performance and he n mber of ho rs spen s d ing?

T a bab ca d b , c a a a . H , a a a a c d a

a . C a d :

Wha is he na re of he rela ionship be een s den s academic performance and he n mber of ho rs spen s d ing?

N c a d , c d c c a ab a c a d d , a

a c d c c ab a , a .

234

S c d, a c d b a d a a a a a a b da a a b c c d, a

a :

To ha e en ill he in egra ion of echnolog in o he ri ing process impro e s den s ri ing skills?

I a , a c a a ad a d a a c c ac

d a a posi i e (b ca d impro e) c ac a a . T a c

b a d b c a :

To ha e en ill he in egra ion of echnolog in o he ri ing process affec s den s ri ing skills?

R b a a d a a a a c d d d . I a d a

a a c d d, a d c d a ( . ., a c a ac a d no

), a d a c , a d add d b c a b d a .

T d, a a a c b b ad c c c , c a c d c a a ac a c . T

b ad:

Wha ill impro e s den s cri ical- hinking skills?

A ac - a c bab d b c c da a a . I add ,

d a d c . I c a , a a a d

c a d c a a c a c :

235

To ha degree ill problem-based ins r c ion impac s den s cri ical- hinking skills?

F , a c d b ba d b d a a c a c. R ca a

c d c a a d a d a c . A a c

d c a a d ad. I d b d b a a d a d

a a a d.

F , a a c b ab b a d b c c a a ab da a. C d a c

Does God e is ?

I a d a a d da a c c a d a a d b ab a a b .

T a , c , a a a c d b a d b ad acc b da a. L a

a : To ha e en do people belie e ha God e is s?

Video Clip 4.2 & 4.3 V c ac - a c d c a c a ca a d a c .

I ca c c da a a , b d d a a d a a .

S , a a a c ca . R ca c a a ca ca d a a c a a a c d a

a d. T c d a a ca , a , a d c ca a . B c a ca a a c

d a d c a ac a d a ab d .

236

F a , a a c a b a a d a b a . W d c d

c a ac c a a c c C a 3. R b , ac a c d d a

d c a c d ca . A , b a b a a c d c

d a d a a ab c ( . ., a d ).

R ca a C a 3 ( Tab 3.1), d a a a a c c a d a d c

a c ab c . T a a a c c a d a c a d a c a d Tab 4.2.

Y d b d c a a c c a ac ca c a c c a d

a .

Table 4.2

A a a , a a a a c c c. I d , c a b a d a

ab d d c a a a ac . I a c d , d

a ac a c d .

237

I c a a c , a a b a d d ab d a d ,

ad c b d b . T a a d c ab , d c b

, a b a ab (M & C a , 2011). T a d a a a c d b a a a a a a a c . H a a a d ca

a a c ( ad ab a a c C a 6), a b c c

c ac . F a , I b d c .

T a : , d c a a c , a d d c a a c

. A n ll h po he i a (a) a c cc d (b) a d c b a b a ab b d. T ca , a a c c d; , d d

b c d c d. A c d a nondi ec ional e ea ch h po he i , c a a

a b c ( d c a ) d c d a c d , a ca c ab d c a d c a c ( d c a ). T bab d , a a a ,

ac a a d d d a c d c c c

a c . T d a d a a a di ec ional e ea ch h po he i , c a a a c ( d c a ) b d b

a c d c a a c . I a d, d a a a c

d d c a .

238

Ba ic Re ea ch De ign I a c c a d a ac

a c d a (McL a , 1995). P ac - a c ca c d a a c d b

c d c d. T d a c c d da a b c c d a d a a d b a a d b

a d. I d , a a c d a a c d c ac a c d b a

c ac d b ca d . W a ba c d b a a a d a a a ac c d c ac a c .

239

Q ali a i e Re ea ch De ign T c c a a a a c d a a

, b ca a , research design a ca , , d a c

a a a c d . T a b a d, ac - a c d a a a a ac c d c a

d c a a d . T a c d c a a a ba d d d b

c d, c a d a a d . B a a I a a ab a acc . Ac a , d a a a ac d b d c c , d d

a a a c c d b b ad, c, a d -d d a a ca d a d d d.

L d a d O d (2005) a a d a ac a c b a , T a a c d d a c d a d

a d ( . 133).

B ca a a a c d b - d d, ac - a c a d c

d a ad ac d (L d & O d, 2005). O , a c a d

da a c c ( a b a a d ), a d a a ab c, a ca b c

c d c c ( . ., ho, ha , a d here) b a a d . A b c c d a a a a ac a c d ,

a a b d a ac hom , ha b , a d here b a d cc . I a

a a a a a ac c d c a c d a a d a a c a d

d .

L d a d O d (2005) d a a a ac a a a c , c d ca d ,

a , a d ca d . I case s dies, a a c a d d a , a , d d -d a

240

d d d, a a a c da a, c d b a , , a d

d c . E hnographies -d d a , a c c a . S -ba d

b a a d a d da a c c a a d . F a , phenomenological s dies

a d a d c a a c a a , a a . F

add a a d c c a a d a d a a a c d , I L d a d O d

(2005) a d Sc a bac (2003).

Ca e S die A ca d a d d a a d a d a a a

, a b c , a a c a (B da & B , 2007). Ca d ca a c , d , a d b ad . F c a b c b a b ca d d (B da & B , 2007). A c cc b c , ,

, ac a c a b c ca d .

B da a d B (2007) d c b a d a ca d a a . T b d ca d a

d , , d . T ac - a c d ac a a c da a. T , a c b c c da a c c

, a a , a d da a d a d c ab d c d . D c , ac - a c a d ca d d d a a d a d a d d , a a , ba d a da a c c d a . T

a c d a d da a c c c d a c a d d a d c d ( . ., a a ) a a ab c c . A

, ac - a c a c c d a ab c d . D c a ad ab c a c a a c , b c , da a

c a c d . A ,

241

c c a c a a d, a d da a c c ac b c c c c a ac c

a d d a .

Ob e a ional Ca e S die Ob e a ional ca e die a a c

ca d . T d a a c a a a a c a a (B da & B , 2007). T c a b a a ca d b a a c a ca ca

a a ( . ., a c a , ac , a c , ca a), a c c ( . ., ac

a a c a acad c d a , ca a a , c a c a ), a a c a ac c ( . ., ac

, a b , d- -da d a ).

I a a a a b a a ca d c a c c . H , c a c a b d d d a d d , b c

a a c a a d a c (B da & B , 2007). T c c a c c ac - a c d c d c a a a d ac

c . F a , a ac a a a a a ac d ac . T

c a a a c a a c d . E , ac b a , a d a d c a

cc a ac a , c , c d b , b a a d a c . T

da a, c c d a b a a d , ac - a c a acc

a c d c a a . F a , b c a a c a ca b a

a a a .

B da a d B (2007) a a a ca b a c d b a a ca

d . T ca a a b a c a b c b d d, a a a

b b a a a b a , b c . I a c a a a

242

a a a b b a a a d b a da a c c ac a d d a .

Ob e a ional S die Ob e a ional die a a b a a ca d

a a c b c a a a d . T a d c a c a b a

a c organi a ion a c . T c b a a d a b c b ad . H , ac -

a c ac a a d a c a (G , 2006). O , a c a

d b a c d a , c , . T ac b c a

d ac a a a c a a c a a , a . Pa icipan

ob e a ion b a a a c b a a c a a a a , ac b a

ab a c a a d ac a c a c d d , a

b a , c a c a c d, a d d a d a a a a c a

a a c ab a (G , 2006). Pa c a b a a ca

cc da a c c b a a d b a d a a a da a c c

d ab d a .

I b a a d , a a a c a c a . A F 4.1, a c a c a a a c a b

(G , 2006). Pa c a b a ca a a da a c c , a ca d

d d a a - . Y a c a a a a a c ; , d a d

a c d d a da a c c c .

243

A - a d d F 4.1, ac - a c ac c a a b . I , a c a

ac a c a b d d (G , 2006). F a , ac - a c a b a

d a - a a . T a c d b c ac a d

a b b d. A d c , d d a b b d ca d a b b d.

T d d c ob e e -a - pa icipan . I , ac - a c a primaril a b b a ac

a c a (G , 2006). A a , a c a a a b b d, a b ba

c ca cc b a c a a d b . T ca , a c a d bac a c a , a , b a d a .

T a c d ac , ad c , d a a c , a , a , a c a a a .

Fig e 4.1 T Pa c a Ob C

A pa icipan a ob e e ac a a a c ac c a c a . T a c

c b a d a a b d b a a ac a c a d .

G (2006) a a ad a ca cc . T c a a a c a d a a ac a c ,

b c ( . 44). H , a a , a c a , a a a d a

a .

F a , - a d d c , a f ll pa icipan a a c b c a

a a a c (G , 2006). I , a c a d a a d b a

d a a b c c da a .

244

G (2006) c a ca a a c c c a a c c d c . I a d d a a c a

a , c d , a d a a c a a d ( d , a b

d b a a a c a ?). I ca , a c d c c a -ba d ac a c , a

b a a c a a a c d c ad a a a a c (G , 2006).

The Con an Compa a i e Me hod A a a a a c d a d c c a c a a d. I a a d ,

c a ca d (B da & B , 2007), d da a c c , b a a a da a d

cc da a c c a c . T con an compa a i e me hod a a c d d

da a c , da a a a b a d a d a c d b d da a c c

(B da & B , 2007). I ac a , da a c c ca b a c c c c d b d d. Acc d B da a d B (2007), d

c a c a a d c d :

1. B c c da a. 2. E a da a , c , ac

a a b c c d a d ba ca da a.

3. C c c da a a d c d ca c .

4. B ab ca b d, a d c b a d a a c d c d d da a

a a a c c d . 5. C da a a d d

d d c ba c c a c a d a a a d b d d a b

d d.

245

6. E a a , c d , a d a a a c a ca .

N a a c a b d c b d a a a , a ac a cc a a

c a d a . T da a c c a d a a c d b bac a d da a c c a d a a (B da & B , 2007). I , c a c a a d c a -ba d ac a c

a a c c ca a .

246

Q an i a i e Re ea ch De ign T a ca a a a c d a a ac - d ac a c : d c d , c a a d , c a , a d - b c d . T ca a d a c c d a d c b d

De c ip i e De ign T d c a c d c b a d a

a ab c a d d a , b c , , c d , (M & C a , 2011).

D c a c a as i e is s; a a c a a a a c d

a . T c d c a c d a b a a a c a d a c . I ob e a ional e ea ch, a a a a d , c a c c

a c b a , a a a c a a ab (L d & O d, 2005). I a a c d a a c a . Q a a b a , a

ca , a a c d d a d a a a ca a c a a b a . T b a a

a a a d ba c a d a d a a . I c a , q an i a i e

b a a a c c a a ab c b a a ad . T d c a b a a q an ified (L d & O d, 2005). I

d , ac a c a d b a a d c d d a d c d d

d a c cc c . I a c c a b b a b a

cc , b a b a d acc ac , a , c c , d . T b a a a c

d a a c c c d b a b ab d a d a b d d.

A a a a d c b a a a c d , c d ac - a c a d

247

b d b a c a , b b a c a . I cc ad ca da . T

ac - a c d a b a a a d ca da d b a cc . I

add , c a a d b a a b a c a d d c a . S b d

a a c a a d ca d ac a d b a cc .

A d a d d d , c a a a d b d a d d

d b a .

T c d d c a c d a c . S e e ea ch ac a d d a

a ab , a d , c a ac c b c ca a a d ab a (L d & O d, 2005). T

a a a c a ab c a a a ab a a b a b ( a a sample) a b

a , a . A ca b c , a c ca a a , a a d

d . T a c a , a , a c a a c .

O c a b a d, a a a d ac a a c a , a , b

a c a . T a a da a a ca c a c c c a . A ca

c -ba d a c d c d a c c a a a d a d d ab a

a c c . S a ac d b d . U c , da a a a a d a d

c a a ca c a d. T c a a a a a d a b

c a ( . ., b a d , d c ).

I a b a a c a a a d a . T

ad a , a c ca a d c d a . T d b

a a a c a d ac , c ,

248

, a d c a ac c ca c a .

Co ela ional De ign A c d ca a a a c d c a a

a c . I a co ela ional d , ac a c a a d a d a a ca a

b a ab . S c d a ca d a d c b a c d

a a a d a (J , 2008). T ba c d c a a a c a single

a a d o c a ac c c d ( . ., a ab ) a a a ad a d . F a , a d a a a a d a a a b b a d d

d d a d c a . R a a a a c c da a, c d ( . .,

d a d ad a ) a a ad cc d. F , a ab d d a c a a

d a cc a a . I a , d d d a d a d d d a , a a , a a

c a c a . W a c a a d d, a a c d b a d.

R a b a ab a a d a ca b ca c a a c a c c . Co ela ion coefficien

a c a b a ab : direc ion a a d s reng h a . T a c a c c a ca b d d c b a a b a ab ,

c c Pea on co ela ion coefficien , b d b r. T c c d a ca a

a -1.00 +1.00. T d c d ca d a a a a a ca . A po i i e co ela ion

d ca a a c a a ab c a , a a ab a c a . S a , a a

d c a , a a d c a ( d , a a ab d a

249

d c ). I c a , a nega i e co ela ion a a a a a ab c a , a a ab

d c a . T a b d a a d a ad d b a a a c a

(a a c a , ad a a c a ); a b d a a d a c

d b a a a a c a (a a d c a , c a c a ). Y a ab ca c a a d a c a c c C a 6.

T a d ca d b a d ca a c c . T a c c

b d b a 1.00, a d c . A c a c c a +1.00 d ca

a c c a . H , a a d ca a , a c c a a ,

, cc . I c b a s rong c a ( . ., c a a c d 0.80) b c . T a c c b d b a 0.00, c a a

ab a b a ab . L c c a , a , , a c a a

0.00. A a , c d eak c a ( . ., c a b -0.20 a d 0.00 a d b +0.20 a d 0.00) b c ab c an a .

I a a a c a a d b d. C a a a c a ac

a c c c d a a a a c a a d a d d c b a ab . T a c

c c a c a a a c ca a ca a b a ab . T c d b . I c ca b :

C a Ca a

S b ca a ab a a d, a a c ca c c d a ca . Add a a ab c d

acc ca a c b a b c d d d a a d. F a , ca a

250

a b d a d a c a . S d c a a

a ( a , c c a +0.85) b a ab . I d b acc a c c d a d

a ( . ., c a ) ca d a c ( . ., c a d c ) a d

a d a ! Ma c d c a c , c a a

d a cc d c c a d a d a a .

A ca a c a a d a ca a , ca

d c . Ba d a a a a d b c a c c , b d c c

a ab a a ab . I a c a b d a d

c +0.85, a d b a c a d d a d d , ca d c c a d c . O a a a

c ( . ., c c a 1.00 +1.00) ca d c a c d a ab 100% acc ac , a d a a ad d c d c a d

cc d ca . T d d c acc ac d d b a d c a c c . T

c a ( . ., c 1.00 +1.00), acc a a a ab ca b d c d

; c a ( . ., c 0.00), acc a d c d a b . K d a

a d c ca a b a a d c a c a .

G o p Compa i on De ign G o p compa i on de ign a d a c a a d ca a ca -a d- c a . T

a d a b d c a d a o or more , c d c a ac c a b d d c d , a c a d a single,

c a d d c a ac c

251

c d a a d d a c . W a c a ca a d c , a

c a ab ( ca se) c a a ab ( effec ). T a ab a c d d b ca

ca d d d a ab . I a c , a ab a b d c a a d c d b a c . T

a ab a a d b c d b a ab ca d d d a ab , c a c a a

a depends d d a ab . F a , c d a a ac a

c U.S. b a a d ( . ., b R a Wa a d

) bac a d ( . ., b a d R a Wa ). O ac

ac a bac a d a ac , ac a da d a d d. N a d a , d b ac a a ad a c d ac U.S. . T c b a ca c a d

d d a d a d. I a ,

d d a ab a ac ac U.S. ( a d . bac a d), a d d d a ab ad a c d

ac c . I a d c c d , a d c depend c

c c d.

W a a ca a d c , a d a d

a ab ca a . T d d a a c . T e perimen al designs a a

a d a a d c b a d a c d . A a a , c a d

a d a . T a d c a a ab a c c a

; , a d a ca a a ac a c d . T a , ,

bca c a d a a a a ac a c c a a d c . T b a ca a -c a a , a , a d a a d .

252

Ca al-Compa a i e De ign . Ca al-compa a i e e ea ch d a b d

d c b . I , a c a a a c a a

c d a a a ad cc d a d c c da a a a d d (J , 2008). Ca a -c a a d a a a

ac d . T e pos fac o a a a a ac . T a b b c a d c a a , a , a d

bac a a d c d a a d b d d c . I d ,

ac a c a ca a ac , c c d a d d c a a ad cc d. G a c a d d d a ca d c

a c (J , 2008).

T c a a ca a - c a a d cc d ca

d d a ab a a ad cc d. S c a a ad cc d, a b a c a a a a c a a ab . T c d a d

b d d a ab , a ca , a a a cc a cc d a a c

a a c d . F a , a a a c a a b d a d a c b a d

a a a da d d a . I a d b ca d c a d c d d

c d a ca a -c a a d . S d b b c c c ( c , a a d d a ab ) a d c . T d

d c d ac c d ( a d a a cc a ca , a a d d a ab ) c d d . Ma a d a d

b d a d a a a c c d ac c . F a , a a d b a ca c a d d d

d . I , c a a c c d a c d d a c d a c .

253

A a a , a a da c c a d c a - a , c b

d a d c a c , . A ca a -c a a d c d da c c

a a d d c ab a . A - c d b ad d d c

d c , c a a d c . T d c

d b c a d a d a a d a ca . A a , a , d d a ab c d

a d b c - a a d c - a . R a

a a c d a a a ad b d c a d . T a

d a a a a c ca a -c a a a c d . T d d a ab d b c

d c d - . I c d ad b d

a b a a a d ad a c a d a , da c c d

c c d a a c . O a d, c d d a , a d c c

, c d c c d a a a d a , a a , c .

P ee pe imen al De ign . P ee pe imen al de ign a ca d c b ca a

a a d . T c a a a c a d b c d b a a

a c . F a , a d , d d a ab d a , a b ca ac a c a a c a d

b a , ca b c a . B ca c , a d

b d d a ca -a d- c a .

A a b a a d a a d , a ca a a

254

d c . T abb a a d d a a :

N e:

T = T a c d O = Ob a a EXP = E a CTL = C

T rea men condi ion, d a T d a a , d d d a ab . T ca ,

a c a a d a , a d a . T d d a ab a d ac b a , a c . T d d a ab c b a

a .)

W c d c a d . T d a - ca d . T one- ho

ca e d a a d (L d & O d, 2005). I d , a

a d c d, a d, a a , a a b a bab a

ad d d d c a .

N e:

T = T a c d O = Ob a a EXP = E a

F a , a c c ac a a ab d a c c c . S

a c c c a a d ad a ac ca a a . E a c a , c c d a

255

ab a c d a . T a a c a d a a a ab acc d d c d a c d c , a b a d a a ca d d d a c . P a d d a

d a ab a a a ab a a , b ca a a b b ca

ad c d a a c d- ab a a c c c a . I ca , a c d a b

a d .

T c d a d a a one-g o p p e e -po e de ign. I d , a d d a

d . A c a , a a b add d

d c a .

N e:

T = T a c d O = Ob a a EXP = E a

R a , c c ac ad a ac ca a a d a d

c d c . S ab, ab . U c ab, ad a

d a d c a c c d c d . T d a

- ca d b ca ac , a a minim m, c a a a ac

(L d & O d, 2005). H , ca b a a c a a d d c d a d

c a d .

Q a ie pe imen al De ign .

256

Q a ie pe imen al de ign c c ; , a d a

a c a (J , 2008). T a d a a b c a d a a

a . T a a a a d a a a c a a c . I c a d c a , a d a d d a ( c c a a c a c a , ac ,

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a a : a d a c . W pre es s ab a , a a ab a

a ad d a (J , 2008). T a a ca c a d c ; a a , ca c a c . A

ca d c b , , d ca a a c a ab . I a ca , a

: (1) F d a c a , (2) a a a a a , (3) a

d a acc d c b d a d d a c c (J , 2008). Ma ching a

c d c a a a c a . A a , a a a c a , b a d

. Ba d , ac a c a a c d a a c a a a a a

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a d c ; J , 2008). T d a a a a a ab .

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ad d c a . T , a a d d b d ca ac a c . I

a , a a b a a c c a b a a a b a d

d b ab a a a c a a ab . I a , a a a c a a J a a -ac a c . I a d a ac a c d d a ,

257

a d a ca b a d a a . Q a a a c d d b d

d a d c a a a a c a a .

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p e e -po e con ol g o p de ign. T a - - d a d a

c a d . T a d c a a add a c , c

d a c d , c a .

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a d c d d a ad a c . S c d, a d c

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c , b d a , c d d d c a a . I a

c d , a b d a a a d a a a a . T d, ca b c a d ba d

b a c a d a c ( . ., if c d b b ho m ch)

. T c c ac a a c d d d c a a ( a c d c a d ) a d

258

ab a d (c d d c a d ) d d .

259

Mi ed-Me hod Re ea ch De ign W c b a a a d a a a c d d , a ac a c d

d a b d- d a c d . T a a d ca , a

c a ac c , b c c some da a a a a a ( . ., d c c ) a d some da a a a a a ( . ., d c a ). A , a a da a d a a ca b a a d a ca a d ca a , c a

d d c b a a . A a , a a da a d d d a

a d c c . T b ac a c d a b

da a a d a b d a d a c b a da a a (C , 2005).

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d a a a . S a , c a d b a a da a c c

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a a (C , 2005).

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c c d c d F 4.2. T d ac a d a a ac

da a a d ac d d d (McM a , 2004).

A De eloping a Re ea ch Plan empla e appea in Appendi C and can al o be fo nd a an in e ac i e PDF on he S den S d Si e.

260

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261

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a Da a & R , d b a ad B d b a .

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a a ad I a , b .

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ab a a a (C , 2005). T c c da a ca b d a

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c a d ; a a da a a d ab a , , a a a d .

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ca . McM a (2004) a a d a a a d- d d a c d.

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a a - a a ac (a d c d ). I d a a e plo a o mi ed-

me hod de ign a a da a a c c d d

262

a c . Q a a da a a a d d a a a d c d

a a da a. A c a ca d a a a d d ca

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, b ca a a c a a d a d ab a d

a a c b d ( ad a c ; McM a , 2004).

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a . T a a c a c b ac da a. T a a a d

a ac - a c a b da a a a d a a c a ca b

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263

E hical Con ide a ion in Yo Re ea ch Ma a ac a c ad ca a da d a

a b ac - a c . A a c b b a a d ca , ca

a d a d c a a a c da a b a c ac a c d . M a d c d c a

c a a d a c d c d c d c a a a c a a b c

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d a b d c c da a a c a .

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c a , - ac d a d d d b Na a I H a (NIH) O c E a a R a c . T c ca b d a :// . a .c ; b

a a d c a . A c c d ca - a c , d a

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b a a c a .

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264

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c .

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a c c . I ca , da a d diagnos ic a ab a d , a d , c

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265

a b ac a c a c c a a a

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d , (b) a b a d , a d (c) a ca d a a a . F , b

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a c . A a b b a d a a a a d a dab a d a a -

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269

a c d ca b acc d. F , a c a ca a a da a. I

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b c b a d c a c a a d d a d . H , a c b a d a , , a a

a a a c c a a c a a c b d , c d c ,

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a ac a c (M & C a , 2011). T p inciple of beneficence a a a c d b d

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a c . H b b d a a c a a c d c ca a c d

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a . I a ca b ad d , a c d d b a d a d, a a , a d. F a ,

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c b a d b a a c a d.

270

T a a d a c d b , , a d d d, a b a c a d a c a .

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Fig e 4.5 E a a A F

271

272

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a c , d d ca d, c ac ! A a a d c c ac d

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a d c a ca d c a . I d b a d-a d a a

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273

c d, d a a d b d , b a d b a a a ab , a d

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(ada d L d & O d, 2005) F 4.6. N c a c d d - a d c a c c b a a d c a a .

Fig e 4.6

So rce: Ada d L d a d O d (2005).

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c a . S , ac - a c d a , a c a d a c c

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d a b a c, , a (M , 2011). Ac a c d a

274

a b d b ca d d c a c. M (2011)

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275

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a . C a a d a c a

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276

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277

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c a .

278

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282

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a c a :

283

Re ea ch Q e ion #1: I a d c d ad c

c ac -d d c , a a da d d , ba d a d

d a c c ? I , a a d c ?

284

Re ea ch Q e ion #2: W a a c d b d a d ac a d

d ad c , c a c ac -d d c ?

285

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3 Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

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286

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d d a d c a d .

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c a d d a b , d a c c a ? T a d Sa a

d c d a . F a , d c d d a , a ho gh c d d , d d a

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c d a , d b a d a a d ad a a . Ba d a d , Sa a a d

T a a a c (a ad b a d d ac a c c ):

287

Re ea ch Q e ion #1: I a d c d c c a d a d a d

b c a a a ad a a ac a d c a a ad a a ac d b-ba d

a a d ac , a a d b ?

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a a - a d d d a d d c a a c c a b ( b a ). I d

add a c ac a c d , Sa a a d T a d a c d a c :

288

Re ea ch Q e ion #2: H d d ba a c c a d a d

a d ? A a c ab d c b d a a ad a a ac a d

a ad a a ac d b-ba d a a d ac ?

289

290

T c a a :

T a c d a a c d . I c a d , d a d a d a

c . T a (c ) a ad d a a d c , a d b ad d a .

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a d c . O a , 42 d a a d 58 a . F - 100 d a c a

ad c d a c c , 58 a c a ad d c a b

b c c d ca . N d a c A ca A ca .

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a c a c a c a d ac a c . W a c d c ,

c a c ad a b a d c a d c . T a

ad c ad d a d d d d d ba , a d c a a d d .

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b a add d b a a a d d c c d ad d, c ,

c , d b d d c d d ad d. N a d a da a c c d

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291

T c a a a a ad D c a a b .

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a c a 0 100%.

T c a a a a ad D c .

T c b ad : W d , 1995.

T a a a c d a I d c b a d . A , a c d a c a c d. I ad, I a d b ad a d

a . T , , d d d a b c d . T d a c a c a d

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a c a d d a c ab d a a c I a d a a d a d a a . M a a a c d

a b ca c d a d da a c c d b ca d d.

T c a a a a ad E a a a d Q a a d a d d d d .

T c b ad : D B , 1995.

Ac R a c C c 4

292

De eloping a Re ea ch Plan fo Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch

U Tab 4.1 a a d , d a a a , a a , d- d d d b

a a ac a c d . D a c d d . D d c a a a , a a , d- d d , ad a a a d a

c c a c d . D a a d c d c

ac a c d . E a a a d add a a ca d . I a a , d c a d a . D a a ab c d c d .

293

294

Pa Th ee Wha Do I Do Wi h All The e Da a?

Chap e 5. Collec ing Da a Chap e 6. Anal ing Da a

Pa III b a d ab da a. I C a 5, a

c c c b a a a d a a da a. S a c c a ( . ., d , d ,

a c , c d , , c c , d -a ) a a c d d. I C a 6, a c a a a a a d a a da a. D c a a a ca a a a d. F a , d a d

a a a d c d.

295

296

Chap e Fi e Collec ing Da a

C a 5 O a

A b c d a a a da a c c c a d c .

C c Da a b a c a c a d c b-b a c a d c a ac c a d b :

C c Da a Q a a da a c c c

Ob a I J a E d c a d c d

C a ac c Acc ac C d b D dab

Q a a da a c c c S , a , a d a ca C c T a d a

C a ac c Va d

297

R ab

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a S d R c S c a S c

Q ali a i e Da a Collec ion Techniq e Ob a I J a E D c a d R c d R c T ac C a ac c Q a a Da a: Acc ac , C d b , a d D dab

Q an i a i e Da a Collec ion Techniq e S , Q a , a d Ra Sca C c F a a d S a C a A S a da d d T Sc C a ac c Q a a Da a: Va d a d R ab

No e Abo E hic and Da a Collec ion A Final No e Abo O gani a ion and Alignmen S mma

➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie ➤ Ke Te m ➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad C a T I P a ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a U d a d M a d M ➤ W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli

298

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1 Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

Recei ing Special Se ice

299

Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing Da a R ca a ac a c d a

a a d a - ad d c c a c c a c a a d a .

I d b ab a a c c d a ac c a d a

d ca a a d d d c d . K a ad d a - - a b a a c a J d a d Sa a d c a d :

S d : William P. W : A g s 15

Ob : Sarah

Code: X = a ; O = a

* % T-O-T = N mber of Xs di ided b 10 in er als.

T b a ac ac d a ac da b a a c a d b a a c a .

Da a c d a c d b a b a , J d a a a d d a d c a a d , ca c a ac . F

a , a ad d c d ac a ca a d c d c a c c a

add a d b ac -d b . T a a a , a d a d a ac d

c c d c a .

300

F a , d a c c a d a ac a d ab a . T d c d d

a d b a a - ad d . T c ab a d d

1. Do o like coming o see Ms. Jod and Ms. Sarah? 2. Wha do o like mos abo coming o see hem? 3. Wha don o like abo coming o see hem? 4. Ho does i make o feel hen o ha e o lea e o r classroom? 5. Wo ld o ra her s a in o r classroom or go o o r special ser ices

classroom? Wh ?

Eac ac a d c d . N d d a a d a d

, b a a d ac a c a a d c .

301

Q e ion o Think Abo : T a d ac da a c a a add c a c ? W a c da a a d a c c d a a d? T a a da a c a a a

ac a c d ? W d a c a d b c a a

da a?

I c a , c d a ac ing age c d c a c a -ba d ac a c c . R ca a

ac a c d da a c c , c d c d c a , a d da a a a , c C a 6. A a , a c a ca b d

c c b a a a d a a da a ac - d ac a c d .

302

Q ali a i e Da a Collec ion Techniq e R ca a a a da a a narra i e; a , da a a d . T d a b a c ,

b a a , a , a c a d d c d a d c , c d , . T a b c c d a a c , b a

b a a a da a a a c d c a a acc .

303

Ob e a ion A a b , a c a b a d a

d a d . F , a ac , a c a b d . H , a da ba , ca b d a a a a a d a

a a c a b . Ob e a ion , a a a c c a a da a, caref ll a c a d s s ema icall c d a a d a a

a c a (Sc c , 1997). Ob a ca b c a a da a c c , c a ac a c c

d ba ac a cc c a d a a d b d a d ac a d c ca a .

C a b a ca a c d c d c d (Pa & B , 2002; Sc c ,

1997). S c ed ob e a ion ca b d b b , a c c b a ,

304

ac , ac . B ca a a a c a b a a b ad ,

d c c d c c d b a . C a -ba d ac a c d b d a

ac (H bba d & P , 2003; J , 2008); d b d d a c a d ac . Un c ed

emi c ed ob e a ion a ac - a c b a d ac cc

a c a a b b d b a a d a (H bba d & P , 2003). I

add , c d b a a ca a a da a c c , c a , a ac -

a c c a a a d a a (L d & O d, 2005).

Sc c (1997) d c a ad a a c d c c a b a . F , ac ca a da a ab ac al

d b a , a d a d c . S c d, ab ac

a d b ab . F a , a , c d c a d a c d a ac b a d a b ab .

H , c d c b a a a a (Sc c , 1997). F , c ac a a da a c c b a d c a a d c d

a d ca c a d b a . T a a a b a d a d a

a b a c d ca . S c d, ca c c b a a , a d c c a b ca ad a c b a a a b ,

ac - a c a a a d d d d b d d b a . S , d b a

d d b a a cc , a a , da cc c . F a , ac a a ac

a c c , d b a d , b a .

C a b a a a c d d d . F d a b a a a

ac c a (J , 2008). I ca b

305

c d a , c a d a a (a d, ,

c d ) a d a . J (2008) ad ac - a c a d a ( .

83). A b a d c d a , d b d b c a a a . A

a b a , a b da a a c c d.

W c d d , a a c d d d ac a b c . Y d

c c d ac a b a a d c a a a a b b d

(L d & O d, 2005). B da a d B (2007) a a ob e e commen OCs. Ob

c d a b a a da a. I c d b c b a a a a a c

c ac a c . I c ca a a a c a a ac al b a a

c d a b d means. T ac c d c ac a c d d a a b c a

b c d a d da a c c d. A a a d , d b c a d c a a c a c d

ac d a c d c a ac (H bba d &

P , 2003); a a , a a ab a d a ac c . I add , a b a

a c a a c c da a; a a c d c a a ca b a ab c

d . A a a a a b d a I c d d a a a d a d c a c , d c -c a ac a b a a d a c a d b c ,

F 5.1.

W d ca b c b a c, . T a c d c c a d d a a

b (L d & O d, 2005). Video eco ding ca b , a a a . Bac d

a a a c c c d . F , d ca a ca ca

306

a a a d c ( . ., d c ca a ac ). L d a d O d (2005) a , b

a a b a , a c a d b c a a a d c d b a d

d a b a c a a d a . I , , a b a a c a

c d b a , ca ca c d a a a (M , 2011); b

d .

O a ac ca , a a ac a b a a d d b a a . I d c d b

a d c d b a d , a a c d ca a c b a d a ad a da

b b a a d c d a d . I a a ac c d d b c a a

da , a d a a a , a , a . S a , d c d a d -

c d b a , a a ca a a da ad a c c d . T a a , b a d

d a c a b c ab b d a d, b ca a d a b c acc d

ca a c a . A a , b c a da .

307

Fig e 5.1

308

In e ie A a a b d c a . T ca b acc d a a . In e ie a c a b ac - a c a d a c a

d c ac a c a (Sc c , 1997). I ca b c d c d d d a

. I b a a in e ie g ide, c a c c a b a d, c d c

a .

S a b a , a ca c a d a c d, c d, - d d. I a c ed

in e ie , a c b a d c a c c d d . T a d

onl a a d ac b d. T ca d a c c . I , c c a a c c c c a a da a; ca d ab a c a

b a d b ab a c a ( a c d d d ), a a a d , a d d a d

(L d & O d, 2005).

W a a a da a, a bab b c d c d c d - d d a . I

emi c ed in e ie , a c a a ba b a a a

a a , a , d d a . W d d , b b , c a , a d a d a a (J , 2008; Sc a bac , 2003). F a , d

a d c , a , a c d a ,

- , b :

W a d ab c ? Wh do o enjo ha aspec so m ch? Do o hink o her schools ha e his par ic lar benefi ?

W a a acad c b c ? Wh is ha o r fa ori e s bjec ?

309

Do o ha e an o hers? Wha abo e rac rric lar ac i i ies? Are here an ha o par icipa e in? Which are o r fa ori es? Wh ?

W a d a ab c ? Wh do o like ha so li le? Is here an hing ha he principal or eachers co ld do o impro e ha aspec ?

T c d d a I d c d F 5.2, a d a

a c a I c d c d F 5.3.

Fig e 5.2 Sa S c d I G d

Fig e 5.3 P a T a c F a S c d I , U G d S F 5.2

310

Open-ended in e ie d d a , b ad a . T a

d d a d d d a , d d a ac . F a , a -

d d ab c c a c d :

W a d c a ? W a d ab c ? W a d d ?

A d a , a c d c d d d a b a . A foc g o p a

a a a a a , a a 10 12 (L d & O d, 2005). T ca a b 1 a d 2 . F c

a c a d a d b ca a c ab a a a , a d

d d a . F , ac a c a c a a b a b ca d c

d c . H , c d c a c , a a ac

a c a d d a a d a c (M , 2011). T ca b a d c

311

d d a d a d c ; b ac - a c c d c d

a . T d I d a d c a da a c c d a a c d d F 5.4.

U c c d , a a c a a ab d. A a a

a d ab a a b d c d. T , b , a a a add a c . I c a ,

a c a d .

Fig e 5.4 Sa G d Q U d a F c G I

Q a a da a a a b c c d a - a (M , 2011). W c b c c a

d, ac - a c ca a c c da a

312

c a , a , a d d b d a a - a a . O b d a

d - a , a c a a ad b d . H , b

ca b ca c ca a d a a - a a c a a c d a (M ,

2011). O d d a a a acc a a b ab c - a a d d .

H bba d a d P (2003) a d ac - a c ab a info mal in e ie a , a

a a , a a ac da a c c c , a d a a ca a da ac d a c a . T ac a c a a d , a a a

Sc c (1997) d a d c a ad a a a d a c d c a a ac a c

d . Ad a a c d ac a ac - a c b a d a c a ca a

a c a a . I add , da a ca b c c d a d, , d a d a d

d c d , a a b a d d a b d a ad c ab b c

a a d d c d . F a , d ca a a , , c

, d a d ca a c a a a ab a a . O a d, ca b

-c . N d a c c da a d d a d a ba c a ; b da a ca b

a a d, a b a c b d a ca b ad a d c d. T b a I

a d ad a c da a a d a d , ca c a a 8 9

a c , d d a c d . O a c d ac a d a ab

a a . Ma a c ab a c d d c ab b a d .

F a , d a a a a d a b d a a a . A add a

313

b ac - a c d a a ab c b .

314

Jo nal Da a jo nal a b b b ac a d d a d

d a ab a a c a (M , 2011). I a a , den jo nal d a a

ac , a ac ca a a d da , c , a d c

c a . Teache jo nal ca a d ac - a c a a a a acc a c ac c . T b c a

a b ac a ca c ac c b c c a a a a a d

c ac a a (M , 2011, . 86) b c b a b a a d

a a c a d b a .

C a a a a a c a a ac a c da a c c . A cla jo nal a a

a d a . J (2008) a a b a b b a d a d c a a d c ba a

a c a d d . S d a c a d , d a , c , dbac ,

, c a c d a a , a . T ac a a d d a

c a a a d b c a a - ac -a d a a a b d (J ,

2008).

315

E i ing Doc men and Reco d O , ac a c c a a da a a a ad

. Sc a d c d c a ab a da a. T da a a a a c c d a

a o her a ac a c d b a b d a da a d . T e is ing doc men s and records a a , c d (a d d a d ) c c a a , b , c a a a , a da c c d , c , ad , d c c d , c a d , a d (a c d c ) a da c a , a , ad a a , a ab c , ac c b a d , a d a da d d c a d a a d b ad ,

d , c (J , 2008; M , 2011; Sc c , 1997). T a c a d da a d b

nder d, c a c d c ac a c . H , a d ca d : W da a, cri ical a c d c a d c d

c acc a da a a d a a d a a a a ca a (J , 2008).

C c da a d ca b c a b so m ch a a

c c . T d a ac d b ac - a c a a a . A c a a a a ca a d

a a a c d da a a c da a . I d , d c c a d a

a a a c a a , a d a a c a a d a

d , a . S a a a , I a d a d a a d d a da c c d , a c ab c ,

d c a , a d a c a a a d c a c . T a a a d d a a c c ac

d . H , I d d a da a c c ( F 5.5) a a d c c d a a a

, a a d ca a a a .

Video Clip 5.1 V a c D . M d c a c d a da a c c .

316

O b da a a d b d a c a a ac . Cla oom a ifac c d a a c da a, c a d c a , a

c b d a d a cc c a a d c (M , 2011). T c da a a

c a d b d a a c b d a da a ac a c (H bba d & P ,

2003). S c a d d c ad a a a c -ba d a c

a a ac a d a ac a a c c d- a a c b

ca a a d - d c d c a a ac .

Fig e 5.5

317

Reflec i e Teaching A a c ( a ) a a da a a c

a a ac . R c ac c a a d d ac a c c ,

a a ca a d da a ac a c c c . I a a a d ca

c a ac a ac c ca b d a a a d c

c a c . T c da a ca b c c d - a a , b a , da a d a

( d d a c ab a ), d c d ac a . W c ac , a ac

a c : (1) ac a , (2) c c , a d (3) a d d a

ac a cc d d . W a a a , d c c a b ca a -

ac ion a ac .

318

Cha ac e i ic of Q ali a i e Da a: Acc ac , C edibili , and Dependabili W c c da a ac a c d , a

ac - a c a da a. I da a c c d d a c a c a

a d a a a d d b a d, a a da a b acc a a d ad .

T a c c a ac a c d c d ca d, d : T b acc a a d ad . I a cc , a

a a d a c a , d , a , a d a d d .

Validi of e ea ch da a d a c da a a a b c c d acc a a a

a ( . ., a c d d a ; M , 2011). W d a a d a a da a, a c a

a c c d o hine a , acc ac a d b ab da a. T

ab d b a c d b , a ab , d dab , a d c ab a a da a. Ga , M , a d A a a (2009) a d T c (2002c) a d c b d ac c a ac c

a a da a a :

C edibili ab a a a a c a c d b , b ab , c ( )

a a c a ( ) a c . A a c c d a d c a da a c c a d a a a c d a d add a a a

a d. T an fe abili d c a d c a d a a ad d ca a d . R b , a a

d a a ac a c a a d b ad a a c a

a d -d d a d a c a . Dependabili a d a c acc -c a c c a a

a c cc . T a c b d c b

319

c a a cc a d c a a c d a a c a ac d d ;

da a a ab . Confi mabili a c ab a a d

b c da a.

Ma (a c d Ga a ., 2009) a d d c a ab a d a a a c , c c

ac a ca b a b a c . T c a, c a d a a c d a a da a, ca

c b a da a a d a c (M , 2019):

1. Descrip i e alidi T fac al acc rac acc d d a c . R a c b

d , a a , ab ca ba d c . 2. In erpre i e alidi T acc rac of he

in erpre a ions a c a b a a d d a d c c a c a acc a d.

3. Theore ical alidi T c c c d , a d a , a b d d

a b ad . 4. E al a i e alidi T c

a c b a d b c da a a d d a b a d a , a a a d c c d da a.

5. Generali abili T a d c d ca b d d a d a a cab i hin

c a a d d, a a a cab a no s died b a c .

T a c ac c , ca a c a a a a c d , a ca da a.

A a c a ac - a c c a c c c a b

d a d a hink a a d a ac all a a a d a (F a , Wa , & H , 2012). T ac c c d a (a ada d

F a a ., 2012; Ga a ., 2009; a d M , 2019).

Use a arie of ins r men s, me hods, and so rces o collec da a. R a c d a a d

320

d a d c da a c c a c a d d . T c

d , da a c c a , a d da a c a d a a c (G , 2006)

a a a . T a a a c d- d a c d , c a a d

C a 4 d b c a d ac a c d a a a a a da a a (I a a,

2015). A d d b a c a d d a a d d a d a

ac a a d d c c ad c ac (H bba d & P , 2003; I a a, 2015). F a ,

b S a ac all doing a old a d , a d a a d ca d a -

d d a ( F 5.6), a c d c c c d a a acc a d c S a ac c . I d , da a a b

d b b a a da a a d b a . Had a c da a c ad c d

ac , d a a d a a d c c , a a S a a a a d

a , a a d d ac c . Engage in persis en and prolonged par icipa ion a he s d si e. T d b , , a d

a c a c ca a c a a da a. T d, b ab

d a ca , a ca , a d/ b a c . T d a a d a b a a a

d, a ; d c b , ac , a d a

a c a , d a d a c a , a c ( b

a c a c b d ), a d b a b a b (G , 2006). Ob

c c a d .

Fig e 5.6 T a a T S c Da a

321

Cond c member checks. Membe checking a c a a c a d c d d

acc ac a c . T c d a a c , a a ca

( c a b a a b c ), a d d a a c a d . T a

da a c a a d a c a a d d a acc a (G , 2006).

Use peer debriefing and e ernal a di s as mechanisms for erif ing o r processes. Pee deb iefing ac

a ( a a c a a c ca d) ca c a c b a d c

c da a c c , a a , a d a . A e e nal a di a d d d a (a a , a c a , c ca d, c.) a d a a

a a c . B a d d a a add a

d a d a a a c c , c a c a c d b .

De elop de ailed descrip ions and no es, and engage in refle i i . N b a a d d b a d a d a b . I add , a b c d da a c c d c a

a , a , b a b c ca a a a c d . T c a

a a d a ac a b a a a efle i i .

Anal e nega i e cases. S ca ( . ., ac ) d a a a b d a

322

c a d . I ad a ca , d a a ac a a nega i e ca b a ca b

a a . L a ab c , ac a d d

323

Q an i a i e Da a Collec ion Techniq e I c a a a da a, a a da a a n merical. A a ca b a d ( . ., c d, ca c a d, a d, a d a d) ca b c d d a a da a. T c d

a ca b c d b a a , a d , , c ca ca .

Q a a da a c c c c d , a , c c , a d a ca a a a d

a a . G a a , a a da a c c c a c ,

a ca c c da a d d a a . H , d da a d b

c a a a a c .

324

S e , Q e ionnai e , and Ra ing Scale T s r e a c c a a da a c c c a ad a a

a a a . S a b ad d ba c a a

da a a ca ad a a . S a a ad d , a c a a c a a a d a

a a d a c , a c ca a a . S a d

a ac - a c a a a a a a a a c (J , 2008). T c a a d

a . T a b c ; ca b c d open-ended q e ion ( d d a d

) closed-response ra ing scales ( d d a c a d d

). T a c a a c b a a . A a - d d

c a , ad d , a a d a a c d- a a c d a d

d , c a a c a d ad d d c d- (Sc c , 1997).

A c d- a d d a b c c c c . F a , c d

W a a b c c ?

E Ma a c Sc c S c a d

S d d b c d c . T a a ab ; c b

d c ac . F , a a . Y a da a a d

c c d :

325

Sc c = 35% Ma = 25% E = 25% S c a d = 15%

I a a a a b ad c (J , 2008). I , a , a b c a d a a a c a , a

d d ? A a c ac a d acc a a . O a a

a c a c a cc c b ad a :

W a a b c c ?

E Ma a c Sc c S c a d O :

Open-ended a d d a b . F a , c d a d d

a b c a a - d d b a , W a a b c c ?

H a d a . I b a c a a da a b a a d a b

ac ca . T :

Sc c = 26% E = 25% G = 15% S c a d = 15% Ma = 10% A = 5% P ca d ca a = 2% I d I d a a a b c = 2%

Ob , d a acc a a d a . T b a c a d a

- d d a a

326

a a ca b ca c (J , 2008).

T a d c b a a a d a a ca a a a a c -ba d

( a a a ), a a ca a a a a d d a d a

d ca ( . ., a , c , d d a d ) a

(J , 2008). Ra ca ca b d c a d a d , c , b a .

T a a ca a a a a a ca : L a d L - ca . A Like ( c d c - ) cale b a a a d a d d a d

a a /d a c . T L ca ca a s rongl agree s rongl disagree. I ca c d

a 5- ca , 5 d d a :

1 = d a 2 = d a 3 = 4 = a 5 = a

T d b a b d a a c d c a c

a d a a c d a a a ca . B c d , a d d ca a a a a , ac a ca . H , d d a a , a d c

no c ab ; c a , c a b ( a

ca , da a d a acc a ). O a d, d d a r l a d a a d d

d b ca a a d a a a ab a c

c a a d a d, d acc a da a c a a . T c d c d c a a a ca .

H , d c d ca b c d a d c d c a a d d ca acc d .

F 5.7 a a a ca a I d a d

327

a c d d d ac dbac c a ac . N c a L - ca d .

A c a a b c d a a a a .

Fig e 5.7 P a Ra Sca I D c a L Sca

A a ca a Like - pe cale. T ca a a c , b a a

b a d. F a , a L - a c a d a ca a a a (e cellen

poor), c cc c (al a s ne er), c ( er comfor able no a all comfor able; M & C a , 2011).

328

A a a L - ca , d a d d a - - d a a , F 5.8.

Fig e 5.8 P a Ra Sca I D c a L - T Sca

I a ab a d a ca d . P ac - a c d b a

a a c ad a a a a ad d . A I a d

a a a 5- ca ca a a , c d a c a d c c d b d

b ab d c a b ad ac ca . H , d a a c da a c c

c d . Y ca acc da b d ca a d a a c

a . S a a a , I a a a a c a a a d d a d a a

d a - - d a a d . W ad

329

ac ad a c d a d a c d a X ac a d ( F 5.9).

U a , c d ad d a a d a a d d a a a b . T c d

ca b 1 , a ac ad a b , a d ac X a a

ac . A a , a d a ac X a ac . S a

c d ad a d a b .

Ob , c a d b c acc ac da a! O , d c d d a

a d ca a F 5.10. U a , c d d c c d a b

a c a a a d a ac a b .

T I a ac a d c c da a a d - . T

a d a b , c a S M ( :// . .c ), C c b ( :// .c c b .c ), Z a ( :// . a .c ), a d P E ( :// . .c ). Ma a a dab

c d a d a a acc d a d ad a . Ma a a d da a a a c da a c c .

T ad a a a d a ca c d ac a a c a a da a c c d

a d , c , . T a a c d d , d d a d

a c c , a d d a . Ra ca a d c d- ca b a d,

330

a d ca b a d c d c . T c a ca a c a c .

T a , c , a ac a c c . A a - d d ca

b -c , b ca a b a b (Sc c , 1997). T a ca b c b

ac - d d a ca c d- . A a a ac -

a c c a ab a d d a , c a a d c a

a a .

Fig e 5.9 Ra Sca I U d W Y C d

331

A a ca d a a da c d a c d d a d.

T a d S d S -A S , d b b :

D c : A d bac da K d a . R ad ac d a d c

d a a a ac S d S -A S R F .

1. H d d ab da K d a ? 2. H d d ab a da

K d a ? 3. H d d ab a ac a ? 4. H d d ab a d c a a ? 5. H d d ab a a d? 6. H d d ab a c ca a? 7. H d d ab ac d d da

c ? 8. H d d ab a c a d da ?

T d b c c b , ac a d ab , c a S a b , a a , a d a a ad .

Fig e 5.10 R d V I P d F 5.9

332

T a d S d S -A S , d b b :

D c : A d bac da K d a . R ad ac d a d c

d a a a ac S d S -A S R F .

H d d ab da K d a ? H d d ab a da K d a ? H d d ab a ac a ? H d d ab a d c a a ? H d d ab a a d? H d d ab a c ca a? H d d ab ac d d da c ?

H d d ab a c a d da ?

333

A b d ac ab a d c , d d a , da , , da

a d .

T d b d c c b b , a d . Eac b

c a c c a b a d b , a ac c , a d a a ac c .

A , I d a ada d a c (J , 2008; M , 2011; Sc c , 1997;

Sc a bac , 2003) a d d a d a d a ca a a c c ac a c da a.

Eac d c a d a c c . D a , c a ,

. K b a d ad

a a ; a d d c d acc a

a . I a d a a ca , ca c . O , d ca b c c d a d acc a da a. C d b c d- a d - d d ,

d a b b . D ad ; a d a ca

a c a b c . A a ad a d a a

ad b ad .

Video Clip 5.2 & 5.3 V c ac - a c d c da a c c .

334

Checkli A c c a b a , c a ac c , ,

a a a c d a (J , 2008; L d & O d, 2005). T a d c b a c c a d a a ca a c c a d c , a d c . I ad d ca , d , a

, c c ab ac - a c d ca if b a c a ac c b d/

no b d/ . C c a c ac - a c a a a d a ca ; , d da a a a a a d a d a

a ca .

W c a a c c , a a b a a a ab . O , a b c

d b a d c d c c . A a d c c d

F 5.11.

335

Fo ma i e and S mma i e Cla oom A e men W c ac a c d d a ,

c da a ca b d a a c . Ma da a a a a

d da - -da c d c d a d a a c a b c

. Fo ma i e cla oom a e men a a a a ad d d ring c ,

d a ad d b ad a c (M , 2003). F a

a a c d a a a a d ad d a , c a b a , a , a d d c .

Fig e 5.11 Sa C c L a I d d R ad a E a L

S mma i e cla oom a e men a a a a ad d af er a b a a d c ( . ., c a c a , d a , d a c ) a ad a d c , c a a a ad d a b ad

336

d ac (M , 2003). S a a a a a a , a d ad a a

c d d ad a c . I c d d d b c a , , d- -c , a a c -ba d c ( . ., a c , a c -ba d a ) ca a

a a d a d ac a d a c a b c a d/ . O a

a a b c d d a c a a d a d a c

ad . I a c d d a da a ac a c d , a a b onl c da a (J , 2008).

T ad a a a a d a a a c da a ac a c d a a ca

a da a a c d c b a a ac c a a a

ad d d ac - a c . I c a c da a ca ac a c d c d a d a

a a b , a a d d da a c c specificall a d onl d . H ,

d ad a a da a a a c a d . T c c a d a

ac - a c a d da a c ca d a a c

a d a d . O , da a c ac a c d a a

a .

I add , a b a c d d a a d d ac a c d

d a a d c ca a c a a ( ) cc a a d

c a a . I ca , a b c d d a da a, c d d a d ad d

a c c a c - a d d. T d , , a a a c a a da a.

337

S anda di ed Te Sco e S a da d d c ca a b d a c a a da a. I a a a a da a c c

d a b c d d c d , c a ad d d a a a a c a

c a d d c - acc ab . A a , da a a b c d d ac a c d , ad ab

a b c da a; ca b d ca c da a, c a b a , -

d d , da a.

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ab , are a c da a a ca b d a a a c add a c a b c b . I a a d a a

a c a d ad a d a d c c c ( a b a d d a c a d a a a d c ), d a a

a b - d d c ab c , c c , a , a d ? T a :

I d a a da d d ! B a da d d a a a . A a a ac c

d ca a a 40 a c a . T I a ac c a d I

a a a d ca ad a a a d . A a b a d c ab c d , d a c a a b

d d c b a acc a a b . W a d ; a ad ;

; c ; b ; c a b c a ; a

a c ba d a ; c. T a da d d a a c a ab d

a , ab ac , a d ab c c . P a a c add a

338

a ab d a . T ca acc ac d c a a ab d ,

a a c . (M , 2007, . )

A Planning fo Da a Collec ion empla e appea in Appendi C and can al o be fo nd a an in e ac i e PDF on he S den S d Si e.

339

Cha ac e i ic of Q an i a i e Da a: Validi and Reliabili Validi a a a a a a c da a a d a

d da a a , ac , a a b d d b d , d d ac all a a

d d a , ba d c a c ? T a da a a c c a b acc a , c ca ac a a a d acc a for o r p rposes ( . ., d ab acc a a a c

?). F a , a a a ad ac ad a a da d d

d ab -a a , a a , a d b -a a ad . T a a a c a d ac a

ad c d d b d b cc a ad a c d- ac c . T

a a d c a d; c d . I c a d ac da a, a a d

c d. T d a a d da a a a a b a a c a da a, c a b a a d, a d b

c c d a (M & C a , 2011).

C , a d a a a c c (A ca Ed ca a R a c A c a , A ca P c ca A c a , & Na a C c M a Ed ca , 1999), c b

a c a b d c b d a d c a d : c , c c , d c , a d c c . I d d a

d c a acc a d d c d d a c d ( .

11). Va d a a da a ca b d d a a a c d c a d . A

a da d a d , c a d d c a (M , 2019). T

c d c a d a a :

E d c a d ba d ( ) c T d c ba d a b c a

( da a c c ) a d d c a ac c a .

340

E d c a d ba d c T c a d d c a a d d a a a .

E d c a d ba d a c T d c a a a a a

d d a a a a d d c a ac c d d b a d. E d c a d ba d a a ab A a a b c a d

a a a c c ca d d c a d .

E d c a d ba d c c A da a c c d c a a

b b a d d d a d a a c . T c a da d d ca

c c b a b a d.

Ma c a d d c a a a a - ca a , c a a

b a ab c a a a d d a c d d a a c d . S c a

a c a -ba d ac a c , I a a ac - a c b c c d d c

a d based on ins r men con en . T c d c ba d a b c add d a

a d da a c c a d d con c ( c a ac c) a . F a , a a d d d a d

a d a a a c . W d a a a d d a d c a a c

a a , a a b c a a a c a c c a a a c . A a a , c d a

ad d d a d c . I a d b ab d a c c

specificall ab d a d c c c , d d b a a d c . I a d a a d d a d d d a c b d a c

c a a d ca d d a d onl d b a a d, a c . T d c ca ba d b c , ca

341

a a c c a a d ca b ab d b c ca b ac a a b d

a c a c d. I d , a a b c c , a ac - a c c ca

a d d a a d a c c a a , a ca , c c , , d a

a a a a d d a .

Reliabili , a c d a c a ac c a a da a, c c c c d da a. I a acc

a ca acc d d d d a b ac acc d a a a d, a d, a d a

, a c d c a a a d. I d , acc ( da a) a

c a d, , ab . I , , ac acc a a , a a c d c

a d a b c d d ab . S a , ad a c a a d d d ca c c a c b d a

d ac , c c d a ab . I , , a ac

ad , c d ab a d, , a (M & C a ,

2011).

A d a a d a a da a, a a d d ab da a (M &

C a , 2011), a c a a a ac c d c ac a c . R ab a a da a a

ab d b c a a a a . T d d a d -

, a , a d a c c . T - d, a a a d,

ad a a . T a a b c a ac ac a d ac

a c . In e nal con i enc a a ca a ab a a ad d c . F a ,

ab a ca ac c d c a c . O a a c c

a K de -Richa d on fo m la 21 (a a KR-21). T a c a 0.00 1.00; c a 1.00, ab da a a . T a

342

a a a d ca c a , c ca a b c d c d a c ca c a , a:

K = b ,

SD = a da d d a a c , a d

= a a c .

W a d a d ab a d c c c , b ac a a a a (M & C a , 2011).

I b c b a d a b ab (c ) b a d ( a a a a

d d). I c a , c ca b b a d a d ab c a a a d d b a d, d a

d c . T , ab a c a , b c , c d a d . W ab a d a d ab a c da a, a a b

ada : A alid es is al a s reliable, b a reliable es is no necessaril alid (M , 2019).

343

No e Abo E hic and Da a Collec ion I C a 4, a d ab ca c d a a

d b c a d a ac a c c . B ca a b d c da a c c c a , c ca

a a . R ca a c c a da a c a a d o side a ,

ac a c a ac d b a b a a d d . A ca a

d a a d c d c a d b a ac a d a c a

a d c ac a c d , a d b a a . H , d

a da a a c c a b ad a d c ( . ., a , a c c , a d c d a ), a

b a d c d da a a a .

A , c a c c d da a b d , ac , d d a da a c a d c d a . A d d ac

a a a a da a. O a c d a a d b a d a

d d a . A a b c ca b d c a d , acc b a c a a c . T a , a d d d b

ab d d d a a c a and c da a. A ac a c ab a a d c d a

a c a a d da a a a c ac a c c a d a ac a c c .

344

A Final No e Abo O gani a ion and Alignmen O a c ac a c c a d b c ac a c a a c

ac a c c a d a d a d. T c ca c ad c a I a

a d, , a c d c ac a c . W a I a a

a a a c d a c a c d c , a c c da a a d

c da a a a b ab a a c . O a a a d a

acc d a ab a c ac c a d a a a d a a

d da a (a d a a ) a a a a add ac a c . A a c a

c d a ca ac a c a d, a a , Tab 5.1.

345

Table 5.1

S a

Q a a da a a a a , a a a a d . Q a a da a a a c c d b a ,

, a b b a d c c d .

Ob a ca a d a ca a c a d c d a a d a a . C a b a a b c d, c d,

c d. U c d c d b a a ac

b a d cc c a . C a b a a a c d d

d , c a c d b c . I a ca a c a b

d d a .

346

I ca a d , c a b c d, c d, - d d.

I ca a b c d c d d d a a a a c . I a a b c d c d a a - a . J a a a b b b ac a d d

d d a ab a c a . E d c a d c d , a a d

a a ac a c , a ab da a a ab c a d a b d a add a c

a . T c d c a a ac , c a d .

I a ac - a c ab da a. T c d c d b ,

a ab , d dab , a d c ab a a da a.

Q a a da a a ca a d c d ab a a ca b c d, a d, a d.

S a a c a c a d.

Q a a c c ad a a . I ca c - d d c d- a ca . A c d- a d

d a b c c c c . A a da a c b

ac . O - d d a a b

b . A a da a a a d c .

S a d a ca a c a a da a a a d d a , b ca b -

c a a . C c a a a ca a d c ( . ., )

. T a d a ca b d a

a a da a, d d a d da a.

Va d a a da a a d c da a a a b d .

R ab c c a a da a a d d d a ca . R b : A a d a a ab , b a

ab c a a d.

347

Q e ion and Ac i i ie 1. D c b a b c c b a a a d

a a da a a a a ac a c d . D a a a a c a a c a d c c b a a a d ?

2. W a a c a , a d c ca ac - a c , a a a

c c d da a? 3. Ma d, d b a ca a a

a ac c . F d a ca ( . ., a a , d ) a d d 30 b a d a d a a d a . I c d a b c

a d a a d d b a . A a d, c c . W a d d , a d d d ?

H c d b a a a d - a b a ?

4. T a c a d a a a a ac a c d . D a c d d a 15-

a d d a . B c d d a a b . N , d .

A a d, c c a a . W a d d , a d d d ? H c d ?

5. U a c d d N b 4, d a 15- a ca a a a c c a d c , a c

a d d c a . R b a a a ca a L a L - ca . Ad

a a d d a . A a d, a d dbac . R c c

d a d ad a . 6. Ca a d c c d a d

a a c? W a a ? H d c d b a acc ?

348

Ke Te m ac a 129 c a a 138 c a a ac 139 c ab 141 c c 156 c d b 141 da a a 138 d dab 141

a a d 143 c 136

a c a a 152 a 138 a c c 157

d 134 132

K d -R c a d a 21 157 L ca 146 L - ca 148

b c c 143 b a 130 b c 132

- d d 134 - d d 144 d b 143

143 ab 156

c d 134 c d b a 131

d a 138 a c a a 153

ac a 138 a ab 141

141 c d b a 131

a d a c da a 141 d c d 132

349

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc d d a c a , ac c , F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.

350

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch

351

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2 Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a Ti le I

P og am

352

Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing Da a R ca a ac a c d a d

ad c a T I c .

I d add a a c c d a d c d ad c

d ac -d d c , ba d a d d a c c Ka d d c a a a

a d a d a ad c . A a d a c c a a a a d ad c ad , Ka c d W dc c R ad Ma T R d (F H) ad ad d S b a d Ma . F d c , d ac R ad C C c , c a a a a c a . A a a c b 50 c ; Ka -

a d ca c d a 35 c . S b d a a c c c a .

Ka c d a c d a c d b b a d d a d d ad c .

S d c c da a ab add a c . F , d c d c da b a d a d c d b a a a d a a a ca a

a ad c d c b a . T c b a d b d c d c d a a a d

a a ad a a a a b . S c ca , d d d a ad c a ad b a . S c d, Ka a a d d ca a

d d c a d ad c a . S d d a c d d c d c

d . H d c d d :

W a d ad c a ? D a b d a d a ad? W d a b ? W a d a d a a ad? D d a ? W a a d d a d a ad? D ad ?

Ka a d ac d a a c a 2- a d c ac a c c . S a c a d

a ab c ad , a , a d ad d a d . S a a c a c d

c a .

353

354

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3 Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i

355

Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing Da a R ca a ac a c d a d

d a d c a d .

Sa a a d T a a d Ja a a d F b a a d ad d d-F b a . I d add

a c , ac c c d d c a d c d d a ad , c c a a b b .

N c a Sa a a d T c d d c ac d d a d b a c a d ( . ., 1 3, c

ab ) a d c a c a c d ( . ., 1 = ad a c a d 2 = ad a c a c ).

T a a d b c a c d c a c a a a ca a a . B ca d a - c a a d , Sa a c a d d

a a c a d d - a .

T a c d a c , Sa a a d T c a d a c ab a c a ac I a b (a

:// .b .c ). I d a c a d c , ac d a c a , a a ad d

d c b a d , ab c a d c c .

T ad d D c #1 W a a d a ? T ad d D c #2 S c d

. P d c a a a a c a d.

T ad d D c #3 W a d a ab a d ? W a a c a ab ?

A d d a c . Sa a a d T b d a b c d d

c a a da a, c d c d d ac a d c . I add , a b ad a

356

d c ad a a a da a c c c a d b d b c d d ac a a a a a .

Sa a a d T a c d c d a ca d a a a d d d a a a , c , a ca a , d d c d c . H , b ac a d d a

a a d d c a a d c a d d ab c a d , b a

a d d d a . T d d a a a d c ad b a d a a ba ad . D da ac c a , Sa a a d

T a d d a d c ab a ad a d. F a , Sa a d a b d c

, a d a d , d a d a d a a c . Sa a a d T

d ac c c a , a d ac c a d c a d a d a d a c d .

B d da , b ac ad a ad c d a .

T da , ac d a ca d ac d d d a a a . T c d (b ca

c a ) a d c d b . Sa a a d T a d ac d , ca c d :

W a ? H d c a a d a d b ? W a ? H a c a d b a d c a d b

a ?

T a ac d ca a ab a . T ac d b-ba d a a

c , a a d b d ac ac d . S d a d d c a c ad

b d.

A c d a a a d a a b , Sa a a d T ad b a a da a.

357

358

359

360

T c a a :

W U Ac R a c : Da a C c M d

I ac ad , c c c (a a d , a a d ac , a d ca c c a ) a a dd c a a N F da c . I a a b a - ac a , a

a , , a d a a a ac . W c 130 d a acad c a (T a E). A I ac c c c a a da , I a d - d c a a c .

361

T c a a a a ad S a d a c a .

T c a ad - a a a d ab -a a c c d . I c a c a da ca a .

W c c a , I d d b c da b ac . S d a

a ab d ac . A a ad a a a d da a a d c d

c a a d a b a d a a ab c a a .

M da a a a d b c a d a d a d a c c a b c a , d d ,

a d a c c d d. T d a d a d ac d c d b d , b

a , a d b b a . C c da a c a d a a d d . Da a

a a d d c d d a d c . I d

a c a b a d a a b a d d d .

T c a a a a ad D c da a c c d a d E a a

T a a .

D c , I d c c d, c , c c a , a d ab a a . A , d a c a a c c . S

a d - ac d a . T d d b d d a a d . T d ac d

a a c c , d I ad d a , c c a d : H d a

c c ? H a d a c c a a ? H a c a ab c c a ? S d

a d a a ac a ca 1 5. T ca a d b (1) a a c , (2) a

a c , (3) d c , (4) a a c , a d (5) a a c .

T c a a a a ad Da a c c c d a d a a

I a .

Add a , I a ac d d c a d c d a c c c d

362

a a c c . T c d d : H a c c d ab a c c ? H

a ca d c d d c c ac a ? I d a a ca a a I d d .

A b c d , I d c d a c a a . Oc a a a d a d a

b ca b c a a a a ab -d d a c . I a d a I b a a

c c c . A a d c d, I a d d c a a c a b

a d a a d b c ca a d b ca c a a d d . S d d acc d a c a b a d a d

d a d a a a d b d a a c a d .

D d, I b a d c d a c a , H S d (Wa , 1994). H S d a a a

a c b d, a c , a d a a a c a a d a a . T d c

H S d a d d d a c .

T d I b d a d ad a d a d ac c a . T b a

d d b a : W a b a d c a d a a ? A d a b c ? A b

? A a b d a a ? T b a a d a a

c a I d d- - d d . I a ab d c c b a c d c c

a c d a a c .

T c a a a a ad Ob a a a a a da a .

A d c a a I ad ac d a a c a . A a ,

ac a a d c c a d d . I d d c a

d c a . Eac d a a a d a , d d a c , d : W a

b d d c d a ? W a d d a ab c

d a ? D d a d a ? W d d a a

c c c ? A a , I d a d a

363

a ab c d a c c . I a d : I c d a ab c c a ? I

c d a a a a d a d a c c c a ? D a c d a c c ? W ? H

a c c d ab a c c ? H a ca c d d c c ac a ? I a a d

d a a a I ad a d b .

T c a a a a ad Add a a a da a .

T c b ad : H , 1995.

T a da , a d ca a a ac d - d c a a d a d d b c

c ab c ca a . S d b c c a a d a d d

a . O da - d c a a d a d . A c d, d a d c a -

. T a d a , b ad, a d a b a a a . I d

d c a a ac a .

T c a a a a ad M c da a; a da a c c .

T c d c d a da a . S d d . E ad

ac a I c d b . T d b ab d a .

T c a a a a ad Q a a da a a ac a .

D c d , c a a a d M da a d T da . A d c d , d ca d

ad 1 a d 3 d d b d . T d d d :

D d a c a da ? Y , N

2. I , d d a :

a. d ; b. ac ; c. d ; d. d a d ac .

D d a a da ? Y , N

4. I , d d a a :

364

a. d ; b. ac ; c. d ; d. d a d ac .

T c a a a a ad Q a a da a a d S .

I c d a - d c c c a c a a a 5 . S d a d a a d

ba 5- d. J a ad da .

T c b ad : G a a , 1995.

Ac R a c C c 5

365

De eloping a Da a Collec ion Plan fo Ac ion Re ea ch R a c ( ) a d d c ab

a a a , a a , d- d d ac a c .

I d c c q ali a i e da a, d c d c :

Ob a ( c d, c d, c d) I ( c d, c d, c d) J a E d c O c a a da a

I d c c q an i a i e da a, d c d c :

S , a , a ca (W a ca L , L - , - d d ?)

C c F a a d/ a c a a S a da d d c E ca da a O c a a da a

I d a a ( . ., -d d), c a d , , a a , d d a

da a c c a .

E a a a c (d d da a c c a ) a c c d-

a da a.

366

367

Chap e Si Anal ing Da a

C a 6 O a

A b c d a a a da a a a c a d c .

A a Da a b a c a c . T c b-b a c a d d d a a

d b :

A a Da a Q a a da a a a c

I d c a a U c a G d a a da a a a

Q a a da a a a c D c a c I a a c U c a

G d a a da a a a

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a S d R c S c a S c Q ali a i e Da a Anal i Techniq e

368

I d c A a U C S a A W Q a a Da a A a

Q an i a i e Da a Anal i Techniq e U D c S a c U I a S a c A N Ab A a S a da d d T Da a U C S a A W S a ca A a

A No e Abo Mi ed-Me hod Da a Anal i Repo ing he Re l of Da a Anal i

G d R R Q a a Da a A a G d R R Q a a Da a A a

S mma ➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie ➤ Ke Te m ➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad C a T I P a ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a U d a d M a d M ➤ W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli

369

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1 Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

Recei ing Special Se ice

370

Anal ing Da a R ca a ac a c d a

a a d a - ad d c d c a c c a c a a d

a .

W ac - ad c a d c , ac d a ad c d a a d a a da a

c d ac a c . S c K a d d - - a b a , d a , a a , a d c a da a a J d a d Sa a ad c c d

- ad d d c a c a c ac a d . K d

d ca a a d d c b c a a ac a c a c . F a , J c ab a a

a a ca da a d d a d a .

T add a c , a d ac , K a a d c c d b a ac

d . S d d a a ab , c d d c a a ac d d a d ac d

da a c c . I ad c a ac da ( c d a d c da a b a d d), K a

a d a ac b a b X ac a da a d d d a b b 50 (5 da 10

b a a da ):

S d : William P.

Ac a - ad d , a - - a c a . G a a , a

d c d c a b 20% 25% ( . ., 50% - a b a ac 75%

371

- a b a ). A c d a a , a a .

F c d a c , K a d K a, J , J d , a d Sa a a d c b d a a a

. Eac d ca a a c d d b d a c c

c a , b d c b a a . D d c , d ac d c c a d ad a da a a ,

a a a . T ad d b a a a c a b a d a ad .

F a , add d a c , J d c a ac d . H d d a d a

d , d d a a a a c . H d c d d d - d a d ,

a a d c a d a . S a d ca

d a d Q 2 (Wha do o like mos abo coming o see hem?) a d Q 4 (Ho does i make o feel

hen o ha e o lea e o r classroom?). R Q 2 c d d

I s f n! I doesn feel like I m e en in school. We pla i h s ff and ha e f n. M fa ori e is brain break, ca se I ge o s op learning for a li le bi and gi e m brain a res .

Responses o Q es ion 4 incl ded:

I don mind lea ing m classroom beca se I kno I m gonna ha e f n i h Miss Jod and Miss Sarah. I s oka , and I can ai o go back o m classroom and ell m friends ha I go o do.

T a da a c c d b ac d a c a . H ,

a d d c a d a a da a a ad a d d a a a a c .

372

Q e ion o Think Abo : T a a a ca c a d a ac a a da a d ca ad c c d, a d a d a c ? D d ca a a ? M b a a a a a

d? I , a c d a a c d ?

H d d ca c a a a a a a a a c a ?

T c d ac a ac a c a a a da a a c c d. R a d

d a d a a da a, a a da a, b , bab d c

c d a c c a . T a b d a a a a a da a a b

ad, a a d, c d d, d, a d a d ac a a ca a a a b c a . I a ca ,

ab c ca a a a ca c a d a a a a a c d , d

d c a a d da a a a . Y da a a a c b a d a c . I

a a b a a a da a a a d c a a da a a , a a ab

a .

373

Q ali a i e Da a Anal i Techniq e R ca d c d c a a a c

d C a 1 a a a a a da a a c d c a a . W c d c a a da a a a , a c b c c b a ( . ., da a), a a da a, a

a , a d a d a c c a d . A a ac a c a a a a da a a

a c c (Pa & B , 2002), ac da a b a , a c a , a d a a c b c c c d a .

374

Ind c i e Anal i A a a d a a

a a da a, ac - a c a a b d b a a a ad, a ca a

a d a (Pa & B , 2002). T a c a c d c a ind c i e anal i a a da a

b a a d c a a a c c d, b d a d

a da a a a a d d c c a d

ac a c d (J , 2008). H , a b a , d c da a d c , d

, d , , a da a (Sc a bac , 2003). Pa a d B (2002) d c b

c a a a a a a a a ca a a d d ac a c

a a ac a d a d da a ( . 55). T d c b a - c c d c a a :

a a , d c , a d a .

T a a a d c a a d c a a a a a da a

a c , b a a d , a d a d c c d a a c c d. T

acc d d a ca a , d a a coding cheme, c

d da a a d a a (Pa & B , 2002). A ad a c ,

d , a d d c a a d , b d c ca a a a . Y

d a ac ca a cc a d c d a a da a acc d . S a c d a

a c c c b a a d a b a da a (M , 2011; Pa &

B , 2002). S a c d d c d a b a d a 3- b 5- c d

ca d ; c c a a a a c a d d d ca . I

375

a d c a c d a (M , 2011; Sc a bac , 2003).

I C a 5, I a d a c a d a I c d c d c a c . I c d c d

d b a a d a b a c a I d. O c I ad c d da a

c c , I b a ad d (c b c ) a d a c . A I ad

da a, I d d c d c a a a Tab 6.1. Ob , ca c a d c da a

a . H , a , I b d a a ca ad a a c c a c .

376

Table 6.1

A d ca , I b a ad da a d c d a a c a d d a d

a c . I a d b a a b a ( F 6.1) a d a c ( F

6.2) d a I c d d a da a. A ca a d d, a a a b c d d ca , d d a

a d a a a a d.

377

O , c c d da a c a ad , ad , a d ad a a a a a da a. Y

a a da a d c d c a a . B a a a c c d da a a a ; c d c a a a c, a

c a ad a a (Pa & B , 2002). I c a d a d d a da a,

b d a d d c d c .

T c d c d c a a describe a a c a ac c ca

c d da a (Pa & B , 2002). T a a a c ac - a c

b a c c b da a a d a a c . T ca d b c d

( c a a ) a d d c b d c c ab a a c . A , ac -

a c d a : H d a ca d a d

a c c a d a a c ?

A add da a c c a c , a a a da a a con radic s conflic s i h a d

a a d (Sc a bac , 2003). T d c a c a a a a d c , b c d c a d

acc a a d a ac .

Fig e 6.1 Sa Pa F F d N , W Pa a C d d U Sc S Tab 6.1

378

C d c d a a d c a ac a a :

O b a d Ca a d Ca a d, W a d a ? W a a c d? T b

d d a a b a P a , a d Ca c d d . CAc , TB , a d CB

O/C: W d d Ca a a c c a ? E c a a a b a d

c ? W a a c a , V d! . S a d

a a b . I a b d c a c a cca . - MO N , I b d Ca da ( a a d c

b a ). S a d a b ac a d b a a d c . T a d a d a d

c . S Ma a a d d b . Ma d b a , W

d ? T c a d a d d d . CAc a d PR

O/C: I a d b c a . Ma d d a d . I ad, d

. M dI I d a a , I c d Ca a ca c

d b . T a d ab 15 a a . Ca ba a d b ad a a ca c . Ca d

379

a c d a b . CAc , TB , CB , a d MO O/C: ARGHHH! S d d a , N c ca c . T

a a c . A c a a a a a b . Y a a a d

. CAc , TB , CB , a d MO

T a in erpre a c a b d a d a d. D , ac - a c a

, b a , b a a d c d d ca a , a , c ad c , a d (Pa & B , 2002). T a c

da a a a a c , a d c a c ac c , a a d

ac c . B ca ac - a c bac d, c , a d a c a c da a

a d, d c , ca , c c a d acc a a d

(Pa & B , 2002). I a d d, F 6.3, a c a c d . N c d c a c b

ac a d c d a d c d dbac ( c a a

c d d da a a a F 6.1 a d 6.2). A , d b a a a c ac a da a ( a d

b a a ) a d a c a d d c .

Fig e 6.2 Sa E c F I T a c , W Pa a C d d U Sc S Tab 6.1

380

C d c d a a a ac c :

CM: Ca a a a acc ab b a , a a a a a c c d a d d b acc ab

c d ? - TB Ma : T a a a d . [La ] P bab a .

- TB CM: S , c a b a

ba ? TB , PI Ma : Y a . TB , PI

CM: Ca a a a , a c c a d a ba

c a d a c ca a ? TB , P Ma : W , I d a a I d a a d a . Y a a a a b d , ac d d b , I ca a . I d a 2- a - d ! [La ] L I a d, a a da ,

, a d a d a d . L

381

c , c b a d . CAc , TB , a d CB

CM: W , a a a a , a a a d c d d a , c a a d bac . L a b ca . L a d d d . W a d a

a c d d d d a a d d ? TB , CB , a d PI

Ma : I d a c , a d d d , I a d a , I c . W d d

? TB , CB , a d P CM: S , d d a a

d ? TB , M dI Ma : Y a . TB , M dI

A c d c a a , a d ca bac da a,

ca a c , a d a a a b a (Sc a bac , 2003). T c in rospec ion

a a a reflec i e prac ice a d ac a c c a d a a

b c a d a a ac d da a (Sc a bac , 2003). T c a d da a a - d d c . Ta c d c a a a a da a a d

acc a a d a d .

Fig e 6.3 E c F F a R a c R D c N a C a d M d O P

R c

382

T a a a d c a a c c . Y ad ab a a C a 4, a a c ca d c d a a a a a c d . H , a a a d c cons an compara i e me hod a a

a a a a a da a. T d a a c a a c d c a a a ,

d c a d a a a a a b c c d d c c a a

d b , a a , c a a c , a c da a c c a d c d . I a

a a , c a c a a d a a a a a d c a a da a c

a d a a a d . A a d c b d C a 4, c c a d ab a a ca . H , a a d c c da a c c a d a a a d

a d a a d a b (B da & B , 2007).

Video Clip 6.1 V a c D . M d c a a da a.

383

384

U ing Comp e Sof a e o A i Wi h Q ali a i e Da a Anal i M a d c a b d d a

a a a a da a. A M (2011) c , d assis . T a ca

c c a a a da a a a a ac a d a a . U a , . R b a

a a da a a a d c c, c ca cc a b a . E ad a c d c ca a ac a c.

W a a a a a a d a d a da a, c a b a d a d- c a . I add , a a

d a d a c d c a d c ca (a d c d a 3- b

5- c d ca d ) c d a d ca a a d- c d da a b a a d ,

a c , a d - d d . O c a c ca c d d a da a, a a

a a a c c c a a d c a a c d d a a a a a d a

. T a a d b d b d d a ac - a c .

T a a a a a a ad a a a a a d a a a da a. M (2011) c d a a da a b

c 500 a d d a d a c . T ca ca a a ac - a c . I

add , a a a d a , a a acc a a d

ca (M , 2011). Y ca , c , c a a , b

a ca b a , a a a $300 $500. S a a a a a a a ab

a d c a , a d , d adab a .

385

Q an i a i e Da a Anal i Techniq e W I d c d a a a c

d , I d c d a a ca da a a b a ded c i e process. T a a a c b b d a c a a d d

c c a c d b a d a c d b d. T c a d

da a a c c d a d a a d a d c c ab a c a d d. D d a a , ac -

a c descrip i e inferen ial a c a a c b a .

386

U ing De c ip i e S a i ic D c a c a a a ca c d a

, a , a d a a a a ca da a. T a ba c ca d c a c , a c a d b

ac - a c :

1. M a c a d c 2. M a d 3. M a a

F a d c ac ca a d c c a ca c d c .

Mea e of cen al endenc a a ca c d a d ca , a c , a ca a da d ab a

d d a . T d c a c d d c b collec i e a c , a d ,

a d a c a . I d , a ac - a c b d

d d a d d a a a c a a b a a d,

a , a a c a as a hole d. T a a c a d c :

a , d a , a d d . T mean d d a a c a a a c . T ca c a a ,

add a c a da a a d d d b b c . W a ca c a d,

ac a a ac d d a c a acc . T a c d a c a d c ,

a a a . O a a ad a d a a

cc a c (c a ) a da a . O a c a a d ,

a a c a d c da a. F a ,

ad 10 c :

387

Sa Da a S 1:

15, 16, 16, 22, 25, 28, 28, 28, 30, 32

T a c ca c a d a 240 10 = 24. Y d bab a a a 24 a a

10 c . H , a a 10 c a da a a 32 b a 132. T da a

d :

Sa Da a S 2:

15, 16, 16, 22, 25, 28, 28, 28, 30, 132

A c a a b , I b a a a a . I ca , a d b ca c a d a 340

10 = 34. N , c d bab c a d a a a a 34 d a a ca

a . H c d a c 34 b ca c d a ? I a , a

a d a a a appropria e a c a d c .

A a a a b a a a c a d c L L -

ca a b d c c da a. I a a c c d da a ca d c d F 5.7,

ca a d I #1 a :

F a a b a a da a b ca c a a I #1. W c d ac

ca ( . ., a 1 5). W a a a d d d b b d c d . W d a a a c I #1 a 3.25. W a d c ab c ac

388

d a d d ? H d a c ? W ca c c d a a a a a

a , ca c c d a d ad . T a a a a

a .

I c a a d c b d a , d a a b a a a a c a d c . T median d d a c c c da a a a a

d b a a ; a , c a c 50% a c a b a d 50% a ca d ab . T

d a b a d b , , a d a c ( ) ( ). I a a dd b c ( Sa Da a S 3, c a 11 c ),

d a dd c .

Sa Da a S 3:

15, 15, 16, 16, 22, 25, 28, 28, 28, 30, 32

I da a , d a a a 25. T a c b a a d c ab .

H , a da a c a a b c , d a d d b , , a d c , d c dd , a d ca c a

d ( a ) b c . I a a a Sa Da a S 1, ca a dd

c a 25 a d 28. T d ( a ) c a (25 + 28) 2 = 53 2 = 26.5. I , b a

d ca a d a ca c a Sa Da a S 2. T ad a a d a a ca a ac a a ( . ., c 132) d a a c a

d a ; c a d .

T a a c a d c mode, cc c a c . I Sa

Da a S 1, 2, a d 3, d 28, b ca cc ac , a a c . T d

389

d d b ca d b a d c a ca .

T c d ca d c a c c d a d . W a a c a d c

d ca a a ca ab a , a d d ca a d a c . P a a , mea e of di pe ion d ca c ad

d a c . T a a a d : a a d a da d d a .

T ange ca c a d b b ac c a da a c . T ca c a d a Sa Da a S 1 32 - 15 = 17. T a Sa Da a S 2 132 - 15 = 117. Y ca a , a

a , ca b c d b c .

O a add a ca c a anda d de ia ion, c a d d a a a

d a c c a a a . T ca c a a a da d d a ca b acc d a a , b a

c ca b d d a ca a a a c a a a a

ca c a a c a . I a b a , c a ac d d a c ac d

ca c a , a a da d d a ca b ad ac d b c . H , c a d a c a a c a a d, a c ca b a a a a d b ca c a

a a . I a a a c a d c a d a d a d a a a a da a a d c a c d ( C a 4).

T d ca d c a c a rela ionships b a ab . T a correla ion coefficien s, a a a d c a d d a b a ab . Ob , c a c c a ca c a d a a da a d c a a d ( C a 4). R ca d c c a c c C a 4 a c a c c direc ion a d

390

s reng h a b a ab . T c c a a 1.00 +1.00. T d c d ca d a

a a a a ca . T a d ca d b a d ca

a c c , c a a ca c d d a a c d 0.80, a d a c a a a d a b -0.20 a d 0.00 a d b +0.20 a d 0.00. A a

c a c c d F 6.4. C a c c ca a b c d a a , b

a ca a a ca c a a a , a ca c a a a . I d b I d d d a a c a ac c a

a a : C a d no ca a ( C a 4). T , b ca

a d d a c c ba d c a a a a .

Video Clip 6.2 & 6.3 V c ac - a c d c a a da a.

A a d d c b da a a a a ca c d , c a c d d a a

ca d c a ca c d . Da a ca a b d a d a c d b ab

a , c a a , ba c a , c a . I a f eq enc di ib ion able, c a

a a d . I a c d c , ab d F c , b d d a c d ac c

d; a c c ac c a a d. F a , a d c c a

c a a b d d a a ac c a . A a a c d b ab Tab 6.2. Hi og am ca a c

d b a a a a . P d F 6.5 a a da a ab a a Tab 6.2 b a a a . N c a ac ba

d ca c ac c ca .

391

Fig e 6.4 G a R I C a C c

A ca d c d b a d d a a a 1.00 1.00, c .40.

T a a d b a c a a c a a ca .

W a a : F a .30 .30 M d a a : F a .70 a .30 a d

.30 .70 S a : F a 1.00 a .70 a d

.70 1.00.

392

Table 6.2

Fig e 6.5 Sa H a Sa Da a A a Tab 6.2

393

T ca a c a d a 0 70, c 10. T a a a c a d

a 7.0 35.0, c 2.0.

T da a c d c a a d a c a a a a d a d a :

7.0: 0; 9.0: 4; 11.0: 1; 13.0: 5; 15.0: 15; 17.0: 31; 19.0: 38; 21.0: 45; 23.0: 65; 25.0: 51; 27.0: 53; 29.0: 33; 31.0: 18; 33.0: 9; 35.0: 2.

W da a a a ca (a L ca a d) a d a a c ca ( . ., c ), ba

a a d c a a b d. Ba g aph a a a , c ac a ad ac ba d c

( c ca c ). Pie cha ca a b d a ca ca da a. F 6.6 a d 6.7 a ba

a a d a c a , c , a da a.

394

U ing Infe en ial S a i ic T a inferen ial s a is ics d a

a ca a a ba d a b ample a a . I a a ca c d a

ca d a a a a a c d a c c a ( C a 4). T c

a a c d a d d - a , a d- a ,

a a a a c , a d c - a .

Fig e 6.6 Sa Ba C a

T ca a c a d a 0 200, c 50, a a a ITEM 1 a d

a 1 4, c 1.

Da a c d c a d ITEM 1 a a a a a d a d b :

1: 160; 2: 190; 3: 20; 4: 2.

395

Fig e 6.7 Sa P C a Sa Da a A a F 6.6

Lab d a ITEM 1, c a d d d a , 1, 2, 3, a d 4, a a a a a a d b , a

d a d :

1. 45% 2. 50% 3. 5% 4. 1%

A independen -mea e e a a a c d a a rea men , c a b d c d , a d a con rol ,

c a a c a d a a c d d a ab , c a a c ( d , d c o , ac a d once). T a c ac a ca c a d a d a ca

c a d d d c b a a ca ca . I a d c b a a ca ca , a d c c d

b a b d c a c . I d , d c a b ca , a r e d c

b c d a c d a d d d . I c a , a a a a a a d

d c b a , ca b

396

a d . M (2011) a a d c b a ca ca c a d p ac ical ignificance. S a ca ca c d d a ca , ac ca

ca c a b c d c . S b ca a d c b a a ca ca d

a a d c a ac ca a c . F a , a b a d c b a c , b a c d d a B+ ad a

- ad ca a d c d d a B, a d c d b a ac ca ca c (M , 2011).

A , b a ab d a d c a ca ca . A a

c d c a a , b a a ca d a a p- a . T p- a d ca bab

c a c cc c ac a d . T - al e b c a d alpha le el ( b d a G a d a - ), c ca a 0.05 d ca a a c d . A - a 0.05

d ca a ca b a ab c a a 5% d d c b a ac a b b ca

c a c , a d c b . T b c a b a d p- a

- a d d a ca ca c a :

I p > , d c a ca ca .

W d d - a c a d c b d , epea ed-mea e e c a a a a d d a . T

a a d , a , d a d, d , a d d (

d , d c one , a d ice). I a , a c a d

a a d . Anal i of a iance ( ANOVA) a a a d d - a . T

d c a a a a d a c

397

d a a ( . ., hree , ac a d once). W a , , ,

d a a a a a c a a a ca c d a a . T

c d a a c a ( . ., d d - a , a d- a , a d

a a a a c ) a c a d F 6.8.

Fig e 6.8 C a B D G C a A a

T d d a d b , a d d d a a . E a a d d a c d

a a d a a , a d d :

I d d a M a F a E a Sc d G M . S a d M . Ja c a

398

R a d a M a a U P a d U P d G M . L c a A a a a c (ANOVA) M a S a d Ac T Sc d G W d , C a , a d Ea d c

M a ( ) a d G ( ) a ab ac ab ca , a d c c d ac a c ca .

F a , a da a a c c d a c c ca ( . ., b .

b b a a c a d a c a ), a d c a

a . I a , chi- q a e e d b d a a a ca c a b

d d d b d d , b a d b .

W a a ad a c a a c . P a a I c da

a ca a a a a ca c d . A b , a a a a c ,

a d c - a a a ca a b c d c d b a d ( a ca c a ), ad a - d a ca

a a a a ca c d c a b , a a a c c a .

399

A No e Abo Anal ing S anda di ed Te Da a I C a 5, I d c d a da d d c a a b

c da a ac a c d . W a a a da d d c a acc a ,

a c c in erpre ing . S c a ca d c a ad a b a a d,

a d, a , c a d ca c a b d c , a

c c , a d .

M a da d d d b no m- efe enced , c a a c c a

d a , a d c i e ion- efe enced a , c d da a c a a d

a d a d a c c a a ac ca . La a , a ,

b , ca a a , c a , a d a ; a a c b a d c c , b , da a

a , a d c a . S a b ab b d d ac a a a b ( . ., a a a a c c c , a

d a b , a b a, , a , a d a ). T ca c

d a c d :

S andard (or scale ) score (SS): A c a a b a d a a ca a d a ca a

c a d a d a . T a a ca a a a c

c a a a a ca a a a a a a d a da d d a a a d

a . T a c a ac a .

Grade eq i alen (GE) score: A - c d c a d ca ad a d c a c a

c a a . T a a c a - ad b

400

d c a d b 5.7. I a c d a a GE c ab ad c a - ad a GE 9.1 a ad b ,

a d a a c d ca d - ad b , a , a c d a a a

a a - ad d if he nin h-grader ook he fif h-grade es . Na ional percen ile rank (NPR): T c a d

a d a b a a c a a c . I a c

d a b c a d. S b d a a , a , a ba c d c ac c Ca c c , a d

ba d a a a - a ac c a d/ a a . Normal c r e eq i alen (NCE): A a d a da d d c a a 50 a d a a da d d a 21.06,

a a a a ca 0 99. T NCE a d d b RMC R a c C a 1976

a c T I P a ac U d S a a d d a a . Na ional s anine (NS): S a c a 1 9, a c 5 a a a a . T c a

c a ac a a a d a da d c ca 4, 7, 12, 17, 20, 17, 12, 7, a d 4, c .

P c a c d a , c , a . F a , a c a a dd

d b ( . ., 45 55) b a a a c 5. A c a a a a c a confidence bands, c a d d a b . S d

a ac a c c a a c b ca - a ba d d ca a c a

ca d ac . F a , d a c a ca

V cab a a R ad C .

Ed ca ca a ca da a a c a d c a c a d d a

d . T a d b d b da a, c a c

401

c a d d a a , b c a b b c c c a

a a c a a d a c a d c d c ba d . I a da d d da a a c a d c does a ac c . L da a b

d a d d a d a c a a a c c a d a d ca a

a ab d a da d d da a b ab c a d ac (M , 2002). F

a da d d da a, In erpre ing S andardi ed Tes Scores: S ra egies for Da a-Dri en Ins r c ional Decision Making (M , 2007).

402

U ing Comp e Sof a e o A i Wi h S a i ical Anal i A I a d a c a a ,

a ca a a a c c d c a a a a a da a a b c ad a a ab . P a c

a S a ca Pac a S c a Sc c (SPSS) a d SYSTAT a b (

:// . b .c /a a c / - a c - a a d :// a a .c , c ). T ca b ,

a b b d c a a a d a d ca a a d. A ca a ab

a a ca b a c , a a d d b c d a c a d a b a a a c ac -

a c . H , a a a d d c d a

A a ca a ac a a b c c - d a 10 a , c a d ac

a a ab c acc d ca a K 12 . T ac , a a d ca a , a a

a a d a d a d a a ca c b ac - a c . T ,

, a d a ca a a a a a ab (a d a a c a ) a a . T a a S a C c ( a W bS a ). S a C c (a a ab a :// . a c c .c ) a b- ba d da a a a a d d b D a S a c a U S Ca a. I

a a a a ca a a c a a d a c c , a

d ad a . Y b c b a d c a a - a a d a d ( b c a

a ab ), acc a da a a S a C c . O c

403

a d , c c O S a C c b a .

T d a ac Ja a d F 6.9. A a a S a C c b

da a d c d . A a a ca a a a , c a ab , a d

ca , b c , a c a . B c c c ad , ca a a ab da a .

Fig e 6.9 Da a E W d S a C c

L a a a a a . A a a a d a d c a a

c a c c d d a . W d da a a ab c Sc 1

(school 1), c Sc 2 (school 2), a d c Sc 3 (school 3) S a C c da a d ( F 6.10).

O c da a a b d da a d , ca b d c a d a a a . Y ca a b a

a a a . F , a , I a d d c a a da a d a a d

a da d d a ac c d d a ab . B c c

404

S a ⟶ S a S a ⟶ C

( F 6.11) a d d c d a b , I b a F 6.12. N c a I a a d a da d d a (abb a d S d. d . ab ) ac c b a

add a d c a c .

Fig e 6.10 Sa Da a F C a d S a C c

I ca a b a a a d d b c ac c b c c ( F 6.13):

G a ⟶ H a

Fig e 6.11 S a C c P c d R D c A a

405

A c a d da a d S a C c b d c a a . M

b a S a C c , A , Ed , Da a, S a , G a , a d H a a d d a .

T a d c ad a a d a da a.

A d d S a b :

Ca c a , S a S a , Tab , Z S a , T S a , P S a , Va a c S a , R , ANOVA, N a a c , G d - - , C C a , a d R a .

A d d S a S a c c : C , R , C a ,

C a a c , a d G d B d Da a.

Fig e 6.12 D c A a R Ob a d S a C c

A d , a a school 1 ( F 6.14). B c c N b (>), I ca

406

a school 2 a d school 3.

Fig e 6.13 S a C c P c d Ob a a H a

A c a d da a d S a C c . M b a S a C c , A , Ed , Da a, S a ,

G a , a d H a - ad .

T a d c ad a a d a da a.

A d d G a b : Ba P , P C a , C a , H a , S a d L a ,

B , D , M a P , Sca P , B bb P , M P , QQ P , I d T P , Pa P , Pa a C d a , S a P , 3D R a P , W d Wa , a d Ma .

Fig e 6.14 R H a Ob a d S a C c

407

T ca a c a 0 3, c 0.5, a a a c 1

c a 10 27.5, c 2.5.

Da a c d c a d c 1 c a a a a d a d b :

12.5: 1; 15: 0; 17.5: 1; 20: 1; 22.5: 3; 25: 2; 27.5: 2.

F a , a I d, I ca a a a a . S I a d c a c d

a ca d a . T d , I c c c ( F 6.15):

S a ⟶ ANOVA ⟶ O Wa

408

Fig e 6.15 S a C c P c d R A a Va a c

A c a d da a d S a C c . M b a S a C c , A , Ed , Da a, S a ,

G a , a d H a - ad .

T a d c ad a a d a da a.

A d d S a b b- : Ca c a , S a S a , Tab , Z S a , T S a ,

P S a , Va a c S a , R , ANOVA, N a a c , G d - - , C C a , a d R a .

A d d ANOVA b- c c : O Wa , T Wa , a d R a d

M a .

H d d SHIFT c b a d, I c c ac a ab d a a b , ca d

- a d d ( F 6.16). I c c C ! b .

A d , c a F 6.17. D b d b c a d ab . R b , a d , a c a b a d

409

p- a ab d 0.05 d ab a a ca ca c . O p- a a 0.0456, c

a 0.05, d ca a c a ca d a .

Fig e 6.16 Va ab S c P c d C d c A a Va a c S a C c

T O Wa ANOVA ba a a d a d :

C a : c c -b b a S c d c a d Va a c . S c d c c c -b c d c a b , b c 1, c 2, a d c 3 . B a d d a

b c d. U d Va a c c c -b a d -d ba , b- ad R a d Fac . T d -d ad S c c . W : c b a -- a -- d a d a c c b ad B d d . O : c c -b b a C T HSD a d T a a c . N c c -b

c d. F d a d L : d a d d C

410

T HSD c c -b a c c a 0.95 d . U d T a a c c c -b a d - d ba ad L .

T c c b ab d Q a , Ca c , a d C a d d b d a d .

Fig e 6.17 A a Va a c R Ob a d S a C c

A c c a a a a c , b a d S a C c .

T O ba d d a da a d b ad :

A a Va a c R : Da a d a a c . C a c : I a ab c c -

a , a , a da d d a , a d a da d da a a . ANOVA ab : I a c , S c , DF, SS, MS, F-S a , a d P- a da a b . T da a d DF, SS, a d MS a a . T a a da a a d da a a a

d DF a d SS.

411

A S a C c a c a c c a a a ab a ca a ac a , c a d c

b c a d ac a a ab ( c a d I acc , c a b c b d

a ). F , ca acc , a , a a a a d ac - d, c a -ba d ac a c c . Y ca d a S a C c a a

:// . a c c .c /5.0/ a . ? a _ d=68. G a !

412

A No e Abo Mi ed-Me hod Da a Anal i I a ac a c d c d a

d- d a c d , da a a a a d c a a a d c d

c a . Ra , a a d- d da a d d a c b b a a a d

a a a ac da a a a a d c da a c c a c d b a c a d-

d d . F a , a a a d- d d a a da a a c c d

, d b a a da a a a da a a c . O c a a da a a

b c c d, da a a a a d ( a a c , a d c d a c a ). T a a

da a a c c d a d a a d (a a , a a c ). T a d c a a a a d c ab a a a a a . T c da da a a a ( . ., a a a a ) d

a d a a a ( . ., a a a a ).

I c d b d- d d , a a a da a c c a d a a cc , d a a a d a a c c a d a a b d. I a

a d- d d , a a da a a c c d a d a a d d d a a a c

. O c da a a a a d a d b a d a , a b d

d , d d c c ca da a ( ca a c a a a c a ), c a a a d a a . T a

a ( . ., a a ) da a a a d c d b c da ( . ., a a ) a a , c a a

413

a d d da a c c d d c a c a ac a c d .

I d a d a d- d d , a a d d , ca a da a a d a .

B da a a c c d a ab a , a d b a a a d a a a a a c d c d c a

a d a (a d b d a ). T a a

a a d a c a a b a c a d d d ca a .

T a c c b a d.

A Planning fo Da a Anal i empla e appea in Appendi C and can al o be fo nd a an in e ac i e PDF on he S den S d Si e.

414

Repo ing he Re l of Da a Anal i A c a a d c d

a ac a c C a 8, a a a c a c c ca a a

da a a a a a d . T a a a a a

a a c a ac a c d .

415

G ideline fo Repo ing he Re l of Q ali a i e Da a Anal i O a c a c a d a

a c a a d a d d c c c

a a . D d da a a c c d, c a c a

a c . W a a a a da a, a a a a a

c a a c ad a a d c d (J , 2008). Y a a a a c c d

d , a c , a , a d a d c a a d c ca

a d (J , 2008). I a a c a b da a c c d;

ad . I ad, a d c b a d a a a a a .

La , C a 8, I d a a a c a a a c ca a a a a . T c d c

c da a d c a en a i e and defini i e s a emen s, a clear and consis en manner, simple lang age and erminolog , a d a c a , c d d c a d

a a headings c . I add c da , J (2008) a

a d c ca a a a a da a. T

d ca a ac a c c a a d c ad :

1. Make e er effor o be impar ial in o r ri e- p. I a ac - a c a a

b b a a a a d b c ; a a d a . H , a a

ac - a c a a c ac

416

a c d a a , acc a , a d b c a b . J (2008) d c a

- - - d d ( . 198). Y a d c b d a d a d c d d d a . I c ca a a d c a - ad a a c . E c c

b a a a b d b a d c a a . A a c a

I a c a a ac d d d d a a a a d

d , a c c c a c a ,

b b a

Ob a ac d ca d a d d a c a a d , a b ca

d d a .

2. Incl de references o o rself here he are arran ed. W a c , c acc ab - c a I, m , a d me d c b a d d c

ac a c d . F a , d b a a :

D d , I c c d da a b b a d 14 d .

S c a d a ac d , a a d a c , c a

a c a . I add , b c c b ad . H ,

d, c . Y a a c c a c ; d a ad a a a d a .

417

3. Take o r readers along on all aspec s of o r s d . A ad d . D

a a d a a d d a d d d . I a a d b :

I d c R R a d L a D c I I a Da a C c a d C d a Da a A a a d I a C c R c a d Ac P a

E d c d ab c c c ad , d c d a a a c

d . T b a ad a c d b ab ca ac a d d

( . ., ac c d ) b ad acc d .

4. Incl de represen a i e samples hen he enhance o r presen a ion. A c a ac a a

d , ba , d- - d c c a , da a c a

ad (J , 2008). Y da a, a a a a da a, a d a , b c c

. I c a ad a b , a ca ac a b d

a c d a . T a a a d c c

c d :

I a , Ca a d a c a a c d . I a a a

a . S a d a c d c c c a b . I ad ( . ., b

ac - ), d a a b a c c . A a

a , Ca d E a , a b d . I ad c

418

a d c a , I a a a . I ad E a , c , c

, c a . S a d a d d, , a c a

, b a a a , ad a a d c .

N c c Ca ac a , ba a ad a c a a I ad

a d a ad a d d .

5. Incl de in eres ing b nonessen ial informa ion in appendices, if appropria e. O , a a

a b ad b a , c d d , d .

R ad b d d d a a . F a , b a d c

a c a a d ad ac a a c c d b a

. T a d c a b c d b d

ac a a c . H , b a ad b d , ca c d

appendices a d . T c a c a a a

d ca a a c c . C , b a a

b d acad c a ; d c b . F a , c , a c d a 88 a

36 a ad b d , a d 52 c d a d c .

419

G ideline fo Repo ing he Re l of Q an i a i e Da a Anal i A a

a a da a a a , a . Y ca a a ca da a a a

a ca , a . S a a a a da a a a , a a

a c a a a a a a . J (2008) a d d a add a d

a a da a a a . T d a a a a a

c a a d d a dab :

1. S gges ions for e pressing q an ifiable da a sing n merals: T a c c d ca da a, acc d P blica ion Man al of he American Ps chological Associa ion (APA Ma a ). N a ( . ., 1, 14, 251) d b d a ab a

ca : A a a a a 10 ( . ., A a 24

c d c d.) S c da , a , ( . ., T d b a S b 10, 2004, a d a d 12 .) R b a c a a d ( . ., T 57 d a c a d

a .) I d ca ad ( . ., M c d a

ad G ad 1 a d 2.) R c a ( . ., T a c d a c 25 a b 35

.) 2. S gges ions for e pressing q an ifiable da a sing ords:

T APA Ma a a d d ca a d ( . ., , ,

d d - ). W d d b d ca da a a :

420

Va a 10 ( . ., F c c da a, b a a d c d c d.)

N b a b c ( . ., F - d a c a d a .); b ca a a d a c c d a ,

b a a d a a c b .

3. N merical da a sho ld be repor ed in descending order (from grea es o leas ): P ca da a a ab

d a a d a ad a d d a d. C d a :

W a d d ca a b c , 65 d d c c , 35 d a a a , 28

d ca d c a d , a d 19 d a . T b a d a dab a a a a a d a ab ca :

W a d d ca a b c , 35 d d a a a , 19 d a , 65 d

c c , a d 28 d ca d c a d . 4. Repor he o al n mber in ol ed before repor ing n mbers in

ca egories: I a c a a , d a b d

d d b d d a ca :

S d a d d ca a b c . O 147 , 65 d d c c , 35

d a a a , 28 d ca d c a d , a d 19 d a .

5. Use ables o organi e larger amo n s of n merical da a: Tab a c a a ca da a a , c d d a . Tab a a

a ac a a . T a d d a ab c a c

, b ab ca a a d . O , a a a a c a

a c c , a , a c ab a d c a d a ba d c

. C d a a a a d acc a ab a a I c d:

421

A c d a d ALI a c d c d d 2004 250 c ac . I a

a a b a ab d b a a , a da d d a , a d ab

c c , a a a ca c a a c ALI ac ( Tab 1). A d

a da d d a c ( . ., - c ) c d 3.00 ( c a ca ), a c c a d

(M = 24.50, SD = 4.92) a d c d (M = 22.98, SD = 4.05). N ca d c a d b a ALI c

, (247) = 2.558, p > .01, - a d.

N c c ac ; d d ca a . A , a a ab c d b

d a a a a d a d a a c a d c d a a d . N c a ab .

T ab c d a ca a , ( Tab 1). T d Table ca a d c a . T

ab a a a d d c ab ac a ab . T d b b b a d c c ab .

Table 1

6. Fig res can also be sed o organi e and presen n merical da a, largel i ho n mbers. F ca a b

d a a d a ca da a a a . Va a a ca b d a

d a c a . F a ab d a a a ab . T d Fig re a a

ca a d b a a c d, a d b a a b ac a . T a a

422

a a b . B a a a a a a c a a

a ab :

E a a a a a a d a a a a a

ab , rKR20 = 0.74. Ac 35 a a ALI, d c a a d a 0.212 a 0.992;

a d c a a 0.681. T d b d c a d F 1.

Fig e 1 D b ALI I D c Va

T ca a a a c a 0 6 c 1 a d a a

d c a d a .03 .98 c .05.

Da a c d b a a a a a a d a d b :

.03: 0; .08: 0; .13: 0; .17: 0; .23: 1; .28: 0; .33: 3; .38: 0; .43: 0; .47: 0; .53: 3; .57: 4; .63: 4; .68: 3; .73: 3; .78: 5; .82: 2;

423

.88: 4; .93: 1.

S c a a a ab , ac b d a . I d , ab a b d a

b Tab 1, a d a a b d a b F 1. I a ad b ab a d a a d : ab ab ab

. T c ab a d d b b d a :

Tab 1 Tab 2 F 1 Tab 3 F 2

S a

A a a a da a a d c c , d c a a a b c c d b a

a a d a . T d c a a da a ca acc d

d a c d c , c d da a a d a

a . T c c d a a da a c a

ad da a . O c a a a da a a b c d d, a

a ac ca b d c b d. T a a a a a da a

a da a a a b c d d ca . R c c d c a a

a a b c a d - d d a a b d a d da a.

N c a a ca a d a c a a a d ca a

a a da a. A a a a da a a d d c c , d c a a c . D c a c a a a a ca

c d d , a , a d a a a ca da a.

424

T ca d c a c a (1) a c a d c , (2) a d , a d (3) a a .

T a c a d c , c d c b a ca ab a , a a , d a , a d

d . T a d , c d ca c

ad d a c , a a a d a da d d a .

A c a c c d a d a a b a ab .

Da a ca a b d c b d a c d b ab a d c a a

a , ba a , a d c a . I a a c a d d a

a ca a a , ba d da a c c d a a a a a .

T c a a ca a d d - a , a d- a , a a a a c , a d c - a .

A d d - a a a d a c a d a c d d

a ab . A a d- a a a d

a ( c a a a d a ) a .

A a a a c ( ANOVA) a a d a a b c a d

a c d d a ab . C - a a a d da a a c c ca . I a a c a c d

a ca ca c , c d ca a d c b b c a d, a d d c d c a c . S a ca ca c d d b c a

b a d p- a ab d - , a 0.05 d ca a a c d . W p- a a - , a a d b a ca ca .

T a c a a a a ab a a a ca da a.

W q ali a i e da a a a , a a (a) b a b c a b , (b) c d c a b a a d, (c)

d c b a a c d , (d) c d

425

a a da a a c a , a d ( ) c d

b a a a d c a d .

W q an i a i e da a a a , a a (a) a c ca da a a b d , (b) a c

da a d c d d , (c) a b a c a d d b b

ca , a d (d) ab a d a a d a c a ca .

426

Q e ion and Ac i i ie 1. W a a a a a a a da a?

S a c d a a da a. 2. C a a d c a d c a d a a c , c

a a a d c c ab d a ac a ca a a .

3. A a a a da a ac c . I d a a a , a d ca a

c . C d c b b a , a d b . I add , c d c

b a c. F a , d a a da a a d a d c b c d

a ca ; a b d a a ac ca .

4. C d c a c a a 20 , a d ca a c . O c a c c d da a,

a a b a a a d a a c . F , d c a a d a d b

ac . R a a a . S c d, a a da a a a b c b

ac c d d. R a : a a , a ab , a d a a a a

427

Ke Te m a a 187 a a a a c ( ANOVA) 187 ba a 185 c - a 189 c d c 174 c - c d 189

c d b ab 183 a 183

d d - a 187 d c a a 173

a 180 a c a d c 180 a d 182 d a 181 d 182

- c d 189 c a 185

ac ca ca c 187 p- a 187 a 182

a d- a 187 a 185 a da d d a 182

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc d d a c a , ac c , F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.

428

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch

429

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2 Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a

Ti le I P og am

430

Anal ing Da a R ca a ac a c d a

d ad c a T I c .

A c c a c Ma , Ka a d a a a a da a ac a c d . S b c d d c a a d- a , c -

- d a d a d c . T a ca a a a a ab a :

431

Repea ed-Mea e S a i ic

432

Pai ed Sample Te

F d c - a c ab , Ka c d a , ac 25 d , a c Ma (39.04) a c a a S b a c (35.76). T , c d c c d a

d ad d, b a a b a a b a ca ca ?

S c d d a a d- a a a , a b a d p- a a a 0.032, c a a 0.05. T , c d a

a c b c c d a ad b ca d ad c

c c a a d a a .

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434

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3 Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

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d d a d c a d .

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a d a a , c d b d

436

b b c a d . F a , Ja , a d ad a c c a , d ad d d c ( W a a d a ? ):

The are impor an beca se i ho hem, organisms can gro bigger ( o kno , more skin, more bones, more m scles, e c.).

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Yo are onl par iall correc . Mi osis is he process responsible for cells reprod cing and making more skin, bones, and m scles. Cells reprod ce and make e ac d plica es of hemsel es. Meiosis, on he o her hand, has a er differen p rpose. I s p rpose, and h i s impor an , is ha one diploid cell ( i h 46 chromosomes, in he case of h mans) di ides ice o make fo r haploid cells (each i h onl 23 chromosomes). These cells are called game es and are necessar for se al reprod c ion. T o haploid cells come oge her o form one diploid cell (i.e., 23 + 23 = 46).

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a d b c ca b a ac a d b ac a a a c a d

437

438

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a d , d b a c , d c , a d a a c c a

c d ca ba d da a. Da a a a a d d b ac d d a a c d d (B da & B , 1992; T c , 1990).

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a c d d c a d ca , d ca c , a d H ad S a , a a c d c a a

439

c d d c a d ca a d a c ad a ca c d c . A , a c a a

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da a c c , d b a c d c c , d c , a a d c , a d

c a da a a a d ca . T a c a d a c a d d da a.

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d c a d dbac acc ac a d c a da a a d . T c a c d acc ac da a c c d

a d ad add a c a d a a d ac . I add , a c a d a d d d

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c a d d ab .

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. T a c ca d d a ( a a a c a a ); , d d

a c a d d a d . F da a c c d , a d , D a (1978) c d

d a a a d - d . R d a a d c c d ca b a d

d a c da aba . A a c c d acc ac . A a 916 a

a c c a I a. A a 693 d a a a 75.6%. O , 655 (71.5%)

ab a d c d d. M a a d a da d d a ca c a d 37 c d a d

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441

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442

443

Pa Fo I e Go Re l ! No Wha ?

Chap e 7. Ne S ep and F e C cle : De eloping an Ac ion Plan Chap e 8. W i ing an Ac ion Re ea ch Repo Chap e 9. Sha ing and Reflec ing

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c .

444

445

Chap e Se en Ne S ep and F e C cle De eloping an Ac ion Plan

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446

De eloping Ac ion Plan Le el of Ac ion Plan

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450

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d ca c c d? W a b d c c d d ca a a

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a d?

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451

De eloping Ac ion Plan Ac a c b a ac

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a a (C , 2005). T d d a a d ac a c c (J ,

2008). Ac a a c b a d c ab a a d ca a

ac c ; a a c a a a ac add b ; a a a a a a d

d c, c a ac , ad a , b a d d ca , c d c ; a

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a a a c a c c a b a a a (C , 2005).

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ac - a c a a , ca , ac c c a

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452

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a ac ion ac ion a c . I ca , d a ac a a a b d d . T a a ca ac -

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a c d :

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c . 4. A a , a a , a c a d d

d d ca .

453

5. A a , a a , a c a d d b c . ( . 136 137)

D a ac a c c , ac - a c ba ca a :

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d , a a d c d a, a a c d , da a c c , a d da a a a .

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454

Fig e 7.1

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a c , c d c ac a c , a d d ac a ( c c a ac a c ) a

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455

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a d a ac a c c . F a , a c d a a a a d c d c b a a a a b a a ac d d a

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456

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a a d d a a b ac a a a d c c ac a c c .

458

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459

Ac ion Planning: A Time fo Reflec ion A I d a c a , ac a a

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460

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462

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463

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469

470

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c c d a c . T d c c d d (a c d c

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471

T c a a a a ad Id a b c c ac a c .

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489

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a . F d a , a c a . I a d a a a c

507

ac a a a , ad , d a , a d . W b c a a a ac . I add , d a c ab ac a a

c a a ad a d a c a c ab . F d a ac a , a d a

a . 2. Tr o ri e a he same ime e er da . A

ab a , b d da c d . P a a c 30 a . R a d a , a a a a da . F a ,

d c d a b c 30 b , a b a d a c

a d b b . 3. Wri e as if o are alking o a friend. R b a a

c ca d a d d a c a a b . W , a a a a d ab d . T d

ab c, c ca a a c d d a dab , .

4. Begin i h an o line, and organi e o r ho gh s accordingl . W I , I b b d a

. T a I a d b a

. T ac a d c d; , c a a a c c

d d c . 5. Do no orr ini iall abo spelling, grammar, and ho o r

repor reads. W d d a ac a c , d b c c c d ab ad . I b a a a

acad c a c a ad c . D c c d d a a c c a d. A c ,

d b c c d , d a , a d a a . A a , M (2011) ad ac - a c ,

c ( . 181). Y a a a a a a .

508

6. Reali e ha ri ing a firs draf is onl he firs s ep in he ri ing process. W b , a a a a a d a . Y a

d a d a d d a d a a . Eac , a d c a

a d d a ; ac , b c a c , a d b .

7. Las b possibl mos impor an , de elop a realis ic ri ing sched le. I b c a c d , a ac c c a . D a a c a d I

d realis ic c d d d b d

a .

A c d , a d a d d d N b 4, a a a

d ac a c . A a a , I a d d a c d a I d a a c a c

c c a ( F 8.1). N c a c d a a a a d a d a d a I c d d c c

b I c d .

T c a N b 7 a d a c . I a d a

c I ca c c d , cc c b . I add , b a d

b ab c c c a c c a a acc , d

a d a bac , a d c a , b ca a a d

b a ! J b d a a d c .

W U Ac R a c : W Sc d

509

Fig e 8.1

S a

F a a ac a c a b ca c a ca a a c d ,

ca d a ab dbac , d ac ac c , a d ca d a

a acc . Acad c d c a c ,

c a d a d , c a P blica ion Man al of he American Ps chological Associa ion.

S c c acad c a d c , b , c a ,

a a d d a , c c , a d c a a .

510

I a b a a c c a a ad

d b b b a acc a d c b c a d d .

M ad a a c d d b d- ; ,

a a - c a a ac a c d .

U ac c a d a c a a ac a c .

G a a , d c c a a c ; a d

a , d , a d a a ; a d a c da a d a ac a a

ca . I a a b d ca a d

a a d c c c a d ca . A a c d b a c a a d c a b . D ad a a ;

, a a d a a - . A a a d- a a a

c a a a c , ac a c c a c :

Ab ac I d c R R a d L a D c I I a Da a C c a d C d a Da a A a a d I a C c R c a d Ac P a

T a a a c d d .

W a a a a c , ac - a c d ab a , a

a ac da , a c a d, b a a d a acc d ,

ab a d a a a a d a , a d d a a c c d .

511

Q e ion and Ac i i ie 1. S c a b d a c a c a a c

a c . Ba d a d a d d c a ( . ., c ,

c a ), a b c a c a a ( ) d d a d a c a c d b d.

2. L ca a a a a c a d a a a . W a d c ab ?

W c d c a d d a ( ) ? W c d?

3. L ca a a a a c a d a a a . W a d c ab ?

W c d c a d d a ( ) ? W c d?

512

Ke Te m ab ac 234 c acad c- 233

d 231

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc d d a c a , ac c , F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.

513

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch

514

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2 Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a

Ti le I P og am

515

W i ing he Ac ion Re ea ch Repo R ca a ac a c d a

d ad c a T I c .

Ka a c d ab ac a c d . A a a a d c a ,

a d a c a a ac d a a c d b . Ka a a a a

, b ac d a d d a d c a a c a ad d a d. T

b a d d a b b ca , a d a a d a a a ad a , The Reading Teacher a b ca I a a

R ad A c a b a a a d . I c d d ac d The Reading Teacher a c

ac a d a c ca b a c d b a c . T ac ,

I a a R ad A c a a ( :// . ad . ) a d a a d W T R ad T ac ( :// b a . .c / a /10.1002/(ISSN)1936- 2714/ a /F A . ) d a

c ca d d a b a c b ca . T , d a ab a a c b d The

Reading Teacher, d d b , a d a c d c c a . S c ca , d

a a :

A hors are generall no ified of a decision i hin hree mon hs of receip of s bmission. Ar icles are j dged primaril for heir con rib ion o he field, sef lness o eachers or researchers, imeliness, freshness of approach, and clari and cohesi eness of presen a ion.

Ka a c d ab c a ac a c b d, a a a a a a

a a . S d d b a d a c , c c ca d a d c c ad

d d a a .

516

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3 Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i

517

W i ing he Ac ion Re ea ch Repo R ca a ac a c d a

d d a d c a d .

U c a c c ac a c d , Sa a a d T d c d d a - a b d

. T d Sa a a c c ab d a d a , a d d b

c c a c d , a d a c a a d d a d a d . Sa a

c d d a c ad d, ad c a d c a , a d ad

a d d a c a c . Sa a a d T d c d d a d a a ba c a d d c a c a c c a a ac

d c c a d a d a d .

T a a a a a c c d ca a ca . T a d ad c ab a

b ca . T c d d a : The Science Teacher ( :// . a. / c /) a d American Biolog Teacher ( :// . ab . / b / / d . ? =26). T

a d b b d c d d a d d a a c b The Science Teacher, b ca c ac

c c a c .

Ac R a c C c 8

518

W i ing an Ac ion Re ea ch Repo D a a a ac a c d .

Id d d a d c ( . ., d ca , ad a , c b a d b , c.). Id a b ( . ., a ,

). D a a ad a d

b ad . E ab a a ; ca c ac da .

O c d , d a c d d c d ac

a a c ac a c . R b a a c a a ,

a a a a d c a . A , c c

a . F d a a d ad

ca dbac . R , a a a . S b a c b ca !

519

520

Chap e Nine Sha ing and Reflec ing

C a 9 O a

A b c d a a d c ac a c a a d c .

S a a d R c a d C ca ac a c a c c d a - a a .

C ca ac a c b a c a d b . T d c d b .

S a a d R c C ca ac a c

L ca a Ac a c c P a c c Acad c a E c c d a

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a S d R c S c a S c

Comm nica ing he Re l of Ac ion Re ea ch L ca Ac R a c C

521

P a C c D c -L Ac R a c C c Acad c J a S a R E c ca A W d Ab E c W S a R Ac R a c

Reflec ing on he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce S mma

➤ Q e ion and Ac i i ie ➤ Ke Te m ➤ S den S d Si e

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad C a T I P a ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a U d a d M a d M ➤ W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch ➤ Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli

522

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1 Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den

Recei ing Special Se ice

523

Sha ing he Re l of Ac ion Re ea ch R ca a ac a c d a

a a d a - ad d c d c a c c a c a a d

a .

T d a d ca b ca a a , c d . A a a

c a ac b b d a d ac d c ca a a a d ca d

a a ad d , ad d , a d a ad d c d. T a ac d d c a a d

c a d c a d ca c a d a d b a d a d a d a c ac

. T ad a a d, add a c d a a . F , a d a d

d ab a d ca a a a c c b a d . A b a

a d a d a c a d a a a d a d c , b

c d ab c .

524

Q e ion o Think Abo : W a d d ca ab

a a d a d c ? W d b a c d a c d d a

a d c b ? A a a c c a c d

c ac a ?

I C a 1, d c d a a d d ca b a c ( ca d b

a d a a c ) a d d ac c c a ac . I a d c a

b a c / a d ac a ac c , a ac - a c a ac

a c c . A d a ac - a c a a c , a ca

a a c c a d acad c a . I add , a c c a c ca ac a c . A b C a 8 a d 9 add a d b

d a ac a c d , a a c c a

b c a , a d d c a a a ac a c . I c a , C a 8 a c ca , c - ac a c d . A a a a a d a a c

c a , I c a a a a c a c a a c .

525

Comm nica ing he Re l of Ac ion Re ea ch F , a a a d b a c c d c d b ad d d ca a d a a d

d a a c ( . ., ac d ca a ac ). I C a 1, a a d c b d a

: Ed ca a a c d cc d ca , a ac ca a ca ( . .,

d ca c d ) a ac c a d c a . W a b c c c a d c

a c d a d c a ac c a d d a (J , 2008).

R a c a d b d a a a d c d a ac ca da - -da c d . T

a c a c a d c a d c ca a d a c d a d da d a d c a a ab ac ( . .,

526

a d , c a d c a d a , ab - a d d a da a c c d ). T a c d d a c a

a acc ac ac ac ca c a ac add c a

a da ba . T a b a d d b : I a a a , ac - a c

ac d a d c d c ac a c d b c b

a c a d ac c d ca .

H , c d c a ac a c c a a ca ac a d c a . S a

a a a ac a b d d d b a c a d a ca . C ca d c d b c c d c ac a c b ca ac a d

d ca d c a a ac a c . S dd , a c a d

c a ; a , a a , b c . R a c a a d ac a a a

c a c . I a b c a a d c c a ad an ages a c ( . ., a c d , da a

c c d , a d , a d ab ) a d ad an ages ac c ( . ., d ab c a

c , a a a a ac da - -da c d , c a a ab , a d c a ) ca b

a d c c a . P a a , ac a , c ca , d a

ac a c a d ca a .

N d a ac - d ac a c c b ac a

a b / a c a d ac c ; a d ac - a c a add a

c d a , a a a c c (M , 2011). I add , a

b d, a d , a c ad d c d d a a a a a d ac

527

d , a d a ac , ad a , c , a d d a

a a d d a b d d . T ac a a d, ac , c b a d ac

a c ca b a a a d a d a c (M , 2011). T a d c ac -

a c da d a b a c , a a d . A a b , a c c . H , I d c a a ac a c c . R a d

ac a b c ca , b a ab , a

c a c a .

Video Clip 9.1 V a c D . M d c a c a a d c a c .

A , b a a d d a ac a c , c a a ac

c a . I a d c ac a d a d d

d a . S c a d c a a . Ed ca

ca b c a !

528

Locall T a a b a d c ca a

a c , b bab b d a c a (J , 2008). M a a ,

a d a d c a ac , c , a d c a . T d c

a a ac a a c a d ac (J , 2008). D b c

c c d ab a -b a ; a b c a . T a a a

a a . T a a a a ac - c , a b a a a a c d d ac

, a a d c a ac a c . R a d a c

a c , J (2008) ad a c a d d a b a d c d a d c d d a a ac d

c a .

I d a a a d a a . M s den s a d

a ad a c ac d b a d a ; c a bab a a c a

a a c a a a a d a . T a a d c d ad

a a c a b d d c , a a d a a d , a a c - a c d a c a a

P P K . T a a c a a d c d :

1. Backgro nd informa ion. B a a c d c d,

ad. S a c , c a a d d da c d .

2. P rpose of o r s d . S a a d c c d a d d. W a a c d

529

c? W a d a a d ? T a a c a

c a a . 3. Me hodolog emplo ed. B d c b d

d, c da a c c d a d c c d .

4. Res l s. T a c a , a N b 5 a d 6, d b a a a

a b a d a . Y , a c c a d ac a , a

a c a c a c a b d a ab . T a d c a

d c d b cc c d c b d . T a b a c a , c a ab , a , c a , a a .

5. Concl sions. S a c a a mean. H d a bac a

d ? W a d ca ( . ., ac c ) ca d a c c ?

6. Ac ion plan. Ba d a d c c , d c b a a d a d, b

ac c a d c c ac a c . Y a a add a c a a d

ac a . 7. Q es ions and ans ers. F a , a a b a a

a a a d a . T a a d c a d c .

Video Clip 9.2 & 9.3 V c ac - a c d c a c a a d c ac

a c .

A b a d c a a a d c c d c ad a . T c d b

c b a d, d , a a d , d c c c a d c , d c

c a d ca c , a d , a a b d - ad a ( . ., c a , a a c a , d a

d , c.). O , d c - d c a d ac

530

a d a a ad a c d a a c a a . J (2008) b a ca bad

d ca a ac c a d ca a mal ac c . T ac a c ca b a c a ab

c d c a d ca a d c a a ba d ac a da a c c d, a d b ba d

c a d a d c .

531

Ac ion Re ea ch Comm ni ie A a a ac a c a d c ca

a c c c a ac a c c . A ac ion e ea ch comm ni ca b d d a a a

a c ad d ca a a d b a c a ac c c ac a a a

c a c a ac c a c d ca a c (M , 2016, 2018). G a a ,

p ofe ional lea ning comm ni ie (PLC ) a c d d ca c d c ab a

c c c a d ac a c ac b d (D F , D F , & Ea , 2008). T a ba d a d

d a c , b- b dd d a d ca . T a a Ja , M c , a d

B c a (2008) a c ac c , C P ( . 202).

T professional learning comm ni a b d d a d ac a c b a ac c a a d ca a c . I a b

d d c b ad - a , c c , a c a a d a , a c b d , a c d c (Bacc , 2010). I , a c a , d d a a c a a

. D F , D F , a d Ea (2008) d c b c a ac c PLC . A a , a , a PLC d

c a

a a d , , a , a d a a c d d a ;

a c ab a c ; a c c b ac c a d c a ; a ac a , a b d ; a c c ; a d a a c d a d .

532

N a a , a ac a a d a a ac

a c c a c ab a a d ca . A c a ac c PLC a

b a a d a a a c b c d b a a a c d c da - -

da b (D F a ., 2008). PLC a b c a ab a ac a a d a c

a d (Bacc , 2010).

Ac a c c ca b ab d a d d a c b d c d c b ca a b a c

c d b d a d c ( ca a a a a c a a). T ca b

a a d a a , a ac a c b a d c a a d ac d ab a

a ac a c c (M , 2018). I add , ca a a a c c d

ac a c ac . T a a c ca d ca

a . T ca b a a d a a a d c c a ac

ac c . C ca b a a c a ca b a . I

ca a , cc a a d d ba . T d a a a d a

b a a d- a d ca . H ca , d c - ad a a ad d c ab a he b ac d c a d . F , d c ca

a d a - - -a d , a a a ac a b d , a , a d a d

c a d c d c , a d a , a d (M , 2013, 2016). I , ac c a b b c . Add a ,

a d a a ac c d a d d a ac d d

a (M , 2010a).

533

I c a , a d a d d a c d d a d c ca b a

d d a d ca . I d , d ca d d a c c c a ac c

a d d a a c he b d add a a , d a c d a a (M , 2013, 2016). P a a ,

d a c a , ac a c b c ac c , d a a a

d , a d a a c d d a a c a a a a d . T ,

c d a d .

D PLC a a a ac a c ca a c . T c d ac a a

c ab a a ac a ca d ca a ac c a d a c c ac c ca b c d b d ca a a . Ed ca

d a d ab a - d d c ab ac c . F , PLC/ac a c

a ac d d ca c c a d a d a c ac c b c a a a c a a

d d (M , 2009). A c c ac c a a a a ab a

ac c a a d a ac c ab d ca c a d

(M , 2013, 2016). T b a d ca a a d c c a

a c ca a d a a a .

A b a d, a d PLC/ac a c a ac a . F a d , a

d- a . T c a c a a ac c a da d -d , ad a -d ad d (M , 2009, 2018). I a

a a , c c a a c a c , d d ca a c - d d c

534

ac c . Ma d ca c a ac d c d a c a a d a

d c a . Add a , d c a d- , a d c b ad a a ab .

H a d c a d c d c ac a c c , I c a , a a a a a a

d a a d ca .

535

P ofe ional Confe ence L ca a a c a acc ab

a c a d a ca b c a ac - a c ca . H , a a c

a a c b ad c d ca ca d a a d a , c , a d

b a . P a c c a d c ca a c , a

d a c c ac a c , a d d ca a a a c .

P a c c a a d a a a d a d b a a , a , a a a a . Y ca

c a a a a ca a a 4 10 ad a c c c . T ca d

d c b d c d a , c b a - - a a d .

O c a b d a , a a d a d ca a b d , a a . T

a ba d a ab d c a a d c d c c c a . I

acc d, c c a c ad a c c c , ad a a a c a d a . T a a c

c d a a a d d c a a a ad a a

c c . D d a a d a c c , a a 15 75

d .

I a a a a c c a a , a a c I ad b

a a a , c ca c d a ab c c . I a a b

a c d a a c c , a ca d a a d d a !

536

T a a c a a c c a d ca ca b a b a d

a , c a - . I a a ca c a a .

T a ca a c c a :

Pa a S a a a P a

A a , a a a a a a c ac a c (a a d c d C a 8) a d d a a

a a ( . ., P P , K , P ). M a a a a 10 a 30 40

, d d c c c d. S c c a c a a a , ca d P c aK c a 20 20 ( :// . c a c a. ). P c aK c a ( c a c c a Ja a ) a

a a 20 a , ac 20 c d , a a a 6 40 c d . T a ad a c a a ca a a a a . T a c b b a d c c

c (6 40 c d a , 20 c d d !), a c a d

( . ., 20 d ) a . I c a ca ab a , d a d d c

a . A , a c d b a a a a d c d b .

A a a ca c a ac d b a d d a ( a )

a c b d d c a c. T ca a a 60 120 ,

d d a c d a a c c . A d d a d a

a , a a a a a a d a c a d. A a , b

b c a a d d a d c ac a . F a , I c a c a d a a a a a

537

c c acad c a a . T d d a a , d c ac

c : (1) a a c a a , (2) a a c acad c , (3) a a c /

acad c , (4) c a a b/ca c , a d (5) a a d a a .

A a a a c b a a c c c a a .

P a ca d a a a a ab , ac a a a d b a d. O b a d, a c a b a a a a c d ( a c c a a ).

A a a a c d d a a a c c F 9.1. C c a d

a d , ad a d ac a -a d-a a a c . T

a a d b a b ca a a a d c a a .

Fig e 9.1 Sa P P d a a R a c C c

A a d d a a a c c c .

538

T a c a b d b b :

H ad ad Bac d b d F b d ab ad H ad ad T N d b d H ad ad P S d b d

T c d a dd c a b d b b :

A T W A : D a I M a T ac A L ac ,

b R a c a a , a ca , a d

d a a d d c d b A a a c d a a c d

a ca a d d c d b H ad ad T A L ac I ALI

b d a d d d b F b d ab ad a d d

d b B d d ad b

T d a c a b d b b :

H ad ad R b d I a a a a I a a a a H ad ad I ca b d

539

Di ic -Le el Ac ion Re ea ch Confe ence S a a a c c b a a

da a d a b a d c - ac a c c c . I d c c - d c d ac a c a a a a

a c ( a d ca b a c d c ac a c c ),

d a d ca a d a d c a a a c a

a a , c , a d ac a a a a d a . T c c d b da b ca a

c a c d c . F , d b a b ca ac a

ac a c c ( . ., d ca a a , , c c a) b a d a a ac d c a c c a d a d . T

a , , d b a , a a c c a c a ca a a a d a ac a c b d a d. S a d c a a

a d c d ca U d S a c d c c c c .

540

Academic Jo nal S c acad c a a a ac a a d c a a c c ca , a a c d b d a a a c a d

a c c d d a c b ad c a -ba d ac a c . S a a

b d c c , academic jo nal a a efe eed, a a a d b d c a b d, b

a d c a d a a a c d a d . T ca , c d d b a b

a d c c . G d d c a dbac ab d d d . T a

d a a c . T a c a a c da b

a . T a a c da :

1. Accep as is. I a c c da , a c a . T a ad b b d

c . T c da d b a .

2. Accep i h re isions (a d a condi ionall accep ). T a c ca c da -

a d a -c d c d d . A a acc d b ca a acad c a

. 3. Rejec . I d ad b a a d ca a ,

a c a a c a , a b ca d d a a c

c c acad c ( C a 8), a c c da . I cc ,

b c d c a d a a ! C d a dbac d d b , a , a d b a a . S a a c c d, d a

a ( ) a d b a . T a cc a d a c

b c a b a a ad .

541

A a a c , F 9.2 I a c d d a c a a I c d a a d

c da a c d a acc a c . Y c a , a I ad a

a c , I a d ac d a a . A c ca b a b da a a d

ca c a a a ca ! c dbac a d c c c

ac a c d a d a a c acc d b a (J , 2008).

Fig e 9.2 Sa L F a J a Ed ; Ma c C d a Acc d P b ca

542

543

So rce: American Secondar Ed ca ion a . R d A a d U .

M (2011) d d d c d b d a a , a c

ad ab C a 8. F , a a a ( ) a a c d b ( ). R a

a a c a ad a a b acc d b ca . Pa c a a

a c a d a a c . D a a cop a c a a a d ; a , a d a a a

b . S c d, d a a c a , ad - d . Ac a c d b

a a d a a a d cab a . D ad a a ab c d , c a c a . L da a a d

a da a a . Y d a a adab a d d a dab

b a d ab ab c b a b a . T d, M a d a a

a d ad a c d cc d. P d a d c , a c a ,

d , a d c a . F , d a c d a b d c a ac a d d c d . F c a a a c d , da a c c , da a a a , a d a a . A , d a d a da a c c c d a , c a a d , ab , a d c a d

a c a . F a , c ca a a ad a . G a d, acad c a a c

c a -ba d ac a c bab a a b - , b a d a a ca b

a d a d ad. A d c a d acad c b ab a d a , b d a

a a .

T a a a a c a d a c c a -ba d, ac -c d c d a c . T

544

a c d :

Ac ion Learning: Research and Prac ice Ac ion Research Ac ion Research In erna ional Canadian Jo rnal of Ac ion Research Ed ca ion Research for Social Change Ed ca ional Ac ion Research ie: Inq ir in Ed ca ion Impro ing Schools In erna ional Jo rnal of Ac ion Research Jo rnal of Ac ion Research Ne orks: An Online Jo rnal for Teacher Research Reflec i e Prac ice S s emic Prac ice and Ac ion Research Teaching & Learning: The Jo rnal of Na ral Inq ir & Reflec i e Prac ice The Jo rnal of Scholarship of Teaching and Learning The Jo rnal of Teacher Ac ion Research The On ario Ac ion Researcher Wisdom of Prac ice: An Online Jo rnal of Ac ion Research

A , a d a , d b d d a ac a c d .

545

Sha ing Re l Elec onicall M a d a b c a d ac

a a c c ca , c a a . T a a c c

d a c ca b a d d a c a d. B I d c , , a d ca . T I ca b a d ac d a a d a a

a a acc . H , a b ca ab a a d a c

a ad . T a c c c a b d ( a a , a a ),

b a , a , a d a . J b ca a a d d

necessaril a a b a a a . F a , a a b a c ca c a ad

O c a c a a c a d d a a ac ca b d d a d a c a ac a d a a d dbac a ad

acc b a c b . O c ca a ca : ac a c b ,

c c a , a d elec onic jo nal (M , 2011). W b a ac .

N ac a c b a a a ab I . T a d a d d a b a d

d d a A a a, Ca ada, U d K d , a d U d S a . M a a a , c d

c c a , c c d c b a d , a a c c ac a c c , a d ac

a c . A a c d :

Ac R a c R c ( .a a .c .a / c / d . ) Ed ca a I : A T ac /Ac R a c S ( . .c /a / d . )

546

E T c Ac R a c Pa ( . c . /ac a c . ) T ac R a c ( . . d / a c / )

Ma c d c , a , a d d a d ac a c b a . T c c

a ac a ac a c d c ; , b ca ca b acc d b

a d, a c d d a .

A a c c a a a ac a c , d c : Mad

M a Sc D c ( W c ). T d c ac a c b

( :// d b. ad . 12. . / d/ca /ca a . ) c d a a a d

c d c c a -ba d ac a c . O a c a ( :// d b. ad . 12. . / d/ca / a c .c )

a a a c ab d ab ac ac a c d c d c d b ac a Mad M a c

1990 2009. S a ab ac a c d c a c a b ac

. T a ab d ac - c d c d ac a c c , a a a a ab

c ac a d . I d c d c a c a a ca (a d b ad ) a ac a c , c a d c - ad a a b

b a ac d c . A a a c a a a ac a c b H a d Pa H Sc ( :// .d 113. )

H a d Pa , I . T c Ac R a c Lab a a

( :// .d 113. /Acad c /Pa /Ac R a c .a ) c a a 25 c ac a c a d

a b H a d Pa ac a d ad a .

547

A elec onic mailing li a d c c d c d a - a , ca ca d a a c

a d d b a (M , 2011). E c c a d a c a d c a d

a c a d ( . ., ac a c ) d d a a d. I a a d a a c d d d a . I b c b

a c c a , d b a a a c a - a a da

d c c , a d c ad . T a ca add c d c c - a a a ba . A ca b a d d ca a bac a d ad a a c c a , d

a d a ; c c a d b c ab a a d c a . I

a b ab b a c c a a a ad c c . I

add , I a b ab ab a a a a d d a a

a b d a . T a d d a I d a c c ac ad b

c c a .

F a , I a ab d b a . O , a d - , d ac -

a c c c a a b c a a ab . S a a d a c a a

a , c d Ac ion Research In erna ional, Ed ca ional Ac ion Research, Ne orks: An Online Jo rnal for Teacher Research, a d The On ario Ac ion Researcher. T

a a b c a a , c a c a ca b d a - a a a ac .

F , a d b ( ) b ca b ca c d d

b a a a . A b a ca b c d b ac -

a c a a cons mer ac a c : a acc ac a c a c c a . S c a a a ab - a , d a a a ca

b a a d a a c a c , a a

548

c a a a d a . T a c a a a a ab HTML PDF a a d ca a

b d ad d d . T ac a a a ac a c a a a a d a

a d ca c ac a c a d a c a a d a a d a c a

ac b ad d d ca .

549

A Wo d Abo E hic When Sha ing he Re l of Ac ion Re ea ch I a b a a c ca b a a d ac c ac a c , a a d c d C a 8. R ca a , a a a c , ca b c d

ab ca a a da a a d c c d a a d a a c a ( b c d ad ). W ac

a c d , b d c d d a a a a d ab . I add , a d

a a c a ( . ., c c c , d c , d ca a ). I a a , c d d ac ac a a . T

a . H , I d ad a , a a ca b a ,

a d c a a a a , ac , d . T d c a b

a d c a a a ac a a , a d add c d b a a ac a c .

550

Reflec ing on he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce A c a a d , a

c a c ac a c c a d d b a d ac

a a . T ac a , d a , a d c ca ac a c d a c c . R a

a a d a d acc d c d c d c c a a a a d d a a a c d a a

a d a a a ca c a ac c ac . I a

a a d d a ac a d , d , a d ac

a c d a c ac c .

R c ab a c ca a a ac c b a ab a c ca

a ac ho a d c , ha d a a a c ac c , h c

d a d d, here a a ac ( , c , ca , c.) c a , a d ho a

ac d ac c . Ta a d a

ac c d a d a , a a c a ( ).

E a a ac ( . ., c d c ac a c , d a , c

c ) a d celebra e. P a d ac a is a BIG d a ! Y a

a c a a a a . Y a d

d ca a a c a d a d ca . YOU a a ad d a d YOUR

551

b a d c . Ta , d a , a d c ab a c b a a cc .

M c ad c d ca a ac a c :

Share dissemina e and celebra e!

S a

S a ac a c d c d c d b ac - a c ca d c a a

b a c / a d ac ca a ca d ca a .

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d a d a d . T ac a a d c b a d ac

a c ca b a a d a c a d ca d ca a ad

d ca a . R ca b a d ca , ac ,

d , a d d c ad a . K a ca a b a d c d,

: bac d a , d , d , , c c , a d ac a .

R b a a a a d a d a . Ac a c c ca a

a ac a c , d c a a d ac , a d

ac . R ca a b a d a a c c a d acad c a .

M a c c a d a a d, a a a b d - c

d a a b d a b ca .

W a a , a a d c d, a c a a d ad - d

, a d ad a . I c a a , ac a c d ca b

a d c ca a ac a c b , c c a , a d c c a .

552

T ac c ca ac a c d a c c

a b a ac a c c .

553

Q e ion and Ac i i ie 1. D c b a c b ac

a c b c a a c ac c . 2. D a a a c , d c d c a ,

a d ac a c . T c a b ada a a

c ca . 3. C d c a b a c a d

ac a c d , a a c c a a d ca ( . ., a a c d ca , c a d ca , a c d d

d ca , d a d a d d ca ) a a . D c b a c a d a d .

4. V a d c a . R a d a a d c a a c b d a a c a a .

554

Ke Te m acad c a 262 ac a c c 257

c c a 266 c c a 267

a a c 257 d 262

Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc d d a c a , ac c , F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.

555

Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch

556

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2 Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a

Ti le I P og am

557

Sha ing he Re l of Ac ion Re ea ch R ca a ac a c d a

d ad c a T I c .

Ka a c d ab ac a c d a d ab c . S a a T I

ac d c d a d a d a . S a ac d d c d c T I a

a d d a a d c c . T d c a d d Ka a

d a d T I ac . Ka d d a b a , c d a d ,

a c a . S a d d a b - a a d . N a c c a , a d

b c a a ac a c c ad ac d c . I c d d a ad

a c a d!

558

Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3 Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and

Meio i

559

Sha ing he Re l of Ac ion Re ea ch R ca a ac a c d a

d d a d c a d .

F c a a c , Sa a a d T a d d a c a , Pa , c d a 15 20 a

d a a d c c ac . H a d, a d b a a a

c d b c c ac .

A c c d a , Pa d Sa a a d T a a c a d a

ac a a ac c . Sa a d a d b , a , I d a a ac

b c a a a b d I d d d a d . Pa c d: Y b

, Sa a . H , I b a d a d b d d a

a d a c ab d d ac a ac a a a . T a a c d a a

Sa a a d T d a d a d ac c a b a d d a

ac . A c d a ac b ca ab a ad a d, Sa a d a a c -ba d ac a c c d d b ac c c a a a a c , a d T

d a d .

I a , c a d a c a d ac a c c c . T

c c d b d c a a c d b c a d ac ac b d a

a c a ac d c a b c a d d ac d a .

560

561

T c a a :

R c a a c c b ac b a d ac ac c . I

a a d ac a b ac - d c ca c a . S a

: d c d ca d a d d; d d a , c a ; a a

, a d c ; a d c a d a a

T c a a a a ad I a - a a a d a c a d P a ac , ba d ac a c a d c .

C d c d a c a . I a a d c c a a . T a ad a d d a . I d a c d ab a c c c , a d

b a d a a d b . I b bac a d d . B

c a I I ca d c d a d dd c c c a a c d a b .

T c a a a a ad C ca a a d .

S c ad a b : G a a , 1995.

O a c d a ca c a c a b a

acad c a d c a a d . A a c a a c c b a ac b d b c d a a a d a . T d, a d a

d d a b d d ac a d d d ac . H , acc d

d Ka , 92% d ca d a d a c a d b c d. W b a d,

a b b a a b b d. F a , d a b d a b a a d , a d b P c a

I a b a b a . A a d a d a b c

562

d. P a a d a a d c a b d b a d d a .

T c a a a a ad U d d c d , c a d a c

c c ac a c .

C a a c a d a d a c . I d d ,

I c a d a I ad b . T c c a a a d c a b a ac a c a d ca d da a c . T c c c

c c a d a d , c a d c a a c c c . H , a a c

a c a , a d a d a a d b - a a .

S d a a a I ad d c c c . I ac , d b ca a d

ab c c c a d ac 1995 S a Sc c Fa a d a a B S . I a ca b

d dd c ac a I d d, I d b c a c, b d a a d d a I ac . I c a d d a

c .

T c a a a a ad A a ca ac a c .

S c ad a b : D B , 1995.

Ac R a c C c 9

563

Sha ing and Di emina ing he Re l of Ac ion Re ea ch

D a a a a d c ca ac a c . W a a ca ? W a a a b ad ?

F a ca a , d a d a

a , d a a

a ( . ., P P , K , P ), a d ac c a ad a c , a

a d . F a b ad ( . ., c c ) a ,

c a c c a c d b d ;

a a d , d a d b a ; a d

a d c c c a . O c a a a a b acc d

a (!), d a a

a , d a a

a ( . ., P P , K , P ), a d ac c a ad a c , a

a d . B c d ! G d c !

564

565

Appendi A Sample Ac ion Re ea ch Repo Wha I he Impac of Po i i e Female Role Model and Men o ing Oppo ni ie on he Self-Efficac of Gi l in Science?

Te i J. Wanamake Vi ginia Beach Ci P blic School

566

In od c ion E c a c c a b

a . A - d d a a c , c c , a d c ba , b a d a d . S d a

da c c a b a d a d a d ca a a d ca c c .

C a c a a c c a d a c c a a a

c a (H b & S c , 2005). I a d d : dd c

d c c b a c acc a c b b . T b ca b ac d

a - cac a a d c c .

A a ac a L Pa Ma a d Sc c Acad , I a a 5 ad a d

c d c a d c c . I add , I a a d d a d a d ca

c c . Eac a I a d a c a a d a d - ad dd c . I a b dd , a d b c . I a c c a ,

d K La d , a b a a VB. Sad , a d a

b d 5 ad a a a a d a a d

ad a c d acad c , c a a . W I c a a acad d ad a c d a

a d c c , I a a d d a c ad a c d dd c .

567

Li e a e Re ie

If elf-efficac i lacking, people end o beha e ineffec all , e en ho gh he kno ha o do. (Band a, 1986, p. 425)

R a c d ca a a b a a d a d a a a a d c c c a

a b a a a d c c . R a c a a 4 ad , a d b a c c a d a a , b 8 ad c a a b a a a c c a d ca c a d . B c ,

c a a a a a d c c a c c c ca d a b (Sa R d Sc c , 2006). A d a d c d c d a S a d U Sc Ed ca d a b 3 d ad , a d

a c c a d d b , a d d c a ac ac

a d a ab (H b & S c , 2005).

T ca a a a d a a a a c . T

a - cac a d a a d c c a . S - cac a d d a a b ca ac

cc d a a . G a - cac b ab ab a d a . S c c - cac b

ab ab c c a ( . ., d , b c a , d , c.) (N , 2005).

Ma d c a c . T d a a ac

b ca a a - d a a a c (Sa R d Sc c , 2006, .3). Acc d d

b d U.S. D a Ed ca , Enco raging Girls in Ma h and Science, a a a U.S.

c , b a 26% c c a d

568

c (Ha , A , R , S , S a , & W , 2007). T a a a

a c a c ca c c d b ab

c c , a d d b a acc a c ab d . T a c c

c da a d a d c a : L , M d a , H .

T d ac d a acad c ab a a dab a d ab (L E d c : M d a ). T c d c da d d

c , a a dbac (L E d c : M d a ). A a c a a a d c c

add b ab ab a a d c c , a a c

a c a c c a d ca (L E d c : L ). A a c d

- c c b c ac a a a d c c ca (L E d c : M d a ). A d a , ac d d c c

d a a a a (L E d c : L ) (Ha , a . 2007 . 6 8).

R a c c c c a d d c c a d a a a

add d a . O c c a d a a c c d ca a

a a d b c c (Na a Sc c F da , 2007, . 3).

R a c ab d , - cac d c c . M a a a d a , c a a ac a a .

569

Ac ion Re ea ch Q e ion I a b d Ma a d Sc c Acad a L Pa a a a . O c 7 a I

a ac d a c d a , d c ac , a d 5 ad ac . A a c d a , I d a d a d a d ca d d a a a d c c a a d b a d c d .

F a c a 2003, a d a ac a . I 2004, -

ca a a , b a d a a a c d c a , a a a -b c a . A , I a a

Acad C d a a d G d R c T ac . W d a a a ad a d c a d a a a d a ac . I a a ba d-a d a ac a c a b .

T acad ac , c a , a d I b a a acad a b d b a a

b , b a a ca a a d c a . W d a a c ab a

d ca , - cac , a d d a a a d c c . M b a d c d c a ca a ac dd c a .

I a a a I ad d c 5 ad Ma a d Sc c Acad . I a a a a I b a d , b I a d ac ca

a ca , Ac R a c Q : Wha i he impac of po i i e, female ole model and men o ing oppo ni ie on he elf-efficac of gi l in cience?

570

Me hodolog C d a c a d c c , - cac , a d a , I d c d d a

a 5 ad . G a c a d a a c c a d a a 10- d. W c c ac a ac d d a - a , d c c , a d ac - - ac . T d a d

c a ab ca , c c c , a d a d . S d a d d a a

c c .

T a Ac R a c P c a d a c a b a d ab ca

c c . M a a d c d c d d c ba b d d c c d

cc a a cac .

T c c ad d a d d a c . S c c c d c a c a c a a d c a d d (Pa a & U da , 2006). A Ac

R a c P c c c d d a d , c c d 2008 2009

c a . I b a a d - cac a d a d c c 100% a P a a M dd Y a P a a d/ K La d . I add , I a c a a 100% acc d dd c acad c a d.

T d - cac a a d b a c c - cac ca , , a d a c (

A d c ). T c a d d cc a a d ac c c ab a 70 c b

c c a d - - a a b 10 c ; a a a

100 c a ; a d a c c d a 70 c ac d a c a .

571

I d d c c - cac ca (SSES) a ad A b Ba d a c b Self-Efficac Beliefs of Adolescen s (Pa a & U da , 2006). T a d a a

- a d - a a a - cac d c c c c a . T SSES a ad d

a d c c d c ca ab .

T a d d a a da a a d ac a ad ac d .

I a d a c a - . I a a ac d c ab c c .

Eac a a + - a a a a ( A d B).

J a c c d c a d d c a ac a d . J a d d a a a d c c c - cac a d . Eac a

ad a d c d a + a a c ( A d C).

572

Da a Anal i Da a a c c d 25 30 a c a S a C c C b. T 25 b c a 5 ad L Pa E a . T d c d Ma a d Sc c Acad a a ad a 5

ad c a . T b c d d S a C c C b, b d d

a c a d .

B a a ( - cac a ca a d c c a ) a d a a ( )

c c d. I d a a d da a a a . I d a Ma a d Sc c Acad (MSA) c a d -MSA

. I b ac d ad a c a a d d a MSA. T a d c a

d a da a a d. F , a a a c a S a C c C b

a d a ab a d c MSA. B a , b a - cac

c c MSA. I c d a da a c c d a a a a a

c a d ab a c ac MSA a d a a a a d c .

I a a d ac d ca - cac ad d S b a d a a N b

( F 1).

Fig e 1 Sc c S -E cac P a d P

573

T ca a a a a - a . T a a a ca a a 0 100

c 20, ab Ra a ca 0 100 0 = Ca d a d 100 = H c a ca d , b

a .

I ac a ba , ba P a a d b ba P a .

T da a a a a a d a d a a ac - a a a b , b d a a , a

d a d a :

Id H : P , 82; P , 96 Id Ma a d Va ab : P , 55; P , 84 Id D d Va ab : P , 64; P , 85 Id C a : P , 78; P , 89 R ad Da a: P , 84; P , 95 I Da a: P , 67; P , 88 D Q : P , 75; P , 90 D E : P , 75; P , 95 W Ca E c S a : P , 80; P , 92 C c : P , 85; P , 96

574

A a E : P , 70; P , 82

Eac a a ad. Eac a a c d a a a a ab c c . S a ad

a a , a d c c , d. Eac a a ac d

c c . T ca d d a c ad ( F 2).

T ba a a a c a 26 a ( F 3).

575

Re l A I d d d a , I a c c d da a

d a ca - d. Ma a c a a d ad ca ,

a d d d a a d c d - c a a d a b . T c c

Sc c S -E cac Sca a d c a c d a d .

Fig e 2 F c P J a C

576

T ca a P c P J a C a b -20 a d 100 c 10. T a a

a a 1 5 c 1.

Eac d a dd b d d c a - . T d a c ac d .

Da a c d b a a a a a d a d b :

G 1: 1, 0%; G 3: 2, 0%; G 5: 1, 20%; G 7: 1, 25%; G 9: 1, 35%; G 11: 2, 50%; G 13: 3, 50%; G 15: 3, 65%; G 17: 3, 80%; G 19: 3, 100%; G 21: 4, 70%; G 23: 4, 80%; G 25: 4, 100%.

Eac d ca Sc c S -E cac Sca a a a d a d - ca a a c a d - ca a a . T d a c c a

c ab c c . T a - ca a a +11 a a W a c c ba d

da a. T a - ca a +28 a d b a a Id a a d a ab a .

T da a d a a d d c c - cac a c a d S a C c C b. T da a a c a MSA a d ad a

c a .

J a c c d a a - S a C c C b. J a d d d a ac ac a c b ac .

J a ad a d ac c a c d a , a , d ,

a a d c c . T c a c c c a d - d.

Fig e 3 A a P c P J a C

577

A a ba a d a a a c a a c , d a - a a .

T ca a a b a d da b . T a a c a

a 0 100 c 10.

Da a c d b a a a a a d a d b , a d a a a c a :

E 1- 30 S b , 2008: 50% E 2- 7 Oc b , 2008: 75% E 3- 14 Oc b , 2008: 80% E 4: 18 N b , 2008: 90%

T a a da a c c d c a a d . T ca d a - cac W d ( a d ad ), a d a b cc ? T

a b d d d ab d ad . T c a c I a d . T a c

578

d a a b d ad d c , a d a a a c c b a d ac . I a c d d c a c a

ad c c b a d a d d ad : a a a a .

T d a a a b a c a - cac a d c c . W d d a a a d

c c , c c da a d ca d a ad b a d a d - cac a d c c .

579

S mma And Concl ion

I am no a cien i a all!! M cience a e age i a B-. Al o, I am ho ible a ma h!! I need a lo of help. (jo nal en of den 14 on 9/23/08).

I a d a a c a d a L Pa E a d Ac R a c

P c . M a c a d a a a add c a d . I a c d a , a

c a , I d a 5 ad a c a . I a d a I a .

L 1: R a b a d d a a . T a a I d d d c a a b

. M a ac b a d a c add a , a ad , a ab a

a c c a d. T a a a d a a ca ac d a . I

c a a .

L 2: M a ca a a a c . O S a C c C b a c d a d

. O a ab c a c d ad d. Ad a ab . P

c .

L 3: I a a a d d ca b c d b a c d d . A a ac , I a

c d c , a , a d a c . I a I ca ac d a d a d a .

I a c d a a c d a d S a C c C b c d a c .

580

I a c b ca I a A c c . T a I a A b ca I a d c , a d I a

d a c . (J a d 14 11/18/08).

581

F e Ac ion and Di ec ion S a C c C b a da a d c

d c a . I a ad a ad c b a d a

ad . I a b a c .

I c c c da a b d - cac c c . Ba d a , d b a ab a d d a , b 8 ad c a a b

a a a c c a d ca c a d . (Sa R d Sc c , 2006). I a a a acc d acad a c a d

ac a d.

T a a c c d . I d a c a d - cac a a

c a d a c a a d b ad , a da d d , a c a , a d ac c . I a

- cac a a d b ab ? I a a c a a d - cac c c ac

d d a . D a c ? C d acc c a d S a

C c C b? T b a d .

582

Reflec ion T ac a c c a d d a a c a ac b c a . I a b a

c , a a d d a b a c a a a d

c c b .

T a d c a c b ac a I d a d ac a a a ac a d a a a ab . La a a

a , I a d b a - - a b a a c a d a d . I a d c d

a d c c a d d ca . I b a a c c .

T d c I ad a a c b c c d c c c , d c c , a d ac

a a . I b d d b a a a a a a c c d .

T c d d a ca c d d c c a c . O c I d d, a d d d a c

c d c . T c b c d c b a d c d . Eac

a a a d a d a B. P a B c d d b d a a d c d ,

a , d b d , a d c , a , a d a a . I b ca b a

d c c c a d a d c . T ad (

c c ) a d c b ac b ca a d . I a d d a , b a a c c .

I a c c Oc a La H Sc d a c d Ma a d Sc c Acad . I d a a

583

d ac d a d d ab c c . I b a a a - cac a d a d

c c . I a d b ad a d a d b c d .

584

Refe ence Ba d a, A., (1986). Social fo nda ions of ho gh and ac ion: A social cogni i e heor . E d C , NJ: P c -Ha .

B , S. M., (2008). T d a a a a c a d c c d (TIMMS). Grolier M l imedia Enc clopedia.

R d Ma c 12, 2008, G O :// . ,c /c -b /a c ?a d=0294177-0

F , K. A., (2008). M a . Women s e-Ne s. R d Ma c 31, 2008,

:// . .

Ha , D., A , J., R , N., S , S., S a , J., & W , K., (2007). Enco raging girls in ma h and science. Wa D.C.: Na a C Ed ca R a c , I Ed ca Sc c , U.S. D a Ed ca .

H b , J., S , D., (2005). T c d d c c d c acad c c c . Jo rnal of Applied De elopmen al Ps cholog . Vol me 26, [276 295].

Na a Sc c F da . (2007). Back o school: Fi e m hs abo girls and science [B c ]. A , VA: NSF.

N , J., (2005). D a c c . R d A 20, 2008, : :// d d .c / /

Pa a , F. & U da , T., (2006). Self-efficac beliefs of adolescen s. I a A P b .

Sa R d Sc c , (2006). Science can ake her places! Enco raging o r da gh er s in eres s in science, ma h and echnolog [B c ]. Sa D , CA

A d A Sc c S -E cac Sca

585

P a a c a a a ca a c c a b .

Ra e o r degree of confidence b recording a n mber from 0 o 100 sing he scale gi en belo :

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Ca d a a M d a ca d H c a ca d

E a D _______________ Id a _______________ Id a a d a ab a _______________ Id d d a ab a _______________ Id c a a _______________ Ca ad da a a c c _______________ Ca da a a c c _______________ Ca d ab a _______________ Ca d a a _______________ W a ca a d c a _______________ W a c c ba d da a _______________ A a a c c _______________

A d B I Q

I Q : ____________________________

IB-W a a ac d a a d c c acad ? A-W a a d a ? W a d a

b ? A-W a a a b c c ?

586

SE-W d ( a d ad ) a d a b cc ?

SE-D c b ab c c ? SE-H d d a d c c c c

a ?

IB = Ic B a A = A d R SE = S -E cac R

A d C J a R c

J a E S :

Da :

T da I :

W d c d:

M ab c c :

587

588

Appendi B Sample Ac ion Re ea ch Repo The Rela ion hip Be een he S a eg of Kno ledge Folde

and S d Skill

Cla a J. He de Vi ginia Beach Ci P blic School Decembe 2008

589

In od c ion O a a a , I a ad d c a a

a a a d d d d a d a c a c a a d . I c ac a d

a c c c acad a c d b a d c a d b d. T d

d d c d b cc c ac . I a d d d a d a d d a b

a a d ac c c d c a d da c a a d ac .

M ac a d a b d d a a a a ac . I a ab d

cc d b d c b ac a a c a d ac . M a

d a b a a d a a c ac . I d c d d

c a d c c a a d b b a a K d F d

a .

590

Li e a e Re ie S , H d, N a , a d B (1997), d a

d c a a a da c c , a d a a a a a ab c . T d d a d a ab

c c a d b a a . W - - a a d a a ca a a a a c a

a cab a c , c d c c . I d , d d, c a d a d , d b d a d c c c a a a c

c a - cac (S a ., 1997). I d a a d a d a /

c ab a c, / d d a a . I d a d c a a

b - c d ab .

T c a (2003) d d d a a a d a a a ab a d b cc .

c ad a (2006) a a d d a a d c da d c a d

c a ac . W , 1995, (a c d b T c a ) a d d a b d ac

c d a d a c d ad . T d b a a b c d b d d b a , a b S. G a a 1997 (c d b

T c a ); a a ac a ac a d a b a . A ac c d

c a a b a d a a d ab b a a d a c . T c a , 2003, d a a d ad d d d d IQ, b

d d / a d c / d d a . T , d c d a

a , c d d a ac . S a . (1997) a d a a a a -a a

d . Ha a cc a a a a d a d a a a .

591

M ac a d a c d b a (S a ., 1997).

592

Ac ion Re ea ch Q e ion W I a d ac , I d a d d a

-d d d a d d a . I a d ac d d a c d a b c a d d ab

cc a a . I d a a a 2006 AScD c c a S c R

a U A T ac a d I c a Ac . R a d a a a a

a d c a b a a c (R , 2006).

I a d c a b a d b d a a c d a d a d d. I d c d d d R P a

L a S a a , K d Wa , K d F d . T d c d

ac d a c a a d a d c d acc d a d a . I d a K d F d d

d d a d a a a d c a . I d ad

ab c c , a d ad c d a c a a d , ab a

a a c a . T c d a b a d a

d c a d. E c ac a c d c a a a a d

ad c a d ac d a c a a d .

T d ac a c : W a a b a a K d

F d a d d d a a d b d a a d acad c a c ?

593

Me hodolog I d c d d a K d F d d a d

ac a d a . T K d F d a a d d a a . I

ac d d a a a d a a b S c R a a ASCD c c 2006.

S c R K d Wa a a a c a a d c d a d

d . I d d a a a I ca d K d F d a d c ac d a

/ a d c a , a d d a a d d a c a a , c c d

b acc d d a a .

T K d F d a c a d d a d c , a d a c a a d

. I d K d F d a d a 45- , -a a . Eac d d

K d F d b a , a d ac d d a c a d . D

a , d c d a a ( c c d b a a a d b ) d . T c d d c c a d a a a c . T c d

a d bac a . T d c d acc d a a a d a a a d d d

a . T b a a d ; a d a a a

a .

I d d c c c d b a d c a b a . T I d c b d a a K d F d ;

d d a a d c a d a c a d a a ab ac

c c . S d c d ac a K d F d , a c a a d c c , d 45- a .

594

I c c d a a da a -c c a a b a d a a K d F d a d 2006 2007. I a d d a d ad d a d a a d c

d 2008 (A d A). I a b a ad b a d c d

K d F d a a d b b a c a 2006 2008 (A d c B a d C). I add , I

a d a a c c (A d D).

P a d c a c da da a c c . I a da a -c c c b a d a

a K d F d a 2006 2007 d b ca K d F d a

d a I d d a d d a . T , a b a d a

-c c da a a 2006 2007. I d d c d c a a d a 2008 I Ac R a c c a a d a d a b a .

595

Da a Anal i I c c d da a K d F d

a d ac a d a . I c c d da a ad - -c c

, d , a d ac b a a d b a . I d K d F d a

a -c c 2006. T ad -c c b a d a a

K d F d a a a d a d a d. T a F 1 c a a a b a d a

a K d F d a . T a F 2 a d

2006 2007.

I d a a a d a a da a a a d a 2008. T d c d d d

(A d A) a d a d ab a K d F d a ad b d 2008. F 3 d .

I c d c d a b a d c c d ab a d a d 2006 2008 (A d C).

T -c c ad a a a c a d d d c a a c a d ad

a d b a . I a c a d a b a -c c ad a a .

Fig e 1 C a A a M -C c T G ad B a d A I a K d F d

596

N 8- c a -c c c a a a a a K d F d .

A ca ba a da a c a a a ad ba d a a d d .

T ca a C a T A a c a a a 68 82 c 2. T a a

a a , b a d a .

Da a c d b a a a d b :

B : 73% A : 81%

N : T 8- c a -c c c a a a a a K d F d .

Fig e 2 I S d W W Fa

597

S d a -c c ad c . N 12

27 .

A ca d b ba a d a d a .

T ca a a a -c c c c a a a 0 90 c 10. T

a a d 1, 2, 3, a d 4.

I ac a ba , ba c a c B I a K d F d a d ba

c a c A I a K d F d .

T da a a a a a d a d ac d b , d a d a d a :

S d 1: 62%, 77% S d 2: 56%, 72% S d 3: 57%, 84%

598

S d 4: 60%, 72%

N : S d a -c c ad c . N 12 27 .

599

Re l T a a d - c c c b d a a K d F d a , a F 1. I d a a d

da a a a d ad . T d d a ad d a d a a c c a

ad ad (21 42 ). F 2 d a d a d

-c c c a a .

T d a ad d a a d d c a ca c a

d d a ad , a b a a c F 1.

T a a a a S d S (A d A) d d d d ca d a K d

F d a d a a ( F 3). T a d a K d F d d d a

a d d a a a c . M d d , b

d d a . T da a , M a d c a d a K d F d

d, d a a d a d ad c a d; ,

, d ca d a c c d ab ad c a d.

Fig e 3 S Q Da a

600

S a K d F d a ad b d b d c .

T ca a b d a 0 30 c 5. T a a

ba d a a d d a a D a , C , T , a d C a .

T d ac a a d d b abb a SA, A, D, a d SD c a d S A , A , D a , a d S D a c .

Eac a a a d ac b d b a .

Da a c d a a , d , a d b d a a ac

a a a d a d b :

D a : SA, 17; A, 23; D, 8; SD, 0 C : SA, 18; A, 19; D, 7; SD, 2 T : SA, 3; A, 22; D, 17; SD, 4 C a : SA, 4; A, 15; D, 25; SD, 3

N : S a K d F d a ad b d b d c .

601

T d ad c ; a c ad a d a (a c a b d A d B). T d c a d ac

b a a d a a b -c c da a a d d a . T -c c c c a d a a , a d

d c a d ac b a d a ac d .

I ac a c c , a da a d d da a d a . H , a d a a c c

acad , a a d , a d a d a c a a d -c c . I c K d F d a d a a b ca d

d c a I c d d d a 2006 2007.

602

S mma and Concl ion I d a d d b c b

a K d F d a d a d a a a d ad a d a . I

d a d d a a ab c c a d b a d

a d a a d ad . I d a d b a d d a - c a a d . A a a

d a d b a d K d F d a , b ca ab d c c c ad c d d a . T d c d c c d a d a a d a a K d F d . I

d d a d a a d a d d a , d d a a

a ac ad (C b ). F c d ad ( A d B), I b a d

d a .

I c c d d a a a a d a a da a d a K d F d a d d d

a d d ad . I a a c c d d a d d . P a ad

d d a d a d a b a d a a . T -c c

c c d a a d b ca d a d d a a a a b

a a . B ca K d F d a a a a , d a a c

a .

T d c d d c . O ad a c ab b a d; c a S ac

a d a b d (S a ., 1997). A

603

d d ca d a / ad K d F d a , c d Ma a c

d . T d c ab a d a d c d c d a d a ab a b . T d

d a a c ac a d c d b c c a : I , I d d , I

d a .

I c c d d a K d F d a d d a b ad a a

a d, c , a b d . I a d a c a a d d

d a .

604

F e Ac ion and Di ec ion I c a c a d

d d a d a c a d d.

T M a d changed a K d F d d d b add d

b ca d d ca d a d d c a ; , a d ca d d d c a d a , c , a d . T a

b a d d b d . T a c d ad a d c c d

605

Reflec ion I b d d a d a a d c d a a a a a d. I

a a ac ca a ac c , c a a . T a ad K d F d

a a -c c , b d a cc a d cc . I

a ca b c a d a d a d

acc .

M c c a a a ca d . I a b -ba d c c

a d .

606

Refe ence C ad a, D. (2006) A c c d a ab d . Engineering Ed ca ion, 1, 19 23.

R , S. (Oc b 14, 2006) U A T ac a d I c a Ac . S d a ASCD c c , O a d , FL.

S , M. L., H d, C. R., N a , S. I., a d B , K. I.. (1997). c Acad c A a c P a a d P ac c . Ed ca ional Ps cholog Re ie , 9, 39 87.

T c a , B. W. (2003). T S a -F -Ac A ac T ac S d S . Pa d a A a M A ca P c ca A c a , T .

A d A S Q Yo r responses are confiden ial.

Ci cle one an e fo each a emen belo .

U ing Kno ledge Folde helped me o p mo e de ail in m o k.

S D a D a A S A

U ing Kno ledge Folde helped me make e m o k a comple e.

S D a D a A S A

I pen mo e ime d ing af e he Kno ledge Folde e e implemen ed.

S D a D a A S A

607

M a of d ing changed af e he Kno ledge Folde e e implemen ed.

S D a D a A S A

If o ag ee o ongl ag ee o he abo e a emen , hen plea e e plain ho o a of d ing ha changed.

Plea e i e an addi ional commen o ma ha e on he back of hi e .

A d B S Q C

I a .

(I d d .)

I ad a d a d I d d a d d ad d a .

I d d a d K d F d ac I d a d .

I d d a d a d a d a . I a d a d d ac

ca . I a d d a . I c d a d a d c a a d . I d a d c . I d a b ca a d I

b ad K d F d . W K d F d I a ab c c d a

. I d a I ca a .

I d a a a K d F d a d a I d . I a K d F d a d b ca I d a a d c d b ca a I

, a a ad a d d a d. I a a a d . M c a

d a a ca d. I c d a I d a d d a d a a c d. T K d F d a a a d I d a d b ca I a I a b

. I a K d F d a c c d .

608

I a b a a d I I a a d b ca I c d bac a d a I . I a d b a . I

d a d a a a d b b .

I I d d a I c d a d ad K d F d . I K d F d b ca a d d

a d ad .

No e: T a c .

A d C T ac Ob a

M a b a d a d a d a a a

a K d F d a . T d a d a K d F d a

c a a d a d a K d F d . T d c a d a K d F d a I b b ca d c d a d a c d , c a a d

a d . T a d ba a K d F d d

ad , d a a d a ; a c d c (A d B).

A d D

D a Pa /G a d a ,

I a a c a a U V a c a d Ac R a c T ac d Oc b a d N b

2008. W a a d c a a c a . I a a a c c a K d F d A d a a d

ad a d c a d a d . I a c c c da a c d a a

d . I a d a d c a d ac a c d

609

c a d c . Y c d b d d a c b b ca .

O d a da a a d b a d a ab

K d F d A . T c a d c a

c a d d a d a . T d b a . A d a ad , a ,

P a b a d a c d a b a a d, a d c d a d c b d d b a a . T

c a , Ka T a , Ba d H a a d ac a c . B a ac a

a d no a c d a c a , b d b d . There is no need o re rn he le er or con ac me if

here are no objec ions.

S c ,

C a a J. H d

B d D a /Pa T ac

H a Sc c Acad , Ba d H Sc

V a B ac , VA

c d @ b c .c

I d no a c d d a , c , d a c c d c d d c a

b ac , C a a H d . I d a d a I d a , / b d d a d ca a .

C d a Da

Pa /G a d a S a Da

P d Pa /G a d a Na

610

611

Appendi C Ac ion Re ea ch De elopmen al Templa e

E amining Backg o nd Info ma ion & Rela ed Li e a e

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

Glo a

Ab ac . B a c a a c a c , ca

c d a d c c d .

Academic jo nal. P d ca a b a c d a em i ical e ea ch d .

Ac ing age. T c d a ac i n e ea ch c , c

c c a d a a da a.

Ac ion plan. F a a a a ac i n e ea ch, d d d c c ac

a c a a b .

Ac ion e ea ch. A a c c d c d b ac , ad a , c , a d

ac a d a c a a ab a c a

c a , ac , a d d a .

Ac ion e ea ch comm ni . L a c ad d ca a a d b a c a ac c eflec i e eaching a a a c a c a ac c .

Alpha le el. Va a d ca c a ( a 5%)

a ca b a ab c a a d c b a ac a a d c a c .

Anal i of a iance (ANOVA).

623

Va a inde enden -mea e e ; d a a b c a d.

A en . C d a a c a a a c d .

A en fo m. A ( ba , a d a -a a a a ) a d c b a a a c d a a b

a c a ; c a da a c c d c d d .

A ho i . S c a ; ba d

Ba cha . G a a a hi g am b ad ac ba d

c b ca ca ca a a ab .

Boolean ope a o . K d ( . ., AND, OR) a ab a

c c c b a a c ab da aba .

Ca e d . I -d a a a c d a d d a a , ac , , .

Ca al-compa a i e e ea ch. Q a a a c d d a b d

d c b .

Checkli . L b a , c a ac c , , a a

a c d a ; a d c .

Chi- q a e e . Infe en ial a i ical d c a c c b .

624

Cla jo nal. L a a den j nal.

Cla oom a ifac . W a c da a, c a d c a , c c b d a d a

cc c a a d c .

Coding cheme. S ca a d a a da a

a d a a .

Collabo a i e ac ion e ea ch. Ac i n e ea ch a d d a d d b c ab a a .

Common en e. T a a a a ba d c .

Confi mabili . P c ab a a d b c da a.

Con an compa a i e me hod. Re ea ch de ign d da a c ,

da a a a b a d a d a c d b d da a c c .

Con c . H a c a ac c, ab b d c b d.

Con ol g o p. T a c a a e e imen al d a

c a da d a .

Con en ion of academic- le i ing. A d- c d a adab a d c edibili a c .

Co ela ion coefficien .

625

T a a a a c ela i nal d , c d c a a d

a .

Co ela ional d . T n ne e imen al d ; d d

a a b a iable .

C edibili . T a a da a;

ali a i e e ea ch a c d b b ab c a c a a c .

C i e ion- efe enced. S a da d d c , c d da a c a

a d a d a d a c c a a ac ca .

C i ical ac ion e ea ch. T ac i n e ea ch c d c d c

d d ad a a d a c a c .

Da a jo nal . Na a acc c d b a a c

a c a .

Ded c i e ea oning. T -d a ac a , a

c c.

Dependabili . E a d a c acc

-c a c c a c cc ; c b hine a a da a.

Dependen a iable. T a c a iable a d .

De c ip i e a i ic .

626

S a ca c a a a c a , a , a d da a.

De eloping age. T d a ac i n e ea ch c , c

d a ac a .

Di ec ional e ea ch h po he i . H he i a a a a c ( a d c

a ) b d b a c d c a a c .

Di ic ide ac ion planning. B ad-ba d ac i n lan a d c d ac i n e ea ch c .

Ed ca ional e ea ch. A ca cien ific me h d d ca a c ,

a, a c a .

Ed ca ion Re o ce Info ma ion Cen e (ERIC). T a da aba ca a c

d ca , d b U.S. D a Ed ca .

Elec onic jo nal. Academic j nal a a c c a (a

d a ), a acc b .

Elec onic mailing li . O d c c d c d a - a . I d ca ,

ca ca d a a c a d d b a .

Empi ical e ea ch. S d a a ba d a d c c da a, a

d a d a a d d a a d c .

E hnog aphic d . T ali a i e d a a d c b c a

ac b .

627

E i ing doc men o eco d . Da a a a ad , ca c c d a a

a a c b a ca b d a c .

E pe imen al g o p. T a c a a e e imen al d a

d a a a a a c d .

E pe imen al e ea ch. T e ea ch de ign a c a c

a iable c d d a d a a c a c a b a .

E plana o mi ed-me hod de ign. Mi ed-me h d e ea ch de ign a a da a a c c d , d b c c a a da a

d , a , ab a a a .

E plo a o mi ed-me hod de ign. Mi ed-me h d e ea ch de ign a a da a a c c d , d b c c a a da a

d a a a d c d a a da a.

E e nal a di . T a d d d a a d a a a a

a c .

Field no e . W b e a i n a , a a ac , a

ac c a .

Foc g o p. S a in e ie a a a

a , a a 10 12 .

Fo ma i e cla oom a e men . A a a ad d d ring c

ad c

628

Fo ma i e e al a ion. E a a d c a a cc d

a a c .

F eq enc di ib ion able. S d b c , d d a c a a a a d .

F ll pa icipan . A d a c a b c ,

a c a a c b c a a a a c .

Google Schola . La da aba ca c a a c d ca a d d , d b G .

G o nded heo . T ali a i e d , a d c a

a a a a c a .

G o p compa i on de ign. Q an i a i e e ea ch de ign a a a ca -a d- c a b c a a d

a c d ( ).

Hi og am. G a c a d b a c .

H man S bjec Re ie Boa d (HSRB). R d a c d d

c b a c a ; a In i i nal Re ie B a d (IRB).

H po he i . T a b a d d ab

d a d , ad b d b .

Independen -mea e e .

629

Infe en ial a i ical c a a e ea ch de ign a c a d a c de enden a iable.

Independen a iable. T a iable a e e imen al d c

a c a c ; a d b ca .

Indi id al ac ion planning. Ac i n lan ac i n e ea ch ca d b

Ind c i e anal i . P c ca a a a a da a d

d c c c d a , b d a d a da a a a a d d c c a

d ac i n e ea ch d .

Ind c i e ea oning. B - a ac a , c c

a .

Infe en ial a i ic . S a ca c a a a c

a i ical ignificance d c b d a b

a iable .

Info mal in e ie . S a in e ie a a ac da a c c c , ca a da ac

d a c a .

Info med con en fo m. D c b a a e ea ch d a a

a c a ; c a da a c c d d .

In i ional Re ie Boa d (IRB).

630

R d e ea ch die d c b a c a ;

a H man S bjec Re ie B a d (HSRB).

In e nal con i enc . S a ca a eliabili a a ad d c .

In e ie . C a b a ac - a c a d a

a c a a c a d , c ac d c a c a ( ).

In e ie g ide. L a c c b a d d a in e ie .

K de -Richa d on fo m la 21. S a ca a d ca c a in e nal c n i enc .

Like cale. S a d d e e i nnai e

d d a a a d d a a -d a c .

Like - pe cale. Sca a Like cale, b a

a b a d.

Li e a e e ie . E a a a a c , b , a c a , a d

; a d a ac i n e ea ch c ; d d a c c b a

a c c.

Logico-ind c i e anal i . T c d a a a a da a a

c a a a d d da a.

Mean. T a c a a a c .

631

Mea e of cen al endenc . S a ca c d a d ca , a c , a

ca a da d ab a d d a . I c d mean, median, a d m de.

Mea e of di pe ion. S a ca c d a d ca a d a

c . I c d ange a d anda d de ia i n.

Median. T c c c a da a a a a

d b a a .

Membe checking. P c d a in e ie a c , a a ca ( c a b a a

b c ), a d d a a c a d d a da a.

Mi ed-me hod e ea ch de ign. Re ea ch de ign a c b b an i a i e a d

ali a i e e ea ch d a d da a.

Mode. T cc c a a c .

Nega i e co ela ion. C ela i n c efficien a a ,

d ca a a c a a iable c a , a a ab d c a .

Nondi ec ional e ea ch h po he i . H he i a a a b c ( d c a ) d c d a

a c d , a a d c a .

None pe imen al e ea ch. T e ea ch de ign a c a c a a iable d , b ca

632

c a a ad cc d b ca b c .

No m- efe enced. S a da d d a a a c c a

d a .

N ll h po he i . H he i a a a c cc a

d a d c b a b a iable b d.

Ob e a ion. T ac ca a c a d a ca c d

a a d a a a c a .

Ob e a ional ca e d . Ca e d a a a a c a

a a a c a a .

Ob e a ional e ea ch (q an i a i e). Q an i a i e e ea ch d c a d c a

c c a c b a , a a a iable.

Ob e a ional d (q ali a i e). Q ali a i e d a ca e d b c a

c d a a a a c .

Ob e e -a -pa icipan . L c a c a b c (b b a d a ici an -a - b e e ),

a c a a b b a ac a c a .

Ob e e commen . P a a a a b b d;

a a d .

One-g o p p e e -po e de ign. P ee e imen al de ign a c a

a d, d d a c d ,

633

a d d.

One- ho ca e d . V e e imen al de ign; a

, c d a a a d d a a a .

Open-ended in e ie . In e ie c d a a d a

, b ad a .

Open-ended q e ion . U d e e i nnai e , d d a

d .

Pa en al con en fo m. D c b a a a c d , a a

b a c a ; c a da a c c d c d

d .

Pa icipan -a -ob e e . R c a c a b c (b b e e -a - a ici an a d f ll a ici an ),

a c c b b a a c d ab ac a c a

d .

Pa icipan ob e a ion. T ac b a a a c b a

a c a a a a , ac b a .

Pa icipa o ac ion e ea ch. T ac a c a c a

d d a a a a , c , a d a b d d a a d

a d b ab c a c a .

Pea on co ela ion coefficien .

634

T c a a b a iable ; b d b r.

Pee deb iefing. T ac a ca c

a c b a d c c da a c c , a a , a d a .

Phenomenological d . T ali a i e d a a a c a

c da a c c d d a d a .

Pie cha . C c a a , d b ca ca c a da a .

Planning age. T a ac i n e ea ch c , c d c, a d a , a d d a e ea ch lan.

Pol ang la ion. T c a a c da a d ab a a d acc ac .

Pop la ion. T a a a c d , a c a d d ; ab c c c a d a .

Po i i e co ela ion. C ela i n c efficien a a a ,

d ca a a c a a iable c a , a a ab a c a .

P ac ical ac ion e ea ch. T ac a c c d add a c c

b d a c a , c , a c b - c ac a c d c ac a c .

635

P ac ical ignificance. D a ca c d c , ba d

a b c d c .

P ee pe imen al de ign . Q an i a i e e ea ch d a c

a d a ac a .

P e e -po e con ol g o p de ign. Q a ie e imen al de ign a ne-g

e e - e de ign b c d add a c n l g c a .

P ima o ce . F a d acc a a c .

P inciple of acc a e di clo e. R e ea ch e hic a a a a c a d b d acc a ab a c a d

c ca a b a d d a a c a .

P inciple of beneficence. R e ea ch e hic a a a a c d b d d ac d ab a b a d

d ca a c d b a .

P inciple of hone . R e ea ch e hic a a d b

b d a c c .

P inciple of impo ance. R e ea ch e hic d ca a d

a c d b c b a d b d d ca .

P ofe ional lea ning comm ni . G d ca c d c ab a

c c c a d ac i n e ea ch.

P oQ e .

636

La da aba ca a c d ca a d d , c d d a a d , d b

P Q .

- al e. S a ca a d ca bab c a c

cc c a d .

Q ali a i e e ea ch me hodologie . T e ea ch me h d l gie a c c a d a a a a da a; a ind c i e a ac

a .

Q an i a i e e ea ch me hodologie . T d a c c a d a a ca da a; a ded c i e a ac

a .

Q a ie pe imen al de ign. C a e e imen al de ign , d c b a a d a

a c a .

Q e ionnai e. S e a ad d ,

a c a a c a a a d a a a d

a c .

Range. Mea e f di e i n ca c a d b b ac c c a da a.

Ra ing cale . Q a d e e i nnai e

d d a c a d d ; a a c d

Reconnai ance.

637

D a a ac i n e ea ch, a c b a d a a b d a d

a a d c a c b .

Refe eed. C a ac c a academic j nal, a a a

d b d c a b d, b a , d c a d a a a c d a d .

Reflec ing age. T a d a a ac i n e ea ch c , c c ca ac a c a d c c .

Reflec ion. T ac c ca a a d , d c d d d , a d a c a b .

Reflec i e eaching. A c d c d a

d ca a , a c , a d ac ca c , a a a c

d a .

Refle i i . P c a a d

a a d b a a .

Reliabili . C c a d c c a a da a.

Repea ed-mea e e . Infe en ial a i ical a c a a a a d d a .

Re ea ch de ign. T c c a a b d ca a

a c d .

Re ea ch e hic .

638

M a a c a c , c d c a a ca , , a , a d .

Re ea ch me hodolog . T c c a c c da a a a c d .

Re ea ch q e ion. T da a a c c

d a .

Rigo . R a , a d , acc ac , a d c d b ac a c a d d .

Sample. A a b a a .

School-le el ac ion planning. B ad-ba d ac i n lan a c d ac

a c c .

Scien ific me hod. S a c, -b - d a a d b .

Sea ch engine. W b a a a c a a b

b a b d.

Seconda o ce . S a , c a , a ima

ce a c a .

Semi c ed in e ie . In e ie a c a a ba

b a a a a a ,

d d a c a .

Semi c ed ob e a ion.

639

Ob e a i n a a ac - a c b a d ac cc

a c a a b b d b a a d a ; a a

n c ed b e a i n.

S anda d de ia ion. I a da a, a a d a c c a a

mean. O mea e f di e i n.

S a i ical ignificance. D c ad infe en ial a i ical

c d a ab a c c c d a d a d a a am le d d d a a d c a a c a a

d a .

S c ed in e ie . In e ie a c a d d

d a in e ie g ide.

S c ed ob e a ion. Ob e a i n a b d b

b , a c c b a , ac , ac .

S den jo nal . K b d , d a a

ac c ac ca a a d da , c , a d

c c a .

S le g ide. I c a a acad c .

S mma i e cla oom a e men . A a ad d af er a b a a

c , a ad a d c .

640

S mma i e e al a ion. E a a d c a a cc c a c .

S e . C c a a da a c c c

a ad a a a a am le .

S e e ea ch. Q a a , d c d ac

a d d a a ab , a d , c a ac c

b c ca a a d ab a .

Teache empo e men . P c d b ac c c da a

d a d c ab d a d c a ; c c a a ac a d c

a .

Teache jo nal . P d ac - a c a a

a a acc a c ac c .

Team ac ion planning. Ac i n lan ac i n e ea ch ca d b a

ac - a c .

Te . S a da d d ac -d d a a ,

c a a b d a a c da a.

T adi ion. S c a ; ba d a b a .

T an fe abili . I d c a a d , d c a d c a d a a ad a

641

d .

T ea men g o p. S e e imen al g .

T iang la ion. P c a c da a d

ab ; d ali a i e e ea ch me h d .

T iang la ion mi ed-me hod de ign. Mi ed-me h d e ea ch de ign b a a a d a a da a a c c d a ab a a d a a a .

T o hine . V ca c c a c

a a da a acc b a ; c acc ac a d b ab da a.

Un c ed ob e a ion. Ob e a i n a a ac - a c

b a d ac cc a c a a b b

d b a a d a ; a a emi c ed b e a i n.

Validi of e ea ch da a. C a ac c da a a d a c da a a a b c c d acc a a a

a .

Va iable . Fac a a a c c a d c a ac c a a c a c ab c

a c d a c c .

Video eco ding . A a d c b a b d

642

643

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651

652

Inde

Ab ac : ac a c , 234 235

a , 71 72 Acad c a , 262 266, 267 Ac a , 36, 41 43 Ac a d :

ac a c d , 217 ac a c , 225 226 ac , 223 ca d , 215 216, 223 225 c a ac c , 43 c c , 227 d d, 217 d a , 216 d c - a , 220 221

d d a ac a , 220 , 219 221

a a a c a , 214 ad c a , 223 224

c c , 218, 221 222 a c c , 218

c - a , 220 221 c c d ca , 224 225

c a c , 215 216 S Ac C a , 218 219

d d , 222 223 a ac a , 220

Ac a c : ac , 29 30, 32 a ca , 24 26 a ac , 19 20 ca d , 4 5, 31 c a ac c , 18 19 c c , 32 c ab a ac a c (CAR), 22 c a a , 28

653

c ca ac a c , 24 c c ca a , 27 d d, 5 6, 14 15 d ca a a , 28

a a a , 25 - a c d , 17

ca d , 16 d d a ac a c , 22 - c ac , 26 c a a , 23

b c c , 28 d , 16 18 a a a c a , 2

, 14 16 a c a d b , 28 a c a ac a c , 19 ac ca ac a c , 19 20 ac c , 22 c ac , 25 26 b d ca , 24 c d , 6

a , 23 24 d a a d b a , 27

28 ad c a , 31

a ad ac , 28 c c , 15 c ac , 15 16 a c c , 28 , 26 28

c , 22 c d ac a c , 22 c c d ca , 31

c a c , 24 d , 25 , 25 c a c , 4 5

d d , 29 30 a a a , 25

ac , 22 23

654

- ac c c c , 21 a , 20 24

Ac a c c , 257 259 Ac a c a :

ac a c d , 55 ac a c , 81 83 ac , 78 ca d , 53 54, 79, 80 c c , 84 5 W P c , 57, 58f, 299

d , 57 59 d , 40, 61

a a , 39, 59 61 a , 39, 61 77

a c , 59 a a a c a , 52

ad c a , 79 c a a c , 39, 60 61

a c c , 59 a c a d , 40 41

c c d ca , 80 c a c , 53 54

d d , 77 78 a , 307

c d a , 58 c d c , 59 c d ca , 38 39, 55 59 c a c , 57 58 c , 57 c a a , 39, 59, 60

S a Ac a d ; R a c a d

Ac a c c : ac a , 36, 41 43 ac a d , 43 ac a c d , 37f ac , 48 ca d , 35, 49, 50 c c , 50 c c , 42

655

c c ca c , 36, 38f da a a a , 42 43 da a c c , 41 42 d a , 36, 43

d , 41 - a c d , 17, 35 36, 37f, 38 45

d , 40 a a , 39

, 41 42 a , 39 d a , 37f, 38f - c d , 35 36, 37f, 38 45

a a a c a , 33 a a , 36, 38 41

a a , 42 a a a c , 42 43 a a a c , 42 43

a , 42 a ca , 42

ad c a , 49 c a a c , 39

c a , 36, 44 45 c c , 44 45 a c d a , 44 a c c , 41 a c a , 45 48 a c d , 40 41 a c a d , 40 41 a c a , 44 a c , 40 a c b , 40

c c d ca , 50 c a c , 35

d d , 48 49 , 42

, 42 c d ca , 38 39 c a a , 39

ad a a c , 42 43 a ab , 40

656

Ac a c : ab ac , 234 235 ac a d , 225 226 ac c , 237 ac , 248 ca d , 229 230, 249 250 c c , 250 c a , 239 c c , 239 c acad c , 231 243 c a , 240 243 da a a a , 198 204, 209 211 da a c c , 164 167 d a , 238 239

a c c , 274 288 c , 231

a c ca , 231 233 K d F d a d d , 287 298 a a c , 239 240

a a a c a , 228 a c , 236 237

a , 235 236 a a , 81 83 a a da a, 198 200 a a da a, 200 204 ad c a , 249

a c d a , 271 272 a c c , 243 244 a c a d , 121 122

c c d ca , 249 250 c a c , 229 230

d d , 247 248 d , 231 243

a a , 238 239 , 234

a , 230 231 b , 237 238 c , 236 237

d , 244 246 c d , 246 247f

657

Ac R a c R c , 266 Ac a c a , 299 308

ac a c a , 307 bac d a , 300 303 da a a a , 306 da a c c , 305 5 W P c , 299

a , 300 303 c c , 308 a c a d , 304

Ac c , 237 Ad a a , 256 257 A a , 187 A ca Ed ca a R a c A c a (AERA), 67 A a a a c (ANOVA), 187 188 A , 112 A , 112, 114f A , 7

Ba a , 185, 186f B a a , 68 69, 70f

Ca d , 13, 94 95 Ca a -c a a a c , 12, 102 103 C c b , 149 C c , 42, 152, 153f C - a , 189 C - c d , 189 C a (ac a c ), 239 C a a , 138 139 C a a ac , 139 C d c , 174 177 C ab a ac a c (CAR), 22 C ab a I a T a I a (CITI), 109 C a a , 255 256 C , 7 C a a a c , 11 12 C c :

d c - c c , 261 a c c , 259 260, 261f

658

C d c ba d , 190 C ab da a, 141 C c (ac a c ), 239 C a c a a d, 97 98, 178 179 C c a d , 156 C a a , 28 C , 12, 187 C acad c , 231 243 C a , 240 243 C a a a c , 12, 99 101 C a c c , 99 101, 182 183 C d b da a, 141 C ca ac a c , 24 C c ca a c c , 27, 36, 38f

Da a a a : ac a c d , 173 ac a c , 198 204, 209 211 ac , 205 ba a , 185, 186f ca d , 170 172, 206 209 c a ac c , 42 43 c c , 211 212 c d c , 174 177 c a c c , 182 183 d c a c , 180 185, 186f

c d b ab , 183, 184 , 185 a , 183, 185f

d c a , 173 179 a a c , 185, 187 189 c , 190, 191

a c a d c , 180 182 a d , 182

d- d da a a a , 197 a a a c a , 169 c a , 185, 186f a a da a a a , 172 179 a a a c , 198 200 a a da a a a , 179 197 a a a c , 200 204

659

ad c a , 206 208 c c d ca , 208 209

a a , 179, 190 197 c a c , 170 172

a da d d c , 189 190 S a C c , 191 197

d d , 204 206 a , 306

S a Q a a da a a a ; Q a a da a a a

Da a c c : ac a , 129 ac a c d , 130 ac a c , 164 167 ac , 160 161 ca d , 128 129, 162, 163 164 c a ac c , 41 42 c c , 168 c c , 152, 153f c a a , 138 139 c a a ac , 139 da a a , 138 139

d c / c d , 139, 140f d , 131 132, 133f

c , 136 138 a c a a , 152, 153 154

a , 138 c , 149

, 132, 134 138 d , 134, 135 136f

b a , 130 132, 133f b c , 131 132

- d d , 134, 136 a a a c a , 126 a a a d a , 158 159

a a da a c c , 129 144 a a da a c c , 144 157

a , 144 152 a ca , 144 152

ad c a , 162

660

c - ac c da a, 140 ab , 156 157

a c c , 157 158 c c d ca , 163 164

c d , 134, 135 136f c d b a , 131

c a c , 128 129 a da d d c , 154 155

c d , 134 c d b a , 131

d a , 138 d d , 159 161

a c a a , 153 154 , 144 152

ac a , 138 a , 305 c d b a , 131

a d , 141 144, 155 156, 157 d c d , 132

S a Q a a da a c c ; Q a a da a c c

Da a a , 138 139 D d c a , 9, 10f, 179 180 D a , 238 239 D dab da a, 141 D d a ab , 12 D c d , 98 99 D c a c , 11 D c a c , 12, 180 185, 186f D c a d , 141 D a , 36, 43 D c a a c , 93 D c - c c , 261 D c - a , 220 221 D c b , 266 267 D ca a a , 28

EBSCO I a S c , 67 Ed ca a I , 266 Ed ca a a c :

661

a , 7 ca d , 13 ca a -c a a d , 12 c , 7 c a a d , 11 12 c , 12 c a a a c , 12 d d c a , 9, 10f d d, 8 d d a ab , 12 d c a c , 12 d c d , 11

a c d , 13 a , 12 a a c , 12

d d d , 13 d , 11

d d a ab , 12 d c a , 9 10

a a c , 12 13 c - d c a a , 14 d- d a c d , 14

a a c , 11 12 a a a c a , 2

ca d , 13 ca a , 11

a a c , 13, 28 a a , 13

c d , 8 d c c a ac , 8 9

a a a ac , 9 10, 11, 13 14 a a a ac , 9, 11 13, 14

a c d , 11 12 a c , 11

c c d , 7 9 a ca ca c , 13 c d c , 10

ad , 6 7, 9, 14 a , 12

a a c , 13

662

a ab , 11 Ed ca R c I a C (ERIC), 65 66, 68 72 E c c a , 266, 267 E c c a , 267 E ca a c , 62 E T c Ac R a c Pa , 266 Enc clopedia of Ed ca ional Research, 65 ERIC. See Ed ca R c I a C (ERIC) E ca a c . See R a c c E a c a c , 13 E a a a d , 142 E d c / c d , 139, 140f E a d , 101 102 E a , 12 E a a c , 12 E a a d- d d , 107f, 108, 197 E a d- d d , 107f, 108, 197 E a a d , 143

F d , 41, 131 132, 133f 5 W P c , 57, 58f, 299 F c , 136 138 F a c a a , 152, 153 154 F a a a , 25 F c d b ab , 183, 184 , 185 F a c a , 97 F c , 76 77

G a ab , 142 G Sc a , 66 67, 72 74, 75f G ad a c , 189 G d d , 13 G c a d , 101 106

H d , C a a J., 287 298 H a d Pa H Sc (I ), 267 H a , 183, 185f H a S b c R B a d (HSRB), 109 H d :

663

d c a a c , 93 d ca a a c , 11

d c a a c , 93 , 93

a a , 40, 61 a c a d , 93

I d d - a , 187, 188f I d d a ab , 12 I d d a ac a , 220 I d d a ac a c , 22 I d d a d d ca a (IEP), 4 I d c a , 9 10, 173 179 I a a c , 12 13, 185, 187 189 I a , 138 I a a , 39, 59 61

S a Da a c c I d c , 109 112 I d c , 110, 111f I a R B a d (IRB), 109 I c a a , 23 I a c c , 157 I c :

ac a c , 231 Ac R a c R c , 266 A ca Ed ca a R a c A c a (AERA), 67 C c b , 149 C ab a I a T a I a (CITI), 109 da a a a , 190, 191 da a c c , 149 EBSCO I a S c , 67 Ed ca a I , 266 Ed ca R c I a C (ERIC), 66 E T c Ac R a c Pa , 266

c a d , 109 G Sc a , 66, 72 H a d Pa H Sc (I ), 267

a b c a c , 109 JSTOR, 67

a , 66, 67

664

Mad M a Sc D c (W c ), 266 Na a I H a (NIH), 109 Ne ork, 231 P c aK c a 20 20, 260 P E , 149 P Q , 67 P cINFO, 67

a c d a , 260, 266 a c c , 109

b a c , 109 SAGE Jo rnals, 67 S c ca Ab ac , 67 S a C c , 191

a ca a , 190, 191 S M , 149 T ac R a c , 266 Z a , 149

In erpre ing S andardi ed Tes Scores (M ), 190 I a d , 141 I , 41 42, 132, 134 138 I d , 134, 135 136f

J a : acad c a , 262 266, 267 c a a , 138 139 da a a , 138 139

c c a , 266, 267 c , 67

a acc a c , 263 264f a c ca , 231 233

d a , 262, 265 d a , 138

ac a , 138 JSTOR, 67

K d -R c a d a 21, 157

L , K , 16 L ca , 146, 147f L - ca , 148

665

L a : ab ac , 71 72 B a a , 68 69, 70f c a ac c , 39 c a c , 62 64 d d, 61 62 Ed ca R c I a C (ERIC), 65 66, 68 72

ca a c , 62 c , 76 77

G Sc a , 66 67, 72 74, 75f c , 66, 67

, 64 d a , 63f

b c a c , 62 da aba , 65 74

a a a c a , 52 a a , 39, 61 77

a c , 64, 65 74 P Q , 67

a c , 67 c da c , 64 65

c , 64 74 a , 300 303

a , 62, 63f d , 74 77

L c - d c a a , 14

Mad M a Sc D c (W c ), 266 267 Ma c c , 105 M a , 180 181 M a c a d c , 180 182 M a d , 182 M d a , 181 182 M b c c , 28, 143 M , C a , 190 M d- d da a a a , 197 M d- d a c d , 14, 88, 106 108

a a d , 107f, 108 a d , 107f, 108

666

a a d , 107f, 108 M d , 182 M a c , 59

Na a da a, 129 Na a I H a (NIH), 109 Na a c a , 190 Na a S c S d Ed ca , 65 Na a a c , 190 N a ca a a , 144 N a c a , 100 Ne ork, 231 233 Ne spaper Abs rac s, 65 N d c a a c , 93 N a a c , 11 12 N a c a , 190 N - c d , 189 N , 93

Ob a , 130 132, 133f Ob a a ca d , 95 Ob a a a c , 95 97, 98 Ob -a - a c a , 96 Ob c , 131 132 O - - d , 104 105 O - ca d , 103 104 O - d d , 134, 136 O - d d , 144 146 O , 180 181

Pa a , 260 Pa a c , 112, 113f Pa c a -a - b , 97 Pa c a d b , 28 Pa c a b a , 96 Pa c a ac a c , 19 Pa c , 236 237 P a c a c c , 99 100 P c aK c a 20 20, 260 P d b , 143

667

Periodical Abs rac s, 65 P a , 235 236 P ca a c , 13 P ca a , 11 P c a , 185, 186f P a a , 36, 38 41 P E , 149 P a a , 13, 28, 42 P a a , 13 P c a , 100 P a , 260, 261f P ac ca ac a c , 19 20 P ac ca ca c , 187 P a d , 103 105 P - c d , 105 106 P a c , 64, 65 74 P c acc a d c , 110.111f, 112 P c b c c , 112 P c , 112 P c a c , 112, 115 P a c c , 259 260, 261f P a a c (PLC), 257 259 P d a a d b a , 27 28 P Q , 67 P d c c a ac , 8 9 P cINFO, 67 P blica ion Man al of he American Ps chological Associa ion (APA Ma a ), 201, 231 243 P- a , 187

Q a a da a a a , 172 179 c d c , 174 177 c a c a a d, 178 179

d c a , 173 179 a a , 179

Q a a da a c c , 129 144 c a ac c , 140 144 c a a ac , 139 c ab , 141 c d b , 141

668

da a a , 138 139 d dab , 141 d c a d , 141

a a a d , 142 d c / c d , 139, 140f

a a d , 143 d , 131 132, 133f

a ab , 142 a d , 141

, 132, 134 138 b c c , 143

a a da a, 129 a ca a a , 144

b a , 130 132, 133f d b , 143 c ac c , 140

, 143 ca a d , 142

a ab , 141 a a , 142, 143f

, 141 144 a d , 141 144

Q a a a c d : ac a c , 42 43, 93 98 d ca a a c , 9 10, 11, 13 14

Q a a a c d , 88, 89 Q a a a c , 198 200 Q a a da a a a :

a a , 187 a a a a c (ANOVA), 187 188 ba a , 185, 186f c - a , 189 c , 187 c a c c , 182 183 d d c a , 179 180 d c a c , 180 185, 186f

c d b ab , 183, 184 , 185 a , 183, 185f

d d - a , 187, 188f a a c , 185, 187 189

669

a , 180 181 a c a d c , 180 182 a d , 182 d a , 181 182 d , 182

, 180 181 c a , 185, 186f

ac ca ca c , 187 p- a , 187 a , 182

a d- a , 187, 188f a a , 185

a a , 190 197 a da d d a , 182 a da d d c , 189 190 a , 187

Q a a da a c c : c a ac c , 155 157 c c , 152, 153f c c a d , 156

a c a a , 152, 153 154 d , 151 152

a c c , 157 K d -R c a d a 21, 157 L ca , 146, 147f L - ca , 148

- d d , 144 146 a , 144 152

a ca , 144 152 ab , 156 157

a da d d c , 154 155 a c a a , 153 154

, 144 152 a d , 155 156, 157

Q a a a c d : ac a c , 42 43, 98 106 d ca a a c , 9, 11 13, 14

Q a a a c d , 88, 89 Q a a a c , 200 204 Q a a d , 105 106

670

Q a , 42, 144 152

Ra , 182 Ra ca , 42, 144 152 R ad c a :

ac a d , 223 224 ac a c , 31 ac a c c , 49 ac a c , 249 da a a a , 206 208 da a c c , 162

a a , 79 a c d a , 270 a c a d , 119 120

R c a a c , 39, 60 61 R d a , 262, 265 R a ad ac , 28 R c a , 36, 44 45 R c c :

ac a d , 218, 221 222 c a ac c , 44 45 d d, 15

a a a c a , 251 a , 308

a , 268 269 R c - ac c da a, 140 R c ac , 15 16 R , 143 Rela ionship Be een he S ra eg of Kno ledge Folders and S d Skills, The (H d ), 287 298 R ab , 156 157 R a d- a , 187, 188f R a c d :

ca d , 94 95 ca a -c a a a c , 102 103 c a a d , 11 12 c a c a a d, 97 98 c a a a c , 12, 99 101 c a c c , 99 101 d d, 11

671

d c d , 11, 98 99 a d , 12, 101 102

a a d- d d , 107 f, 108 a d- d d , 107f, 108

a c a , 97 c a d , 101 106

a c c , 105 d- d a c d , 106 108

a c a , 100 a a c , 11 12

b a a ca d , 95 b a a a c , 95 97, 98 b -a - a c a , 96

- - d , 104 105 - ca d , 103 104

a c a -a - b , 97 a c a b a , 96

P a c a c c , 99 100 c a , 100

a d , 103 105 - c d , 105 106

a a a c d , 9 10, 11, 13 14, 42 43, 93 98

a a a c d , 9, 11 13, 14, 42 43, 98 106

a a d , 105 106 a c a d , 93 108

a c , 98 99 a c d , 103

a a d- d d , 107f, 108 R a c d a :

acad c a , 262 266, 267 ac a c c , 257 259 ac a c d , 254 ac a c , 271 272 ac , 269 270 ad a a , 256 257 ca d , 252 253, 270, 271 c a ac c , 44 c c , 273

672

c a a , 255 256 d c - c c , 261 d c b , 266 267

c c a , 266, 267 c c a , 267

c , 260, 266 a acc a c , 263 264f

ca a , 255 257 a a a c a , 251

a a , 260 a , 260, 261f

a c c , 259 260, 261f a a c (PLC), 257 259

ad c a , 270 d a , 262, 265

a c c , 268 c c d ca , 271

c a c , 252 253 d d , 269 270

, 260 a , 253 255

R a c c : ac a c , 243 244 a , 112 a , 112, 114f c a ac c , 41 da a c c , 157 158 H a S b c R B a d (HSRB), 109

d c , 109 112 d c , 110, 111f

I a R B a d (IRB), 109 c , 109

a a c , 112, 113f a a , 59

c acc a d c , 110.111f, 112 c b c c , 112 c , 112 c a c , 112, 115 a c d a , 268

a c a d , 41, 108 115

673

a d , 109 R a c d , 40 41, 88, 89 R a c a d :

ac a c d , 88 ac a c , 121 122 ac , 118 ca d , 86 87, 119 121 c a ac c , 40 41 c c , 123 d c a a c , 93

d , 93 d- d a c d , 88

d c a a c , 93 , 93 a a a c a , 85

a a a c d , 88, 89 a a a c d , 88, 89 ad c a , 119 120

a c d , 93 108 a c c , 41, 108 115 a c d , 40 41, 88, 89 a c , 40, 88 93 a c c d , 115 116 a c c d ca , 92 93

c c d ca , 120 121 c a c , 86 87

d d , 117 119 R a c :

ac a c , 40 d ca a a c , 11

a c a d , 40, 88 93 a c c a c a , 92 93

R a c c d , 115 116 R a c b , 40 R a c c:

d c , 59 d ca , 38 39, 55 59

a c , 57 58 a a , 39, 59, 60

a , 57

674

a c a c a , 92 93 Re ie of Ed ca ional Research, 65 R , 26 28

SAGE Jo rnals, 67 Sa a , 185 Sc - a , 220 221 Sc d ac a c , 22 Sc c d ca :

ac a d , 224 225 ac a c , 31 ac a c c , 50 ac a c , 249 250 da a a a , 208 209 da a c c , 163 164

a a , 80 a c d a , 271 a c a d , 120 121

Sc c d, 7 9 S a c , 67 S c da c , 64 65 S c d , 134, 135 136f S c d b a , 131 S c a c ad cac , 24 S c ca Ab ac , 67 S a a :

a a da a a a , 179 a a da a a a , 190 197

S c a c : ac a d , 215 216 ac a c , 4 5 ac a c c , 35 ac a c , 229 230 da a a a , 170 172 da a c c , 128 129

a a , 53 54 a c d a , 252 253 a c a d , 86 87

S a da d d a , 182 S a da d d c :

675

c - c d , 189 c d c ba d , 190

ad a c , 189 a a c a , 190 a a a c , 190

a c a , 190 - c d , 189

a a da a a a , 189 190 a a da a c c , 154 155

a da d c , 189 S a da d c , 189 S a C c , 191 197 S a ca Pac a S c a Sc c (SPSS), 190 191 S a ca ca c , 13 S c d , 134 S c d b a , 131 S d a , 138 S d , 231 243 S a c a a , 153 154 S a a a , 25 S M , 149 S a c , 98 99 S , 42, 144 152 S , 260 SYSTAT, 190 191

T ac , 22 23 T ac a , 138 T ac R a c , 266 T a ac a , 220 T a a , 238 239 T , 42 T ca a d , 142 T c d c , 10 T c d a , 58 T (ac a c ), 234 T a M C a , 57 T ad :

ac a c c , 42 43 d ca a a c , 6 7, 9, 14

676

T a ab da a, 141 T a c d , 103 T a , 12, 187 T d I a a Ma a c a d Sc c S d (TIMSS), 8 T a a :

d d, 13 a a da a c c , 142, 143f

T a a d- d d , 107f, 108, 197 T da a, 141 144

U c d b a , 131

Va d : a a da a c c , 141 144 a a da a c c , 155 156, 157

Va ab , 11, 40 V b , 237 238 V d c d , 132 V c (ac a c ), 236 237

Wa a a , T J., 274 288 Wha Is he Impac of Posi i e Female Role Models and Men oring Oppor ni ies on he Self-Efficac of Girls in Science? (Wa a a ), 274 288

Z a , 149