history essay

Things Fall Apart

Chinua Achebe

First published in 1959

(One of the first African novels written in English to receive global critical acclaim)

Turning and turning in the widening gyre

The falcon cannot hear the falconer;

Things Fall Apart; the centre cannot hold;

Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world.

--W. B. Yeats, "The Second Coming"

CHAPTER ONE

Okonkwo was well known throughout the nine villages and even beyond. His fame rested

on solid personal achievements. As a young man of eighteen he had brought honour to

his village by throwing Amalinze the Cat. Amalinze was the great wrestler who for seven

years was unbeaten, from Umuofia to Mbaino. He was called the Cat because his back

would never touch the earth. It was this man that Okonkwo threw in a fight which the old

men agreed was one of the fiercest since the founder of their town engaged a spirit of the

wild for seven days and seven nights.

The drums beat and the flutes sang and the spectators held their breath. Amalinze

was a wily craftsman, but Okonkwo was as slippery as a fish in water. Every nerve and

every muscle stood out on their arms, on their backs and their thighs, and one almost

heard them stretching to breaking point. In the end Okonkwo threw the Cat.

That was many years ago, twenty years or more, and during this time Okonkwo's

fame had grown like a bush-fire in the harmattan. He was tall and huge, and his bushy

eyebrows and wide nose gave him a very severe look. He breathed heavily, and it was

said that, when he slept, his wives and children in their houses could hear him breathe.

When he walked, his heels hardly touched the ground and he seemed to walk on springs,

as if he was going to pounce on somebody. And he did pounce on people quite often. He

had a slight stammer and whenever he was angry and could not get his words out quickly

enough, he would use his fists. He had no patience with unsuccessful men. He had had no

patience with his father.

Unoka, for that was his father's name, had died ten years ago. In his day he was

lazy and improvident and was quite incapable of thinking about tomorrow. If any money

came his way, and it seldom did, he immediately bought gourds of palm-wine, called

round his neighbours and made merry. He always said that whenever he saw a dead

man's mouth he saw the folly of not eating what one had in one's lifetime. Unoka was, of

course, a debtor, and he owed every neighbour some money, from a few cowries to quite

substantial amounts.

He was tall but very thin and had a slight stoop. He wore a haggard and mournful

look except when he was drinking or playing on his flute. He was very good on his flute,

and his happiest moments were the two or three moons after the harvest when the village

musicians brought down their instruments, hung above the fireplace. Unoka would play

with them, his face beaming with blessedness and peace. Sometimes another village

would ask Unoka's band and their dancing egwugwu to come and stay with them and

teach them their tunes. They would go to such hosts for as long as three or four markets,

making music and feasting. Unoka loved the good hire and the good fellowship, and he

loved this season of the year, when the rains had stopped and the sun rose every morning

with dazzling beauty. And it was not too hot either, because the cold and dry harmattan

wind was blowing down from the north. Some years the harmattan was very severe and a

dense haze hung on the atmosphere. Old men and children would then sit round log fires,

warming their bodies. Unoka loved it all, and he loved the first kites that returned with

the dry season, and the children who sang songs of welcome to them. He would

remember his own childhood, how he had often wandered around looking for a kite

sailing leisurely against the blue sky. As soon as he found one he would sing with his

whole being, welcoming it back from its long, long journey, and asking it if it had

brought home any lengths of cloth.

That was years ago, when he was young. Unoka, the grown-up, was a failure. He

was poor and his wife and children had barely enough to eat. People laughed at him

because he was a loafer, and they swore never to lend him any more money because he

never paid back. But Unoka was such a man that he always succeeded in borrowing

more, and piling up his debts.

One day a neighbour called Okoye came in to see him. He was reclining on a mud

bed in his hut playing on the flute. He immediately rose and shook hands with Okoye,

who then unrolled the goatskin which he carried under his arm, and sat down. Unoka

went into an inner room and soon returned with a small wooden disc containing a kola

nut, some alligator pepper and a lump of white chalk.

"I have kola," he announced when he sat down, and passed the disc over to his

guest.

"Thank you. He who brings kola brings life. But I think you ought to break it,"

replied Okoye, passing back the disc.

"No, it is for you, I think," and they argued like this for a few moments before

Unoka accepted the honour of breaking the kola. Okoye, meanwhile, took the lump of

chalk, drew some lines on the floor, and then painted his big toe.

As he broke the kola, Unoka prayed to their ancestors for life and health, and for

protection against their enemies. When they had eaten they talked about many things:

about the heavy rains which were drowning the yams, about the next ancestral feast and

about the impending war with the village of Mbaino. Unoka was never happy when it

came to wars. He was in fact a coward and could not bear the sight of blood. And so he

changed the subject and talked about music, and his face beamed. He could hear in his

mind's ear the blood-stirring and intricate rhythms of the ekwe and the udu and the ogene,

and he could hear his own flute weaving in and out of them, decorating them with a

colourful and plaintive tune. The total effect was gay and brisk, but if one picked out the

flute as it went up and down and then broke up into short snatches, one saw that there

was sorrow and grief there.

Okoye was also a musician. He played on the ogene. But he was not a failure like

Unoka. He had a large barn full of yams and he had three wives. And now he was going

to take the Idemili title, the third highest in the land. It was a very expensive ceremony

and he was gathering all his resources together. That was in fact the reason why he had

come to see Unoka. He cleared his throat and began: "Thank you for the kola. You may

have heard of the title I intend to take shortly."

Having spoken plainly so far, Okoye said the next half a dozen sentences in

proverbs. Among the Ibo the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are

the palm-oil with which words are eaten. Okoye was a great talker and he spoke for a

long time, skirting round the subject and then hitting it finally. In short, he was asking

Unoka to return the two hundred cowries he had borrowed from him more than two years

before. As soon as Unoka understood what his friend was driving at, he burst out

laughing. He laughed loud and long and his voice rang out clear as the ogene, and tears

stood in his eyes. His visitor was amazed, and sat speechless. At the end, Unoka was able

to give an answer between fresh outbursts of mirth.

"Look at that wall," he said, pointing at the far wall of his hut, which was rubbed

with red earth so that it shone. "Look at those lines of chalk," and Okoye saw groups of

short perpendicular lines drawn in chalk. There were five groups, and the smallest group

had ten lines. Unoka had a sense of the dramatic and so he allowed a pause, in which he

took a pinch of snuff and sneezed noisily, and then he continued: "Each group there

represents a debt to someone, and each stroke is one hundred cowries. You see, I owe

that man a thousand cowries. But he has not come to wake me up in the morning for it. I

shall pay you, but not today. Our elders say that the sun will shine on those who stand

before it shines on those who kneel under them. I shall pay my big debts first." And he

took another pinch of snuff, as if that was paying the big debts first. Okoye rolled his

goatskin and departed.

When Unoka died he had taken no title at all and he was heavily in debt. Any

wonder then that his son Okonkwo was ashamed of him? Fortunately, among these

people a man was judged according to his worth and not according to the worth of his

father. Okonkwo was clearly cut out for great things. He was still young but he had won

fame as the greatest wrestler in the nine villages. He was a wealthy farmer and had two

barns full of yams, and had just married his third wife. To crown it all he had taken two

titles and had shown incredible prowess in two inter-tribal wars. And so although

Okonkwo was still young, he was already one of the greatest men of his time. Age was

respected among his people, but achievement was revered. As the elders said, if a child

washed his hands he could eat with kings. Okonkwo had clearly washed his hands and so

he ate with kings and elders. And that was how he came to look after the doomed lad who

was sacrificed to the village of Umuofia by their neighbours to avoid war and bloodshed.

The ill-fated lad was called Ikemefuna.

CHAPTER TWO

Okonkwo had just blown out the palm-oil lamp and stretched himself on his bamboo bed

when he heard the ogene of the town crier piercing the still night air. Gome, gome, gome,

gome, boomed the hollow metal. Then the crier gave his message, and at the end of it

beat his instrument again. And this was the message. Every man of Umuofia was asked to

gather at the market place tomorrow morning. Okonkwo wondered what was amiss, for

he knew certainly that something was amiss. He had discerned a clear overtone of

tragedy in the crier's voice, and even now he could still hear it as it grew dimmer and

dimmer in the distance.

The night was very quiet. It was always quiet except on moonlight nights.

Darkness held a vague terror for these people, even the bravest among them. Children

were warned not to whistle at night for fear of evil spirits. Dangerous animals became

even more sinister and uncanny in the dark. A snake was never called by its name at

night, because it would hear. It was called a string. And so on this particular night as the

crier's voice was gradually swallowed up in the distance, silence returned to the world, a

vibrant silence made more intense by the universal trill of a million million forest insects.

On a moonlight night it would be different. The happy voices of children playing

in open fields would then be heard. And perhaps those not so young would be playing in

pairs in less open places, and old men and women would remember their youth. As the

Ibo say: "When the moon is shining the cripple becomes hungry for a walk."

But this particular night was dark and silent. And in all the nine villages of

Umuofia a town crier with his ogene asked every man to be present tomorrow morning.

Okonkwo on his bamboo bed tried to figure out the nature of the emergency - war with a

neighbouring clan? That seemed the most likely reason, and he was not afraid of war. He

was a man of action, a man of war. Unlike his father he could stand the look of blood. In

Umuofia's latest war he was the first to bring home a human head. That was his fifth head

and he was not an old man yet. On great occasions such as the funeral of a village

celebrity he drank his palm-wine from his first human head.

In the morning the market place was full. There must have been about ten

thousand men there, all talking in low voices. At last Ogbuefi Ezeugo stood up in the

midst of them and bellowed four times, "Umuofia kwenu," and on each occasion he faced

a different direction and seemed to push the air with a clenched fist. And ten thousand

men answered "Yaa!" each time. Then there was perfect silence. Ogbuefi Ezeugo was a

powerful orator and was always chosen to speak on such occasions. He moved his hand

over his white head and stroked his white beard. He then adjusted his cloth, which was

passed under his right arm-pit and tied above his left shoulder.

"Umuofia kwenu," he bellowed a fifth time, and the crowd yelled in answer. And

then suddenly like one possessed he shot out his left hand and pointed in the direction of

Mbaino, and said through gleaming white teeth firmly clenched: "Those sons of wild

animals have dared to murder a daughter of Umuofia." He threw his head down and

gnashed his teeth, and allowed a murmur of suppressed anger to sweep the crowd. When

he began again, the anger on his face was gone, and in its place a sort of smile hovered,

more terrible and more sinister than the anger. And in a clear unemotional voice he told

Umuofia how their daughter had gone to market at Mbaino and had been killed. That

woman, said Ezeugo, was the wife of Ogbuefi Udo, and he pointed to a man who sat near

him with a bowed head. The crowd then shouted with anger and thirst for blood.

Many others spoke, and at the end it was decided to follow the normal course of

action. An ultimatum was immediately dispatched to Mbaino asking them to choose

between war - on the one hand, and on the other the offer of a young man and a virgin as

compensation.

Umuofia was feared by all its neighbours. It was powerful in war and in magic,

and its priests and medicine men were feared in all the surrounding country. Its most

potent war-medicine was as old as the clan itself. Nobody knew how old. But on one

point there was general agreement--the active principle in that medicine had been an old

woman with one leg. In fact, the medicine itself was called agadi-nwayi, or old woman. It

had its shrine in the centre of Umuofia, in a cleared spot. And if anybody was so

foolhardy as to pass by the shrine after dusk he was sure to see the old woman hopping

about.

And so the neighbouring clans who naturally knew of these things feared

Umuofia, and would not go to war against it without first trying a peaceful settlement.

And in fairness to Umuofia it should be recorded that it never went to war unless its case

was clear and just and was accepted as such by its Oracle - the Oracle of the Hills and the

Caves. And there were indeed occasions when the Oracle had forbidden Umuofia to wage

a war. If the clan had disobeyed the Oracle they would surely have been beaten, because

their dreaded agadi-nwayi would never fight what the Ibo call a fight of blame.

But the war that now threatened was a just war. Even the enemy clan knew that.

And so when Okonkwo of Umuofia arrived at Mbaino as the proud and imperious

emissary of war, he was treated with great honour and respect, and two days later he

returned home with a lad of fifteen and a young virgin. The lad's name was Ikemefuna,

whose sad story is still told in Umuofia unto this day.

The elders, or ndichie, met to hear a report of Okonkwo's mission. At the end they

decided, as everybody knew they would, that the girl should go to Ogbuefi Udo to

replace his murdered wife. As for the boy, he belonged to the clan as a whole, and there

was no hurry to decide his fate. Okonkwo was, therefore, asked on behalf of the clan to

look after him in the interim. And so for three years Ikemefuna lived in Okonkwo's

household.

Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand. His wives, especially the

youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper, and so did his little children. Perhaps

down in his heart Okonkwo was not a cruel man. But his whole life was dominated by

fear, the fear of failure and of weakness. It was deeper and more intimate than the fear of

evil and capricious gods and of magic, the fear of the forest, and of the forces of nature,

malevolent, red in tooth and claw. Okonkwo's fear was greater than these. It was not

external but lay deep within himself. It was the fear of himself, lest he should be found to

resemble his father. Even as a little boy he had resented his father's failure and weakness,

and even now he still remembered how he had suffered when a playmate had told him

that his father was agbala. That was how Okonkwo first came to know that agbala was

not only another name for a woman, it could also mean a man who had taken no title.

And so Okonkwo was ruled by one passion - to hate everything that his father Unoka had

loved. One of those things was gentleness and another was idleness.

During the planting season Okonkwo worked daily on his farms from cock-crow

until the chickens went to roost. He was a very strong man and rarely felt fatigue. But his

wives and young children were not as strong, and so they suffered. But they dared not

complain openly. Okonkwo's first son, Nwoye, was then twelve years old but was already

causing his father great anxiety for his incipient laziness. At any rate, that was how it

looked to his father, and he sought to correct him by constant nagging and beating. And

so Nwoye was developing into a sad-faced youth.

Okonkwo's prosperity was visible in his household. He had a large compound

enclosed by a thick wall of red earth. His own hut, or obi, stood immediately behind the

only gate in the red walls. Each of his three wives had her own hut, which together

formed a half moon behind the obi. The barn was built against one end of the red walls,

and long stacks of yam stood out prosperously in it. At the opposite end of the compound

was a shed for the goats, and each wife built a small attachment to her hut for the hens.

Near the barn was a small house, the "medicine house" or shrine where Okonkwo kept

the wooden symbols of his personal god and of his ancestral spirits. He worshipped them

with sacrifices of kola nut, food and palm-wine, and offered prayers to them on behalf of

himself, his three wives and eight children.

So when the daughter of Umuofia was killed in Mbaino, Ikemefuna came into

Okonkwo's household. When Okonkwo brought him home that day he called his most

senior wife and handed him over to her.

"He belongs to the clan," he told her. "So look after him."

"Is he staying long with us?" she asked.

"Do what you are told, woman," Okonkwo thundered, and stammered. "When did

you become one of the ndichie of Umuofia?"

And so Nwoye's mother took Ikemefuna to her hut and asked no more questions.

As for the boy himself, he was terribly afraid. He could not understand what was

happening to him or what he had done. How could he know that his father had taken a

hand in killing a daughter of Umuofia? All he knew was that a few men had arrived at

their house, conversing with his father in low tones, and at the end he had been taken out

and handed over to a stranger. His mother had wept bitterly, but he had been too

surprised to weep. And so the stranger had brought him, and a girl, a long, long way from

home, through lonely forest paths. He did not know who the girl was, and he never saw

her again.

CHAPTER THREE

Okonkwo did not have the start in life which many young men usually had. He did not

inherit a barn from his father. There was no barn to inherit. The story was told in

Umuofia, of how his father, Unoka, had gone to consult the Oracle of the Hills and the

Caves to find out why he always had a miserable harvest.

The Oracle was called Agbala, and people came from far and near to consult it.

They came when misfortune dogged their steps or when they had a dispute with their

neighbours. They came to discover what the future held for them or to consult the spirits

of their departed fathers.

The way into the shrine was a round hole at the side of a hill, just a little bigger

than the round opening into a henhouse. Worshippers and those who came to seek

knowledge from the god crawled on their belly through the hole and found themselves in

a dark, endless space in the presence of Agbala. No one had ever beheld Agbala, except

his priestess. But no one who had ever crawled into his awful shrine had come out

without the fear of his power. His priestess stood by the sacred fire which she built in the

heart of the cave and proclaimed the will of the god. The fire did not burn with a flame.

The glowing logs only served to light up vaguely the dark figure of the priestess.

Sometimes a man came to consult the spirit of his dead father or relative. It was

said that when such a spirit appeared, the man saw it vaguely in the darkness, but never

heard its voice. Some people even said that they had heard the spirits flying and flapping

their wings against the roof of the cave.

Many years ago when Okonkwo was still a boy his father, Unoka, had gone to

consult Agbala. The priestess in those days was a woman called Chika. She was full of

the power of her god, and she was greatly feared. Unoka stood before her and began his

story.

"Every year," he said sadly, "before I put any crop in the earth, I sacrifice a cock

to Ani, the owner of all land. It is the law of our fathers. I also kill a cock at the shrine of

Ifejioku, the god of yams. I clear the bush and set fire to it when it is dry. I sow the yams

when the first rain has fallen, and stake them when the young tendrils appear. I weed" --

"Hold your peace!" screamed the priestess, her voice terrible as it echoed through the

dark void. "You have offended neither the gods nor your fathers. And when a man is at

peace with his gods and his ancestors, his harvest will be good or bad according to the

strength of his arm. You, Unoka, are known in all the clan for the weakness of your

machete and your hoe. When your neighbours go out with their axe to cut down virgin

forests, you sow your yams on exhausted farms that take no labour to clear. They cross

seven rivers to make their farms,- you stay at home and offer sacrifices to a reluctant soil.

Go home and work like a man."

Unoka was an ill-fated man. He had a bad chi or personal god, and evil fortune

followed him to the grave, or rather to his death, for he had no grave. He died of the

swelling which was an abomination to the earth goddess. When a man was afflicted with

swelling in the stomach and the limbs he was not allowed to die in the house. He was

carried to the Evil Forest and left there to die. There was the story of a very stubborn man

who staggered back to his house and had to be carried again to the forest and tied to a

tree. The sickness was an abomination to the earth, and so the victim could not be buried

in her bowels. He died and rotted away above the earth, and was not given the first or the

second burial. Such was Unoka's fate. When they carried him away, he took with him his

flute.

With a father like Unoka, Okonkwo did not have the start in life which many

young men had. He neither inherited a barn nor a title, nor even a young wife. But in

spite of these disadvantages, he had begun even in his father's lifetime to lay the

foundations of a prosperous future. It was slow and painful. But he threw himself into it

like one possessed. And indeed he was possessed by the fear of his father's contemptible

life and shameful death.

There was a wealthy man in Okonkwo's village who had three huge barns, nine

wives and thirty children. His name was Nwakibie and he had taken the highest but one

title which a man could take in the clan. It was for this man that Okonkwo worked to earn

his first seed yams.

He took a pot of palm-wine and a cock to Nwakibie. Two elderly neighbours were

sent for, and Nwakibie's two grown-up sons were also present in his obi. He presented a

kola nut and an alligator pepper, which were passed round for all to see and then returned

to him. He broke the nut saying: We shall all live. We pray for life, children, a good

harvest and happiness. You will have what is good for you and I will have what is good

for me. Let the kite perch and let the eagle perch too. If one says no to the other, let his

wing break."

After the kola nut had been eaten Okonkwo brought his palm-wine from the

corner of the hut where it had been placed and stood it in the centre of the group. He

addressed Nwakibie, calling him "Our father."

"Nna ayi," he said. "I have brought you this little kola. As our people say, a man

who pays respect to the great paves the way for his own greatness. I have come to pay

you my respects and also to ask a favour. But let us drink the wine first."

Everybody thanked Okonkwo and the neighbours brought out their drinking horns

from the goatskin bags they carried. Nwakibie brought down his own horn, which was

fastened to the rafters. The younger of his sons, who was also the youngest man in the

group, moved to the centre, raised the pot on his left knee and began to pour out the wine.

The first cup went to Okonkwo, who must taste his wine before anyone else. Then the

group drank, beginning with the eldest man. When everyone had drunk two or three

horns, Nwakibie sent for his wives. Some of them were not at home and only four came

in.

"Is Anasi not in?" he asked them. They said she was coming. Anasi was the first

wife and the others could not drink before her, and so they stood waiting.

Anasi was a middle-aged woman, tall and strongly built. There was authority in

her bearing and she looked every inch the ruler of the womenfolk in a large and

prosperous family. She wore the anklet of her husband's titles, which the first wife alone

could wear.

She walked up to her husband and accepted the horn from him. She then went

down on one knee, drank a little and handed back the horn. She rose, called him by his

name and went back to her hut. The other wives drank in the same way, in their proper

order, and went away.

The men then continued their drinking and talking. Ogbuefi Idigo was talking

about the palm-wine tapper, Obiako, who suddenly gave up his trade.

"There must be something behind it," he said, wiping the foam of wine from his

moustache with the back of his left hand. "There must be a reason for it. A toad does not

run in the daytime for nothing."

"Some people say the Oracle warned him that he would fall off a palm tree and

kill himself," said Akukalia.

"Obiako has always been a strange one," said Nwakibie. "I have heard that many

years ago, when his father had not been dead very long, he had gone to consult the

Oracle. The Oracle said to him, 'Your dead father wants you to sacrifice a goat to him.'

Do you know what he told the Oracle? He said, 'Ask my dead father if he ever had a fowl

when he was alive.' Everybody laughed heartily except Okonkwo, who laughed uneasily

because, as the saying goes, an old woman is always uneasy when dry bones are

mentioned in a proverb. Okonkwo remembered his own father.

At last the young man who was pouring out the wine held up half a horn of the

thick, white dregs and said, "What we are eating is finished."

"We have seen it," the others replied. "Who will drink the dregs?" he asked.

"Whoever has a job in hand," said Idigo, looking at Nwakibie's elder son Igwelo with a

malicious twinkle in his eye.

Everybody agreed that Igwelo should drink the dregs. He accepted the half-full

horn from his brother and drank it. As Idigo had said, Igwelo had a job in hand because

he had married his first wife a month or two before. The thick dregs of palm-wine were

supposed to be good for men who were going in to their wives.

After the wine had been drunk Okonkwo laid his difficulties before Nwakibie.

"I have come to you for help," he said. "Perhaps you can already guess what it is.

I have cleared a farm but have no yams to sow. I know what it is to ask a man to trust

another with his yams, especially these days when young men are afraid of hard work. I

am not afraid of work. The lizard that jumped from the high iroko tree to the ground said

he would praise himself if no one else did. I began to fend for myself at an age when

most people still suck at their mothers' breasts. If you give me some yam seeds I shall not

fail you."

Nwakibie cleared his throat. "It pleases me to see a young man like you these

days when our youth has gone so soft. Many young men have come to me to ask for

yams but I have refused because I knew they would just dump them in the earth and leave

them to be choked by weeds. When I say no to them they think I am hard hearted. But it

is not so. Eneke the bird says that since men have learned to shoot without missing, he

has learned to fly without perching. I have learned to be stingy with my yams. But I can

trust you. I know it as I look at you. As our fathers said, you can tell a ripe corn by its

look. I shall give you twice four hundred yams. Go ahead and prepare your farm."

Okonkwo thanked him again and again and went home feeling happy. He knew

that Nwakibie would not refuse him, but he had not expected he would be so generous.

He had not hoped to get more than four hundred seeds. He would now have to make a

bigger farm. He hoped to get another four hundred yams from one of his father's friends

at Isiuzo.

Share-cropping was a very slow way of building up a barn of one's own. After all

the toil one only got a third of the harvest. But for a young man whose father had no

yams, there was no other way. And what made it worse in Okonkwo's case was that he

had to support his mother and two sisters from his meagre harvest. And supporting his

mother also meant supporting his father. She could not be expected to cook and eat while

her husband starved. And so at a very early age when he was striving desperately to build

a barn through share-cropping Okonkwo was also fending for his father's house. It was

like pouring grains of corn into a bag full of holes. His mother and sisters worked hard

enough, but they grew women's crops, like coco-yams, beans and cassava. Yam, the king

of crops, was a man's crop.

The year that Okonkwo took eight hundred seed-yams from Nwakibie was the

worst year in living memory. Nothing happened at its proper time,- it was either too early

or too late. It seemed as if the world had gone mad. The first rains were late, and, when

they came, lasted only a brief moment. The blazing sun returned, more fierce than it had

ever been known, and scorched all the green that had appeared with the rains. The earth

burned like hot coals and roasted all the yams that had been sown. Like all good farmers,

Okonkwo had begun to sow with the first rains. He had sown four hundred seeds when

the rains dried up and the heat returned. He watched the sky all day for signs of rain

clouds and lay awake all night. In the morning he went back to his farm and saw the

withering tendrils. He had tried to protect them from the smouldering earth by making

rings of thick sisal leaves around them. But by the end of the day the sisal rings were

burned dry and grey. He changed them every day, and prayed that the rain might fall in

the night. But the drought continued for eight market weeks and the yams were killed.

Some farmers had not planted their yams yet. They were the lazy easy-going ones

who always put off clearing their farms as long as they could. This year they were the

wise ones. They sympathised with their neighbours with much shaking of the head, but

inwardly they were happy for what they took to be their own foresight.

Okonkwo planted what was left of his seed-yams when the rains finally returned.

He had one consolation. The yams he had sown before the drought were his own, the

harvest of the previous year. He still had the eight hundred from Nwakibie and the four

hundred from his father's friend. So he would make a fresh start.

But the year had gone mad. Rain fell as it had never fallen before. For days and

nights together it poured down in violent torrents, and washed away the yam heaps. Trees

were uprooted and deep gorges appeared everywhere. Then the rain became less violent.

But it went from day to day without a pause. The spell of sunshine which always came in

the middle of the wet season did not appear. The yams put on luxuriant green leaves, but

every farmer knew that without sunshine the tubers would not grow.

That year the harvest was sad, like a funeral, and many farmers wept as they dug

up the miserable and rotting yams. One man tied his cloth to a tree branch and hanged

himself.

Okonkwo remembered that tragic year with a cold shiver throughout the rest of

his life. It always surprised him when he thought of it later that he did not sink under the

load of despair. He knew that he was a fierce fighter, but that year-had been enough to

break the heart of a lion.

"Since I survived that year," he always said, "I shall survive anything." He put it

down to his inflexible will.

His father, Unoka, who was then an ailing man, had said to him during that

terrible harvest month: "Do not despair. I know you will not despair. You have a manly

and a proud heart. A proud heart can survive a general failure because such failure does

not prick its pride. It is more difficult and more bitter when a man fails alone."

Unoka was like that in his last days. His love of talk had grown with age and

sickness. It tried Okonkwo's patience beyond words.

CHAPTER FOUR

"Looking at a king's mouth," said an old man, "one would think he never sucked at his

mother's breast." He was talking about Okonkwo, who had risen so suddenly from great

poverty and misfortune to be one of the lords of the clan. The old man bore no ill will

towards Okonkwo. Indeed he respected him for his industry and success. But he was

struck, as most people were, by Okonkwo's brusqueness in dealing with less successful

men. Only a week ago a man had contradicted him at a kindred meeting which they held

to discuss the next ancestral feast. Without looking at the man Okonkwo had said: "This

meeting is for men." The man who had contradicted him had no titles. That was why he

had called him a woman. Okonkwo knew how to kill a man's spirit.

Everybody at the kindred meeting took sides with Osugo when Okonkwo called

him a woman. The oldest man present said sternly that those whose palm-kernels were

cracked for them by a benevolent spirit should not forget to be humble. Okonkwo said he

was sorry for what he had said, and the meeting continued.

But it was really not true that Okonkwo's palm-kernels had been cracked for him

by a benevolent spirit. He had cracked them himself. Anyone who knew his grim struggle

against poverty and misfortune could not say he had been lucky. If ever a man deserved

his success, that man was Okonkwo. At an early age he had achieved fame as the greatest

wrestler in all the land. That was not luck. At the most one could say that his chi or

personal god was good. But the Ibo people have a proverb that when a man says yes his

chi says yes also. Okonkwo said yes very strongly, so his chi agreed. And not only his chi

but his clan too, because it judged a man by the work of his hands. That was why

Okonkwo had been Chosen by the nine villages to carry a message of war to their

enemies unless they agreed to give up a young man and a virgin to atone for the murder

of Udo's wife. And such was the deep fear that their enemies had for Umuofia that they

treated Okonkwo like a king and brought him a virgin who was given to Udo as wife, and

the lad Ikemefuna.

The elders of the clan had decided that Ikemefuna should be in Okonkwo's care

for a while. But no one thought It would be as long as three years. They seemed to forget

all about him as soon as they had taken the decision.

At first Ikemefuna was very much afraid. Once or twice he tried to run away, but

he did not know where to begin. He thought of his mother and his three-year-old sister

and wept bitterly. Nwoye's mother was very kind to him and treated him as one of her

own children. But all he said was: "When shall I go home?" When Okonkwo heard that

he would not eat any food he came into the hut with a big stick in his hand and stood over

him while he swallowed his yams, trembling. A few moments later he went behind the

hut and began to vomit painfully. Nwoye's mother went to him and placed her hands on

his chest and on his back. He was ill for three market weeks, and when he recovered he

seemed to have overcome his great fear and sadness.

He was by nature a very lively boy and he gradually became popular in

Okonkwo's household, especially with the children. Okonkwo's son, Nwoye, who was

two years younger, became quite inseparable from him because he seemed to know

everything. He could fashion out flutes from bamboo stems and even from the elephant

grass. He knew the names of all the birds and could set clever traps for the little bush

rodents. And he knew which trees made the strongest bows.

Even Okonkwo himself became very fond of the boy - inwardly of course.

Okonkwo never showed any emotion openly, unless it be the emotion of anger. To show

affection was a sign of weakness,-the only thing worth demonstrating was strength. He

therefore treated Ikemefuna as he treated everybody else - with a heavy hand. But there

was no doubt that he liked the boy. Sometimes when he went to big village meetings or

communal ancestral feasts he allowed Ikemefuna to accompany him, like a son, carrying

his stool and his goatskin bag. And, indeed, Ikemefuna called him father.

Ikemefuna came to Umuofia at the end of the carefree season between harvest and

planting. In fact he recovered from his illness only a few days before the Week of Peace

began. And that was also the year Okonkwo broke the peace, and was punished, as was

the custom, by Ezeani, the priest of the earth goddess.

Okonkwo was provoked to justifiable anger by his youngest wife, who went to

plait her hair at her friend's house and did not return early enough to cook the afternoon

meal. Okonkwo did not know at first that she was not at home. After waiting in vain for

her dish he went to her hut to see what she was doing. There was nobody in the hut and

the fireplace was cold.

"Where is Ojiugo?" he asked his second wife, who came out of her hut to draw

water from a gigantic pot in the shade of a small tree in the middle of the compound.

"She has gone to plait her hair."

Okonkwo bit his lips as anger welled up within him.

"Where are her children? Did she take them?" he asked with unusual coolness and

restraint.

"They are here," answered his first wife, Nwoye's mother. Okonkwo bent down

and looked into her hut. Ojiugo's children were eating with the children of his first wife.

"Did she ask you to feed them before she went?"

"Yes," lied Nwoye's mother, trying to minimise Ojiugo's thoughtlessness.

Okonkwo knew she was not speaking the truth. He walked back to his obi to

await Ojiugo's return. And when she returned he beat her very heavily. In his anger he

had forgotten that it was the Week of Peace. His first two wives ran out in great alarm

pleading with him that it was the sacred week.

But Okonkwo was not the man to stop beating somebody half-way through, not

even for fear of a goddess.

Okonkwo's neighbours heard his wife crying and sent their voices over the

compound walls to ask what was the matter. Some of them came over to see for

themselves. It was unheard of to beat somebody during the sacred week.

Before it was dusk Ezeani, who was the priest of the earth goddess, Ani, called on

Okonkwo in his obi. Okonkwo brought out kola nut and placed it before the priest, "Take

away your kola nut. I shall not eat in the house of a man who has no respect for our gods

and ancestors."

Okonkwo tried to explain to him what his wife had done, but Ezeani seemed to

pay no attention. He held a short staff in his hand which he brought down on the floor to

emphasise his points.

"Listen to me," he said when Okonkwo had spoken. "You are not a stranger in

Umuofia. You know as well as I do that our forefathers ordained that before we plant any

crops in the earth we should observe a week in which a man does not say a harsh word to

his neighbour. We live in peace with our fellows to honour our great goddess of the earth

without whose blessing our crops will not grow. You have committed a great evil." He

brought down his staff heavily on the floor. "Your wife was at fault, but even if you came

into your obi and found her lover on top of her, you would still have committed a great

evil to beat her." His staff came down again. "The evil you have done can ruin the whole

clan. The earth goddess whom you have insulted may refuse to give us her increase, and

we shall all perish." His tone now changed from anger to command. "You will bring to

the shrine of Ani tomorrow one she-goat, one hen, a length of cloth and a hundred

cowries." He rose and left the hut.

Okonkwo did as the priest said. He also took with him a pot of palm-wine.

Inwardly, he was repentant. But he was not the man to go about telling his neighbours

that he was in error. And so people said he had no respect for the gods of the clan. His

enemies said his good fortune had gone to his head. They called him the little bird nza

who so far forgot himself after a heavy meal that he challenged his chi.

No work was done during the Week of Peace. People called on their neighbours

and drank palm-wine. This year they talked of nothing else but the nso-ani which

Okonkwo had committed. It was the first time for many years that a man had broken the

sacred peace. Even the oldest men could only remember one or two other occasions

somewhere in the dim past.

Ogbuefi Ezeudu, who was the oldest man in the village, was telling two other men

who came to visit him that the punishment for breaking the Peace of Ani had become

very mild in their clan.

"It has not always been so," he said. "My father told me that he had been told that

in the past a man who broke the peace was dragged on the ground through the village

until he died. But after a while this custom was stopped because it spoiled the peace

which it was meant to preserve."

"Somebody told me yesterday," said one of the younger men, "that in some clans

it is an abomination for a man to die during the Week of Peace."

"It is indeed true," said Ogbuefi Ezeudu. "They have that custom in Obodoani. If

a man dies at this time he is not buried but cast into the Evil Forest. It is a bad custom

which these people observe because they lack understanding. They throw away large

numbers of men and women without burial. And what is the result? Their clan is full of

the evil spirits of these unburied dead, hungry to do harm to the living."

After the Week of Peace every man and his family began to clear the bush to

make new farms. The cut bush was left to dry and fire was then set to it. As the smoke

rose into the sky kites appeared from different directions and hovered over the burning

field in silent valediction. The rainy season was approaching when they would go away

until the dry season returned.

Okonkwo spent the next few days preparing his seed-yams. He looked at each

yam carefully to see whether it was good for sowing. Sometimes he decided that a yam

was too big to be sown as one seed and he split it deftly along its length with his sharp

knife. His eldest son, Nwoye, and Ikemefuna helped him by fetching the yams in long

baskets from the barn and in counting the prepared seeds in groups of four hundred.

Sometimes Okonkwo gave them a few yams each to prepare. But he always found fault

with their effort, and he said so with much threatening.

"Do you think you are cutting up yams for cooking?" he asked Nwoye. "If you

split another yam of this size, I shall break your jaw. You think you are still a child. I

began to own a farm at your age. And you," he said to Ikemefuna, "do you not grow

yams where you come from?"

Inwardly Okonkwo knew that the boys were still too young to understand fully

the difficult art of preparing seed-yams. But he thought that one could not begin too

early. Yam stood for manliness, and he who could feed his family on yams from one

harvest to another was a very great man indeed. Okonkwo wanted his son to be a great

farmer and a great man. He would stamp out the disquieting signs of laziness which he

thought he already saw in him.

"I will not have a son who cannot hold up his head in the gathering of the clan. I

would sooner strangle him with my own hands. And if you stand staring at me like that,"

he swore, "Amadiora will break your head for you!"

Some days later, when the land had been moistened by two or three heavy rains,

Okonkwo and his family went to the farm with baskets of seed-yams, their hoes and

machetes, and the planting began. They made single mounds of earth in straight lines all

over the field and sowed the yams in them.

Yam, the king of crops, was a very exacting king. For three or four moons it

demanded hard work and constant attention from cockcrow till the chickens went back to

roost. The young tendrils were protected from earth-heat with rings of sisal leaves. As the

rains became heavier the women planted maize, melons and beans between the yam

mounds. The yams were then staked, first with little sticks and later with tall and big tree

branches. The women weeded the farm three times at definite periods in the life of the

yams, neither early nor late.

And now the rains had really come, so heavy and persistent that even the village

rain-maker no longer claimed to be able to intervene. He could not stop the rain now, just

as he would not attempt to start it in the heart of the dry season, without serious danger to

his own health. The personal dynamism required to counter the forces of these extremes

of weather would be far too great for the human frame.

And so nature was not interfered with in the middle of the rainy season.

Sometimes it poured down in such thick sheets of water that earth and sky seemed

merged in one grey wetness. It was then uncertain whether the low rumbling of

Amadiora's thunder came from above or below. At such times, in each of the countless

thatched huts of Umuofia, children sat around their mother's cooking fire telling stories,

or with their father in his obi warming themselves from a log fire, roasting and eating

maize. It was a brief resting period between the exacting and arduous planting season and

the equally exacting but light-hearted month of harvests.

Ikemefuna had begun to feel like a member of Okonkwo's family. He still thought

about his mother and his three-year-old sister, and he had moments of sadness and

depression But he and Nwoye had become so deeply attached to each other that such

moments became less frequent and less poignant. Ikemefuna had an endless stock of folk

tales. Even those which Nwoye knew already were told with a new freshness and the

local flavour of a different clan. Nwoye remembered this period very vividly till the end

of his life. He even remembered how he had laughed when Ikemefuna told him that the

proper name for a corn cob with only a few scattered grains was eze-agadi-nwayi, or the

teeth of an old woman. Nwoye's mind had gone immediately to Nwayieke, who lived

near the udala tree. She had about three teeth and was always smoking her pipe.

Gradually the rains became lighter and less frequent, and earth and sky once again

became separate. The rain fell in thin, slanting showers through sunshine and quiet

breeze. Children no longer stayed indoors but ran about singing: "The rain is falling, the

sun is shining, Alone Nnadi is cooking and eating."

Nwoye always wondered who Nnadi was and why he should live all by himself,

cooking and eating. In the end he decided that Nnadi must live in that land of Ikemefuna's

favourite story where the ant holds his court in splendour and the sands dance forever.

CHAPTER FIVE

The Feast of the New Yam was approaching and Umuofia was in a festival mood. It was

an occasion for giving thanks to Ani, the earth goddess and the source of all fertility. Ani

played a greater part in the life of the people than any other deity. She was the ultimate

judge of morality and conduct. And what was more, she was in close communion with

the departed fathers of the clan whose bodies had been committed to earth.

The Feast of the New Yam was held every year before the harvest began, to

honour the earth goddess and the ancestral spirits of the clan. New yams could not be

eaten until some had first been offered to these powers. Men and women, young and old,

looked forward to the New Yam Festival because it began the season of plenty--the new

year. On the last night before the festival, yams of the old year were all disposed of by

those who still had them. The new year must begin with tasty, fresh yams and not the

shrivelled and fibrous crop of the previous year. All cooking pots, calabashes and

wooden bowls were thoroughly washed, especially the wooden mortar in which yam was

pounded. Yam foo-foo and vegetable soup was the chief food in the celebration. So much

of it was cooked that, no matter how heavily the family ate or how many friends and

relatives they invited from neighbouring villages, there was always a large quantity of

food left over at the end of the day. The story was always told of a wealthy man who set

before his guests a mound of foo-foo so high that those who sat on one side could not see

what was happening on the other, and it was not until late in the evening that one of them

saw for the first time his in-law who had arrived during the course of the meal and had

fallen to on the opposite side. It was only then that they exchanged greetings and shook

hands over what was left of the food.

The New Yam Festival was thus an occasion for joy throughout Umuofia. And

every man whose arm was strong, as the Ibo people say, was expected to invite large

numbers of guests from far and wide. Okonkwo always asked his wives' relations, and

since he now had three wives his guests would make a fairly big crowd.

But somehow Okonkwo could never become as enthusiastic over feasts as most

people. He was a good eater and he could drink one or two fairly big gourds of palm-

wine. But he was always uncomfortable sitting around for days waiting for a feast or

getting over it. He would be very much happier working on his farm.

The festival was now only three days away. Okonkwo's wives had scrubbed the

walls and the huts with red earth until they reflected light. They had then drawn patterns

on them in white, yellow and dark green. They then set about painting themselves with

cam wood and drawing beautiful black patterns on their stomachs and on their backs. The

children were also decorated, especially their hair, which was shaved in beautiful

patterns. The three women talked excitedly about the relations who had been invited, and

the children revelled in the thought of being spoiled by these visitors from the

motherland. Ikemefuna was equally excited. The New Yam Festival seemed to him to be

a much bigger event here than in his own village, a place which was already becoming

remote and vague in his imagination.

And then the storm burst. Okonkwo, who had been walking about aimlessly in his

compound in suppressed anger, suddenly found an outlet.

"Who killed this banana tree?" he asked.

A hush fell on the compound immediately.

"Who killed this tree? Or are you all deaf and dumb?"

As a matter of fact the tree was very much alive. Okonkwo's second wife had

merely cut a few leaves off it to wrap some food, and she said so. Without further

argument Okonkwo gave her a sound beating and left her and her only daughter weeping.

Neither of the other wives dared to interfere beyond an occasional and tentative, "It is

enough, Okonkwo," pleaded from a reasonable distance.

His anger thus satisfied, Okonkwo decided to go out hunting. He had an old rusty

gun made by a clever blacksmith who had come to live in Umuofia long ago. But

although Okonkwo was a great man whose prowess was universally acknowledged, he

was not a hunter. In fact he had not killed a rat with his gun. And so when he called

Ikemefuna to fetch his gun, the wife who had just been beaten murmured something

about guns that never shot. Unfortunately for her Okonkwo heard it and ran madly into

his room for the loaded gun, ran out again and aimed at her as she clambered over the

dwarf wall of the barn. He pressed the trigger and there was a loud report accompanied

by the wail of his wives and children. He threw down the gun and jumped into the barn

and there lay the woman, very much shaken and frightened but quite unhurt. He heaved a

heavy sigh and went away with the gun.

In spite of this incident the New Yam Festival was celebrated with great joy in

Okonkwo's household. Early that morning as he offered a sacrifice of new yam and palm

oil to his ancestors he asked them to protect him, his children and their mothers in the

new year.

As the day wore on his in-laws arrived from three surrounding villages, and each

party brought with them a huge pot of palm-wine. And there was eating and drinking till

night, when Okonkwo's in-laws began to leave for their homes The second day of the

new year was the day of the great wrestling match between Okonkwo's village and their

neighbours. It was difficult to say which the people enjoyed more, the feasting and

fellowship of the first day or the wrestling Contest of the second. But there was one

woman who had no doubt whatever in her mind. She was Okonkwo's second wife

Ekwefi, whom he nearly shot. There was no festival in all the seasons of the year which

gave her as much pleasure as the wrestling match. Many years ago when she was the

village beauty Okonkwo had won her heart by throwing the Cat in the greatest contest

within living memory. She did not marry him then because he was too poor to pay her

bride-price. But a few years later she ran away from her husband and came to live with

Okonkwo. All this happened many years ago. Now Ekwefi was a woman of forty-five

who had suffered a great deal in her time. But her love of wrestling contests was still as

strong as it was thirty years ago.

It was not yet noon on the second day of the New Yam Festival. Ekwefi and her

only daughter, Ezinma, sat near the fireplace waiting for the water in the pot to boil. The

fowl Ekwefi had just killed was in the wooden mortar. The water began to boil, and in

one deft movement she lifted the pot from the fire and poured the boiling water over the

fowl. She put back the empty pot on the circular pad in the corner, and looked at her

palms, which were black with soot. Ezinma was always surprised that her mother could

lift a pot from the fire with her bare hands.

"Ekwefi," she said, "is it true that when people are grown up, fire does not burn

them?" Ezinma, unlike most children, called her mother by her name.

"Yes," replied Ekwefi, too busy to argue. Her daughter was only ten years old but

she was wiser than her years.

"But Nwoye's mother dropped her pot of hot soup the other day and it broke on

the floor."

Ekwefi turned the hen over in the mortar and began to pluck the feathers.

"Ekwefi," said Ezinma, who had joined in plucking the feathers, "my eyelid is

twitching."

"It means you are going to cry," said her mother.

"No," Ezinma said, "it is this eyelid, the top one."

"That means you will see something."

"What will I see?" she asked.

"How can I know?" Ekwefi wanted her to work it out herself.

"Oho," said Ezinma at last. "I know what it is--the wrestling match."

At last the hen was plucked clean. Ekwefi tried to pull out the horny beak but it

was too hard. She turned round on her low stool and put the beak in the fire for a few

moments. She pulled again and it came off.

"Ekwefi!" a voice called from one of the other huts. It was Nwoye's mother,

Okonkwo's first wife.

"Is that me?" Ekwefi called back. That was the way people answered calls from

outside. They never answered yes for fear it might be an evil spirit calling.

"Will you give Ezinma some fire to bring to me?" Her own children and

Ikemefuna had gone to the stream.

Ekwefi put a few live coals into a piece of broken pot and Ezinma carried it across

the clean swept compound to Nwoye's mother.

"Thank you, Nma," she said. She was peeling new yams, and in a basket beside

her were green vegetables and beans.

"Let me make the fire for you," Ezinma offered.

"Thank you, Ezigbo," she said. She often called her Ezigbo, which means "the

good one."

Ezinma went outside and brought some sticks from a huge bundle of firewood.

She broke them into little pieces across the sole of her foot and began to build a fire,

blowing it with her breath.

"You will blow your eyes out," said Nwoye's mother, looking up from the yams

she was peeling. "Use the fan." She stood up and pulled out the fan which was fastened

into one of the rafters. As soon as she got up, the troublesome nanny goat, which had

been dutifully eating yam peelings, dug her teeth into the real thing, scooped out two

mouthfuls and fled from the hut to chew the cud in the goats' shed. Nwoye's mother

swore at her and settled down again to her peeling. Ezinma's fire was now sending up

thick clouds of smoke. She went on fanning it until it burst into flames. Nwoye's mother

thanked her and she went back to her mother's hut.

Just then the distant beating of drums began to reach them. It came from the

direction of the ilo, the village playground. Every village had its own ilo which was as

old as the village itself and where all the great ceremonies and dances took place. The

drums beat the unmistakable wrestling dance - quick, light and gay, and it came floating

on the wind.

Okonkwo cleared his throat and moved his feet to the beat of the drums. It filled

him with fire as it had always done from his youth. He trembled with the desire to

conquer and subdue. It was like the desire for woman.

"We shall be late for the wrestling," said Ezinma to her mother.

"They will not begin until the sun goes down."

"But they are beating the drums."

"Yes. The drums begin at noon but the wrestling waits until the sun begins to

sink. Go and see if your father has brought out yams for the afternoon."

"He has. Nwoye's mother is already cooking."

"Go and bring our own, then. We must cook quickly or we shall be late for the

wrestling."

Ezinma ran in the direction of the barn and brought back two yams from the

dwarf wall.

Ekwefi peeled the yams quickly. The troublesome nanny-goat sniffed about,

eating the peelings. She cut the yams into small pieces and began to prepare a pottage,

using some of the chicken.

At that moment they heard someone crying just outside their compound. It was

very much like Obiageli, Nwoye's sister.

"Is that not Obiageli weeping?" Ekwefi called across the yard to Nwoye's mother.

"Yes," she replied. "She must have broken her waterpot."

The weeping was now quite close and soon the children filed in, carrying on their

heads various sizes of pots suitable to their years. Ikemefuna came first with the biggest

pot, closely followed by Nwoye and his two younger brothers. Obiageli brought up the

rear, her face streaming with tears. In her hand was the cloth pad on which the pot should

have rested on her head.

"What happened?" her mother asked, and Obiageli told her mournful story. Her

mother consoled her and promised to buy her another pot.

Nwoye's younger brothers were about to tell their mother the true story of the

accident when Ikemefuna looked at them sternly and they held their peace. The fact was

that Obiageli had been making inyanga with her pot. She had balanced it on her head,

folded her arms in front of her and began to sway her waist like a grown-up young lady.

When the pot fell down and broke she burst out laughing. She only began to weep when

they got near the iroko tree outside their compound.

The drums were still beating, persistent and unchanging. Their sound was no

longer a separate thing from the living village. It was like the pulsation of its heart. It

throbbed in the air, in the sunshine, and even in the trees, and filled the village with

excitement.

Ekwefi ladled her husband's share of the pottage into a bowl and covered it.

Ezinma took it to him in his obi.

Okonkwo was sitting on a goatskin already eating his first wife's meal. Obiageli,

who had brought it from her mother's hut, sat on the floor waiting for him to finish.

Ezinma placed her mother's dish before him and sat with Obiageli.

"Sit like a woman!" Okonkwo shouted at her. Ezinma brought her two legs

together and stretched them in front of her.

"Father, will you go to see the wrestling?" Ezinma asked after a suitable interval.

"Yes," he answered. "Will you go?"

"Yes." And after a pause she said: "Can I bring your chair for you?"

"No, that is a boy's job." Okonkwo was specially fond of Ezinma. She looked

very much like her mother, who was once the village beauty. But his fondness only

showed on very rare occasions.

"Obiageli broke her pot today," Ezinma said.

"Yes, she has told me about it," Okonkwo said between mouthfuls.

"Father," said Obiageli, "people should not talk when they are eating or pepper

may go down the wrong way."

"That is very true. Do you hear that, Ezinma? You are older than Obiageli but she

has more sense."

He uncovered his second wife's dish and began to eat from it. Obiageli took the

first dish and returned to her mother's hut. And then Nkechi came in, bringing the third

dish. Nkechi was the daughter of Okonkwo's third wife.

In the distance the drums continued to beat.

CHAPTER Six

The whole village turned out on the ilo, men, women and children. They stood round in a

huge circle leaving the centre of the playground free. The elders and grandees of the

village sat on their own stools brought there by their young sons or slaves. Okonkwo was

among them. All others stood except those who came early enough to secure places on

the few stands which had been built by placing smooth logs on forked pillars.

The wrestlers were not there yet and the drummers held the field. They too sat just

in front of the huge circle of spectators, facing the elders. Behind them was the big and

ancient silk-cotton tree which was sacred. Spirits of good children lived in that tree

waiting to be born. On ordinary days young women who desired children came to sit

under its shade.

There were seven drums and they were arranged according to their sizes in a long

wooden basket. Three men beat them with sticks, working feverishly from one drum to

another. They were possessed by the spirit of the drums.

The young men who kept order on these occasions dashed about, consulting

among themselves and with the leaders of the two wrestling teams, who were still outside

the circle, behind the crowd. Once in a while two young men carrying palm fronds ran

round the circle and kept the crowd back by beating the ground in front of them or, if

they were stubborn, their legs and feet.

At last the two teams danced into the circle and the crowd roared and clapped.

The drums rose to a frenzy. The people surged forward. The young men who kept order

flew around, waving their palm fronds. Old men nodded to the beat of the drums and

remembered the days when they wrestled to its intoxicating rhythm.

The contest began with boys of fifteen or sixteen. There were only three such

boys in each team. They were not the real wrestlers,-they merely set the scene. Within a

short time the first two bouts were over. But the third created a big sensation even among

the elders who did not usually show their excitement so openly. It was as quick as the

other two, perhaps even quicker. But very few people had ever seen that kind of wrestling

before. As soon as the two boys closed in, one of them did something which no one could

describe because it had been as quick as a flash. And the other boy was flat on his back.

The crowd roared and clapped and for a while drowned the frenzied drums. Okonkwo

sprang to his feet and quickly sat down again. Three young men from the victorious boy's

team ran forward, carried him shoulder high and danced through the cheering crowd.

Everybody soon knew who the boy was. His name was Maduka, the son of Obierika.

The drummers stopped for a brief rest before the real matches. Their bodies shone

with sweat, and they took up fans and began to fan themselves. They also drank water

from small pots and ate kola nuts. They became ordinary human beings again, talking and

laughing among themselves and with others who stood near them. The air, which had

been stretched taut with excitement, relaxed again. It was as if water had been poured on

the tightened skin of a drum. Many people looked around, perhaps for the first time, and

saw those who stood or sat next to them.

"I did not know it was you," Ekwefi said to the woman who had stood shoulder to

shoulder with her since the beginning of the matches.

"I do not blame you," said the woman. "I have never seen such a large crowd of

people. Is it true that Okonkwo nearly killed you with his gun?"

"It is true indeed, my dear friend. I cannot yet find a mouth with which to tell the

story."

"Your chi is very much awake, my friend. And how is my daughter, Ezinma?"

"She has been very well for some time now. Perhaps she has come to stay."

"I think she has. How old is she now?"

"She is about ten years old."

"I think she will stay. They usually stay if they do not die before the age of six."

"I pray she stays," said Ekwefi with a heavy sigh.

The woman with whom she talked was called Chielo. She was the priestess of

Agbala, the Oracle of the Hills and the Caves. In ordinary life Chielo was a widow with

two children. She was very friendly with Ekwefi and they shared a common shed in the

market. She was particularly fond of Ekwefi's only daughter, Ezinma, whom she called

"my daughter." Quite often she bought beancakes and gave Ekwefi some to take home to

Ezinma. Anyone seeing Chielo in ordinary life would hardly believe she was the same

person who prophesied when the spirit of Agbala was upon her.

The drummers took up their sticks and the air shivered and grew tense like a

tightened bow.

The two teams were ranged facing each other across the clear space. A young

man from one team danced across the centre to the other side and pointed at whomever

he wanted to fight. They danced back to the centre together and then closed in.

There were twelve men on each side and the challenge went from one side to the

other. Two judges walked around the wrestlers and when they thought they were equally

matched, stopped them. Five matches ended in this way. But the really exciting moments

were when a man was thrown. The huge voice of the crowd then rose to the sky and in

every direction. It was even heard in the surrounding villages.

The last match was between the leaders of the teams. They were among the best

wrestlers in all the nine villages. The crowd wondered who would throw the other this

year. Some said Okafo was the better man, others said he was not the equal of Ikezue.

Last year neither of them had thrown the other even though the judges had allowed the

contest to go on longer than was the custom. They had the same style and one saw the

other's plans beforehand. It might happen again this year.

Dusk was already approaching when their contest began. The drums went mad

and the crowds also. They surged forward as the two young men danced into the circle.

The palm fronds were helpless in keeping them back.

Ikezue held out his right hand. Okafo seized it, and they closed in. It was a fierce

contest. Ikezue strove to dig in his right heel behind Okafo so as to pitch him backwards

in the clever ege style. But the one knew what the other was thinking. The crowd had

surrounded and swallowed up the drummers, whose frantic rhythm was no longer a mere

disembodied sound but the very heartbeat of the people.

The wrestlers were now almost still in each other's grip. The muscles on their

arms and their thighs and on their backs stood out and twitched. It looked like an equal

match. The two judges were already moving forward to separate them when Ikezue, now

desperate, went down quickly on one knee in an attempt to fling his man backwards over

his head. It was a sad miscalculation. Quick as the lightning of Amadiora, Okafo raised

his right leg and swung it over his rival's head. The crowd burst into a thunderous roar.

Okafo was swept off his feet by his supporters and carried home shoulder high. They

sang his praise and the young women clapped their hands: "Who will wrestle for our

village?

Okafo will wrestle for our village. Has he thrown a hundred men?

He has thrown four hundred men. Has he thrown a hundred Cats?

He has thrown four hundred Cats. Then send him word to fight for us."

CHAPTER SEVEN

For three years Ikemefuna lived in Okonkwo's household and the elders of Umuofia

seemed to have forgotten about him. He grew rapidly like a yam tendril in the rainy

season, and was full of the sap of life. He had become wholly absorbed into his new

family. He was like an elder brother to Nwoye, and from the very first seemed to have

kindled a new fire in the younger boy. He made him feel grown-up, and they no longer

spent the evenings in his mother's hut while she cooked, but now sat with Okonkwo in his

obi, or watched him as he tapped his palm tree for the evening wine. Nothing pleased

Nwoye now more than to be sent for by his mother or another of his father's wives to do

one of those difficult and masculine tasks in the home, like splitting wood, or pounding

food. On receiving such a message through a younger brother or sister, Nwoye would

feign annoyance and grumble aloud about women and their troubles.

Okonkwo was inwardly pleased at his son's development, and he knew it was due

to Ikemefuna. He wanted Nwoye to grow into a tough young man capable of ruling his

father's household when he was dead and gone to join the ancestors.

He wanted him to be a prosperous man, having enough in his barn to feed the

ancestors with regular sacrifices. And so he was always happy when he heard him

grumbling about women. That showed that in time he would be able to control his

women-folk. No matter how prosperous a man was, if he was unable to rule his women

and his children (and especially his women) he was not really a man. He was like the man

in the song who had ten and one wives and not enough soup for his foo-foo.

So Okonkwo encouraged the boys to sit with him in his obi, and he told them

stories of the land--masculine stories of violence and bloodshed. Nwoye knew that it was

right to be masculine and to be violent, but somehow he still preferred the stories that his

mother used to tell, and which she no doubt still told to her younger children--stories of

the tortoise and his wily ways, and of the bird eneke-nti-oba who challenged the whole

world to a wrestling contest and was finally thrown by the cat. He remembered the story

she often told of the quarrel between Earth and Sky long ago, and how Sky withheld rain

for seven years, until crops withered and the dead could not be buried because the hoes

broke on the stony Earth. At last Vulture was sent to plead with Sky, and to soften his

heart with a song of the suffering of the sons of men. Whenever Nwoye's mother sang

this song he felt carried away to the distant scene in the sky where Vulture, Earth's

emissary, sang for mercy. At last Sky was moved to pity, and he gave to Vulture rain

wrapped in leaves of coco-yam. But as he flew home his long talon pierced the leaves

and the rain fell as it had never fallen before. And so heavily did it rain on Vulture that he

did not return to deliver his message but flew to a distant land, from where he had espied

a fire. And when he got there he found it was a man making a sacrifice. He warmed

himself in the fire and ate the entrails.

That was the kind of story that Nwoye loved. But he now knew that they were for

foolish women and children, and he knew that his father wanted him to be a man. And so

he feigned that he no longer cared for women's stories. And when he did this he saw that

his father was pleased, and no longer rebuked him or beat him. So Nwoye and Ikemefuna

would listen to Okonkwo's stories about tribal wars, or how, years ago, he had stalked his

victim, overpowered him and obtained his first human head. And as he told them of the

past they sat in darkness or the dim glow of logs, waiting for the women to finish their

cooking. When they finished, each brought her bowl of foo-foo and bowl of soup to her

husband. An oil lamp was lit and Okonkwo tasted from each bowl, and then passed two

shares to Nwoye and Ikemefuna.

In this way the moons and the seasons passed. And then the locusts came. It had

not happened for many a long year. The elders said locusts came once in a generation,

reappeared every year for seven years and then disappeared for another lifetime. They

went back to their caves in a distant land, where they were guarded by a race of stunted

men. And then after another lifetime these men opened the caves again and the locusts

came to Umuofia.

They came in the cold harmattan season after the harvests had been gathered, and

ate up all the wild grass in the fields.

Okonkwo and the two boys were working on the red outer walls of the compound.

This was one of the lighter tasks of the after-harvest season. A new cover of thick palm

branches and palm leaves was set on the walls to protect them from the next rainy season.

Okonkwo worked on the outside of the wall and the boys worked from within. There

were little holes from one side to the other in the upper levels of the wall, and through

these Okonkwo passed the rope, or tie-tie, to the boys and they passed it round the

wooden stays and then back to him,- and in this way the cover was strengthened on the

wall.

The women had gone to the bush to collect firewood, and the little children to

visit their playmates in the neighbouring compounds. The harmattan was in the air and

seemed to distill a hazy feeling of sleep on the world. Okonkwo and the boys worked in

complete silence, which was only broken when a new palm frond was lifted on to the

wall or when a busy hen moved dry leaves about in her ceaseless search for food.

And then quite suddenly a shadow fell on the world, and the sun seemed hidden

behind a thick cloud. Okonkwo looked up from his work and wondered if it was going to

rain at such an unlikely time of the year. But almost immediately a shout of joy broke out

in all directions, and Umuofia, which had dozed in the noon-day haze, broke into life and

activity.

"Locusts are descending," was joyfully chanted everywhere, and men, women and

children left their work or their play and ran into the open to see the unfamiliar sight. The

locusts had not come for many, many years, and only the old people had seen them

before.

At first, a fairly small swarm came. They were the harbingers sent to survey the

land. And then appeared on the horizon a slowly-moving mass like a boundless sheet of

black cloud drifting towards Umuofia. Soon it covered half the sky, and the solid mass

was now broken by tiny eyes of light like shining star dust. It was a tremendous sight, full

of power and beauty.

Everyone was now about, talking excitedly and praying that the locusts should

camp in Umuofia for the night. For although locusts had not visited Umuofia for many

years, everybody knew by instinct that they were very good to eat. And at last the locusts

did descend. They settled on every tree and on every blade of grass, they settled on the

roofs and covered the bare ground. Mighty tree branches broke away under them, and the

whole country became the brown-earth colour of the vast, hungry swarm.

Many people went out with baskets trying to catch them, but the elders counselled

patience till nightfall. And they were right. The locusts settled in the bushes for the night

and their wings became wet with dew. Then all Umuofia turned out in spite of the cold

harmattan, and everyone filled his bags and pots with locusts. The next morning they

were roasted in clay pots and then spread in the sun until they became dry and brittle.

And for many days this rare food was eaten with solid palm-oil.

Okonkwo sat in his obi crunching happily with Ikemefuna and Nwoye, and

drinking palm-wine copiously, when Ogbuefi Ezeudu came in. Ezeudu was the oldest

man in this quarter of Umuofia. He had been a great and fearless warrior in his time, and

was now accorded great respect in all the clan. He refused to join in the meal, and asked

Okonkwo to have a word with him outside. And so they walked out together, the old man

supporting himself with his stick. When they were out of earshot, he said to Okonkwo:

"That boy calls you father. Do not bear a hand in his death." Okonkwo was surprised, and

was about to say something when the old man continued: "Yes, Umuofia has decided to

kill him. The Oracle of the Hills and the Caves has pronounced it. They will take him

outside Umuofia as is the custom, and kill him there. But I want you to have nothing to

do with it. He calls you his father."

The next day a group of elders from all the nine villages of Umuofia came to

Okonkwo's house early in the morning, and before they began to speak in low tones

Nwoye and Ikemefuna were sent out. They did not stay very long, but when they went

away Okonkwo sat still for a very long time supporting his chin in his palms. Later in the

day he called Ikemefuna and told him that he was to be taken home the next day. Nwoye

overheard it and burst into tears, whereupon his father beat him heavily. As for

Ikemefuna, he was at a loss. His own home had gradually become very faint and distant.

He still missed his mother and his sister and would be very glad to see them. But

somehow he knew he was not going to see them. He remembered once when men had

talked in low tones with his father, and it seemed now as if it was happening all over

again.

Later, Nwoye went to his mother's hut and told her that Ikemefuna was going

home. She immediately dropped her pestle with which she was grinding pepper, folded

her arms across her breast and sighed, "Poor child."

The next day, the men returned with a pot of wine. They were all fully dressed as

if they were going to a big clan meeting or to pay a visit to a neighbouring village. They

passed their cloths under the right arm-pit, and hung their goatskin bags and sheathed

machetes over their left shoulders. Okonkwo got ready quickly and the party set out with

Ikemefuna carrying the pot of wine. A deathly silence descended on Okonkwo's

compound. Even the very little children seemed to know. Throughout that day Nwoye sat

in his mother's hut and tears stood in his eyes.

At the beginning of their journey the men of Umuofia talked and laughed about

the locusts, about their women, and about some effeminate men who had refused to come

with them. But as they drew near to the outskirts of Umuofia silence fell upon them too.

The sun rose slowly to the centre of the sky, and the dry, sandy footway began to

throw up the heat that lay buried in it. Some birds chirruped in the forests around. The

men trod dry leaves on the sand. All else was silent. Then from the distance came the

faint beating of the ekwe. It rose and faded with the wind--a peaceful dance from a

distant clan.

"It is an ozo dance," the men said among themselves. But no one was sure where

it was coming from. Some said Ezimili, others Abame or Aninta. They argued for a short

while and fell into silence again, and the elusive dance rose and fell with the wind.

Somewhere a man was taking one of the titles of his clan, with music and dancing and a

great feast.

The footway had now become a narrow line in the heart of the forest. The short

trees and sparse undergrowth which surrounded the men's village began to give way to

giant trees and climbers which perhaps had stood from the beginning of things,

untouched by the axe and the bush-fire. The sun breaking through their leaves and

branches threw a pattern of light and shade on the sandy footway.

Ikemefuna heard a whisper close behind him and turned round sharply. The man

who had whispered now called out aloud, urging the others to hurry up.

"We still have a long way to go," he said. Then he and another man went before

Ikemefuna and set a faster pace.

Thus the men of Umuofia pursued their way, armed with sheathed machetes, and

Ikemefuna, carrying a pot of palm-wine on his head, walked in their midst. Although he

had felt uneasy at first, he was not afraid now. Okonkwo walked behind him. He could

hardly imagine that Okonkwo was not his real father. He had never been fond of his real

father, and at the end of three years he had become very distant indeed. But his mother

and his three-year-old sister... of course she would not be three now, but six. Would he

recognise her now? She must have grown quite big. How his mother would weep for joy,

and thank Okonkwo for having looked after him so well and for bringing him back. She

would want to hear everything that had happened to him in all these years. Could he

remember them all? He would tell her about Nwoye and his mother, and about the

locusts... Then quite suddenly a thought came upon him. His mother might be dead. He

tried in vain to force the thought out of his mind. Then he tried to settle the matter the

way he used to settle such matters when he was a little boy. He still remembered the

song: Eze elina, elina!

Sala

Eze ilikwa ya

Ikwaba akwa ogholi

Ebe Danda nechi eze Ebe

Uzuzu nete egwu Sala

He sang it in his mind, and walked to its beat. If the song ended on his right foot,

his mother was alive. If it ended on his left, she was dead. No, not dead, but ill. It ended

on the right. She was alive and well. He sang the song again, and it ended on the left. But

the second time did not count. The first voice gets to Chukwu, or God's house. That was a

favourite saying of children. Ikemefuna felt like a child once more. It must be the thought

of going home to his mother.

One of the men behind him cleared his throat. Ikemefuna looked back, and the

man growled at him to go on and not stand looking back. The way he said it sent cold

fear down Ikemefuna's back. His hands trembled vaguely on the black pot he carried.

Why had Okonkwo withdrawn to the rear? Ikemefuna felt his legs melting under him.

And he was afraid to look back.

As the man who had cleared his throat drew up and raised his machete, Okonkwo

looked away. He heard the blow. The pot fell and broke in the sand. He heard Ikemefuna

cry, "My father, they have killed me!" as he ran towards him. Dazed with fear, Okonkwo

drew his machete and cut him down. He was afraid of being thought weak.

As soon as his father walked in, that night, Nwoye knew that Ikemefuna had been

killed, and something seemed to give way inside him, like the snapping of a tightened

bow. He did not cry. He just hung limp. He had had the same kind of feeling not long

ago, during the last harvest season. Every child loved the harvest season. Those who were

big enough to carry even a few yams in a tiny basket went with grown-ups to the farm.

And if they could not help in digging up the yams, they could gather firewood together

for roasting the ones that would be eaten there on the farm. This roasted yam soaked in

red palm-oil and eaten in the open farm was sweeter than any meal at home. It was after

such a day at the farm during the last harvest that Nwoye had felt for the first time a

snapping inside him like the one he now felt. They were returning home with baskets of

yams from a distant farm across the stream when they heard the voice of an infant crying

in the thick forest. A sudden hush had fallen on the women, who had been talking, and

they had quickened their steps. Nwoye had heard that twins were put in earthenware pots

and thrown away in the forest, but he had never yet come across them. A vague chill had

descended on him and his head had seemed to swell, like a solitary walker at night who

passes an evil spirit on the way. Then something had given way inside him. It descended

on him again, this feeling, when his father walked in that night after killing Ikemefuna.

CHAPTER EIGHT

Okonkwo did not taste any food for two days after the death of Ikemefuna. He drank

palm-wine from morning till night, and his eyes were red and fierce like the eyes of a rat

when it was caught by the tail and dashed against the floor. He called his son, Nwoye, to

sit with him in his obi. But the boy was afraid of him and slipped out of the hut as soon as

he noticed him dozing.

He did not sleep at night. He tried not to think about Ikemefuna,-but the more he

tried the more he thought about him. Once he got up from bed and walked about his

compound. But he was so weak that his legs could hardly carry him. He felt like a

drunken giant walking with the limbs of a mosquito. Now and then a cold shiver

descended on his head and spread down his body.

On the third day he asked his second wife, Ekwefi, to roast plantains for him. She

prepared it the way he liked--with slices of oil-bean and fish.

"You have not eaten for two days," said his daughter Ezinma when she brought

the food to him. "So you must finish this." She sat down and stretched her legs in front of

her. Okonkwo ate the food absent-mindedly. 'She should have been a boy,' he thought as

he looked at his ten-year-old daughter. He passed her a piece of fish.

"Go and bring me some cold water," he said. Ezinma rushed out of the hut,

chewing the fish, and soon returned with a bowl of cool water from the earthen pot in her

mother's hut.

Okonkwo took the bowl from her and gulped the water down. He ate a few more

pieces of plantain and pushed the dish aside.

"Bring me my bag," he asked, and Ezinma brought his goatskin bag from the far

end of the hut. He searched in it for his snuff-bottle. It was a deep bag and took almost

the whole length of his arm. It contained other things apart from his snuff-bottle. There

was a drinking horn in it, and also a drinking gourd, and they knocked against each other

as he searched. When he brought out the snuff-bottle he tapped it a few times against his

knee-cap before taking out some snuff on the palm of his left hand. Then he remembered

that he had not taken out his snuff-spoon. He searched his bag again and brought out a

small, flat, ivory spoon, with which he carried the brown snuff to his nostrils.

Ezinma took the dish in one hand and the empty water bowl in the other and went

back to her mother's hut. "She should have been a boy," Okonkwo said to himself again.

His mind went back to Ikemefuna and he shivered. If only he could find some work to do

he would be able to forget. But it was the season of rest between the harvest and the next

planting season. The only work that men did at this time was covering the walls of their

compound with new palm fronds. And Okonkwo had already done that. He had finished

it on the very day the locusts came, when he had worked on one side of the wall and

Ikemefuna and Nwoye on the other.

"When did you become a shivering old woman," Okonkwo asked himself, "you,

who are known in all the nine villages for your valour in war? How can a man who has

killed five men in battle fall to pieces because he has added a boy to their number?

Okonkwo, you have become a woman indeed."

He sprang to his feet, hung his goatskin bag on his shoulder and went to visit his

friend, Obierika.

Obierika was sitting outside under the shade of an orange tree making thatches

from leaves of the raffia-palm. He exchanged greetings with Okonkwo and led the way

into his obi.

"I was coming over to see you as soon as I finished that thatch," he said, rubbing

off the grains of sand that clung to his thighs.

"Is it well?" Okonkwo asked.

"Yes," replied Obierika. "My daughter's suitor is coming today and I hope we will

clinch the matter of the bride-price. I want you to be there."

Just then Obierika's son, Maduka, came into the obi from outside, greeted

Okonkwo and turned towards the compound, "Come and shake hands with me,"

Okonkwo said to the lad. "Your wrestling the other day gave me much happiness." The

boy smiled, shook hands with Okonkwo and went into the compound.

"He will do great things," Okonkwo said. "If I had a son like him I should be

happy. I am worried about Nwoye. A bowl of pounded yams can throw him in a

wrestling match. His two younger brothers are more promising. But I can tell you,

Obierika, that my children do not resemble me. Where are the young suckers that will

grow when the old banana tree dies? If Ezinma had been a boy I would have been

happier. She has the right spirit."

"You worry yourself for nothing," said Obierika. "The children are still very

young."

"Nwoye is old enough to impregnate a woman. At his age I was already fending

for myself. No, my friend, he is not too young. A chick that will grow into a cock can be

spotted the very day it hatches. I have done my best to make Nwoye grow into a man, but

there is too much of his mother in him."

"Too much of his grandfather," Obierika thought, but he did not say it. The same

thought also came to Okonkwo's mind. But he had long learned how to lay that ghost.

Whenever the thought of his father's weakness and failure troubled him he expelled it by

thinking about his own strength and success. And so he did now. His mind went to his

latest show of manliness.

"I cannot understand why you refused to come with us to kill that boy," he asked

Obierika.

"Because I did not want to," Obierika replied sharply. "I had something better to

do."

"You sound as if you question the authority and the decision of the Oracle, who

said he should die."

"I do not. Why should I? But the Oracle did not ask me to carry out its decision."

"But someone had to do it. If we were all afraid of blood, it would not be done.

And what do you think the Oracle would do then?"

"You know very well, Okonkwo, that I am not afraid of blood and if anyone tells

you that I am, he is telling a lie. And let me tell you one thing, my friend. If I were you I

would have stayed at home. What you have done will not please the Earth. It is the kind

of action for which the goddess wipes out whole families."

"The Earth cannot punish me for obeying her messenger," Okonkwo said. "A

child's fingers are not scalded by a piece of hot yam which its mother puts into its palm."

"That is true," Obierika agreed. "But if the Oracle said that my son should be

killed I would neither dispute it nor be the one to do it."

They would have gone on arguing had Ofoedu not come in just then. It was clear

from his twinkling eyes that he had important news. But it would be impolite to rush him.

Obierika offered him a lobe of the kola nut he had broken with Okonkwo. Ofoedu ate

slowly and talked about the locusts. When he finished his kola nut he said: "The things

that happen these days are very strange."

"What has happened?" asked Okonkwo.

"Do you know Ogbuefi Ndulue?" Ofoedu asked.

"Ogbuefi Ndulue of Ire village," Okonkwo and Obierika said together.

"He died this morning," said Ofoedu.

"That is not strange. He was the oldest man in Ire," said Obierika.

"You are right," Ofoedu agreed. "But you ought to ask why the drum has not

beaten to tell Umuofia of his death."

"Why?" asked Obierika and Okonkwo together.

"That is the strange part of it. You know his first wife who walks with a stick?"

"Yes. She is called Ozoemena."

"That is so," said Ofoedu. "Ozoemena was, as you know, too old to attend Ndulue

during his illness. His younger wives did that. When he died this morning, one of these

women went to Ozoemena's hut and told her. She rose from her mat, took her stick and

walked over to the obi. She knelt on her knees and hands at the threshold and called her

husband, who was laid on a mat. 'Ogbuefi Ndulue,' she called, three times, and went back

to her hut. When the youngest wife went to call her again to be present at the washing of

the body, she found her lying on the mat, dead."

"That is very strange, indeed," said Okonkwo. "They will put off Ndulue's funeral

until his wife has been buried."

"That is why the drum has not been beaten to tell Umuofia."

"It was always said that Ndulue and Ozoemena had one mind," said Obierika. "I

remember when I was a young boy there was a song about them. He could not do

anything without telling her."

"I did not know that," said Okonkwo. "I thought he was a strong man in his

youth."

"He was indeed," said Ofoedu.

Okonkwo shook his head doubtfully.

"He led Umuofia to war in those days," said Obierika.

Okonkwo was beginning to feel like his old self again. All that he required was

something to occupy his mind. If he had killed Ikemefuna during the busy planting

season or harvesting it would not have been so bad, his mind would have been centred on

his work. Okonkwo was not a man of thought but of action. But in absence of work,

talking was the next best.

Soon after Ofoedu left, Okonkwo took up his goatskin bag to go.

"I must go home to tap my palm trees for the afternoon," he said.

"Who taps your tall trees for you?" asked Obierika.

"Umezulike," replied Okonkwo.

"Sometimes I wish I had not taken the ozo title," said Obierika. "It wounds my

heart to see these young men killing palm trees in the name of tapping."

"It is so indeed," Okonkwo agreed. "But the law of the land must be obeyed."

"I don't know how we got that law," said Obierika. "In many other clans a man of

title is not forbidden to climb the palm tree. Here we say he cannot climb the tall tree but

he can tap the short ones standing on the ground. It is like Dimaragana, who would not

lend his knife for cutting up dogmeat because the dog was taboo to him, but offered to

use his teeth."

"I think it is good that our clan holds the ozo title in high esteem," said Okonkwo.

"In those other clans you speak of, ozo is so low that every beggar takes it."

"I was only speaking in jest," said Obierika. "In Abame and Aninta the title is

worth less than two cowries. Every man wears the thread of title on his ankle, and does

not lose it even if he steals."

"They have indeed soiled the name of ozo," said Okonkwo as he rose to go.

"It will not be very long now before my in-laws come," said Obierika.

"I shall return very soon," said Okonkwo, looking at the position of the sun.

There were seven men in Obierika's hut when Okonkwo returned. The suitor was

a young man of about twenty-five, and with him were his father and uncle. On Obierika's

side were his two elder brothers and Maduka, his sixteen-year-old son.

"Ask Akueke's mother to send us some kola nuts," said Obierika to his son.

Maduka vanished into the compound like lightning. The conversation at once centred on

him, and everybody agreed that he was as sharp as a razor.

"I sometimes think he is too sharp," said Obierika, somewhat indulgently. "He

hardly ever walks. He is always in a hurry. If you are sending him on an errand he flies

away before he has heard half of the message."

"You were very much like that yourself," said his eldest brother. "As our people

say, 'When mother-cow is chewing grass its young ones watch its mouth.' Maduka has

been watching your mouth."

As he was speaking the boy returned, followed by Akueke, his half-sister,

carrying a wooden dish with three kola nuts and alligator pepper. She gave the dish to her

father's eldest brother and then shook hands, very shyly, with her suitor and his relatives.

She was about sixteen and just ripe for marriage. Her suitor and his relatives surveyed her

young body with expert eyes as if to assure themselves that she was beautiful and ripe.

She wore a coiffure which was done up into a crest in the middle of the head.

Cam wood was rubbed lightly into her skin, and all over her body were black patterns

drawn with uli. She wore a black necklace which hung down in three coils just above her

full, succulent breasts. On her arms were red and yellow bangles, and on her waist four or

five rows of jigida, or waist beads.

When she had shaken hands, or rather held out her hand to be shaken, she

returned to her mother's hut to help with the cooking.

"Remove your jigida first," her mother warned as she moved near the fireplace to

bring the pestle resting against the wall. "Every day I tell you that jigida and fire are not

friends. But you will never hear. You grew your ears for decoration, not for hearing. One

of these days your jigida will catch fire on your waist, and then you will know."

Akueke moved to the other end of the hut and began to remove the waist-beads. It

had to be done slowly and carefully, taking each string separately, else it would break and

the thousand tiny rings would have to be strung together again. She rubbed each string

downwards with her palms until it passed the buttocks and slipped down to the floor

around her feet.

The men in the obi had already begun to drink the palm-wine which Akueke's

suitor had brought. It was a very good wine and powerful, for in spite of the palm fruit

hung across the mouth of the pot to restrain the lively liquor, white foam rose and spilled

over.

"That wine is the work of a good tapper," said Okonkwo.

The young suitor, whose name was Ibe, smiled broadly and said to his father: "Do

you hear that?" He then said to the others: "He will never admit that I am a good tapper."

"He tapped three of my best palm trees to death," said his father, Ukegbu.

"That was about five years ago," said Ibe, who had begun to pour out the wine,

"before I learned how to tap." He filled the first horn and gave to his father. Then he

poured out for the others. Okonkwo brought out his big horn from the goatskin bag, blew

into it to remove any dust that might be there, and gave it to Ibe to fill.

As the men drank, they talked about everything except the thing for which they

had gathered. It was only after the pot had been emptied that the suitor's father cleared his

voice and announced the object of their visit.

Obierika then presented to him a small bundle of short broomsticks. Ukegbu

counted them. "They are thirty?" he asked. Obierika nodded in agreement.

"We are at last getting somewhere," Ukegbu said, and then turning to his brother

and his son he said: "Let us go out and whisper together." The three rose and went

outside. When they returned Ukegbu handed the bundle of sticks back to Obierika. He

counted them,- instead of thirty there were now only fifteen. He passed them over to his

eldest brother, Machi, who also counted them and said: "We had not thought to go below

thirty. But as the dog said, 'If I fall down for you and you fall down for me, it is play'.

Marriage should be a play and not a fight so we are falling down again." He then added

ten sticks to the fifteen and gave the bundle to Ukegbu.

In this way Akuke's bride-price was finally settled at twenty bags of cowries. It

was already dusk when the two parties came to this agreement.

"Go and tell Akueke's mother that we have finished," Obierika said to his son,

Maduka. Almost immediately the women came in with a big bowl of foo-foo. Obierika's

second wife followed with a pot of soup, and Maduka brought in a pot of palm-wine.

As the men ate and drank palm-wine they talked about the customs of their

neighbours.

"It was only this morning," said Obierika, "that Okonkwo and I were talking

about Abame and Aninta, where titled men climb trees and pound foo-foo for their

wives."

"All their customs are upside-down. They do not decide bride-price as we do,

with sticks. They haggle and bargain as if they were buying a goat or a cow in the

market."

"That is very bad," said Obierika's eldest brother. "But what is good in one place

is bad in another place. In Umunso they do not bargain at all, not even with broomsticks.

The suitor just goes on bringing bags of cowries until his in-laws tell him to stop. It is a

bad custom because it always leads to a quarrel."

"The world is large," said Okonkwo. "I have even heard that in some tribes a

man's children belong to his wife and her family."

"That cannot be," said Machi. "You might as well say that the woman lies on top

of the man when they are making the children."

"It is like the story of white men who, they say, are white like this piece of chalk,"

said Obierika. He held up a piece of chalk, which every man kept in his obi and with

which his guests drew lines on the floor before they ate kola nuts. "And these white men,

they say, have no toes."

"And have you never seen them?" asked Machi.

"Have you?" asked Obierika.

"One of them passes here frequently," said Machi. "His name is Amadi."

Those who knew Amadi laughed. He was a leper, and the polite name for leprosy

was "the white skin."

CHAPTER NINE

For the first time in three nights, Okonkwo slept. He woke up once in the middle of the

night and his mind went back to the past three days without making him feel uneasy. He

began to wonder why he had felt uneasy at all. It was like a man wondering in broad

daylight why a dream had appeared so terrible to him at night. He stretched himself and

scratched his thigh where a mosquito had bitten him as he slept. Another one was wailing

near his right ear. He slapped the ear and hoped he had killed it. Why do they always go

for one's ears? When he was a child his mother had told him a story about it. But it was as

silly as all women's stories. Mosquito, she had said, had asked Ear to marry him,

whereupon Ear fell on the floor in uncontrollable laughter. "How much longer do you

think you will live?" she asked. "You are already a skeleton." Mosquito went away

humiliated, and any time he passed her way he told Ear that he was still alive.

Okonkwo turned on his side and went back to sleep. He was roused in the

morning by someone banging on his door.

"Who is that?" he growled. He knew it must be Ekwefi.

Of his three wives Ekwefi was the only one who would have the audacity to bang

on his door.

"Ezinma is dying," came her voice, and all the tragedy and sorrow of her life were

packed in those words.

Okonkwo sprang from his bed, pushed back the bolt on his door and ran into

Ekwefi's hut.

Ezinma lay shivering on a mat beside a huge fire that her mother had kept burning

all night.

"It is iba," said Okonkwo as he took his machete and went into the bush to collect

the leaves and grasses and barks of trees that went into making the medicine for iba.

Ekwefi knelt beside the sick child, occasionally feeling with her palm the wet,

burning forehead.

Ezinma was an only child and the centre of her mother's world. Very often it was

Ezinma who decided what food her mother should prepare. Ekwefi even gave her such

delicacies as eggs, which children were rarely allowed to eat because such food tempted

them to steal. One day as Ezinma was eating an egg Okonkwo had come in unexpectedly

from his hut. He was greatly shocked and swore to beat Ekwefi if she dared to give the

child eggs again. But it was impossible to refuse Ezinma anything. After her father's

rebuke she developed an even keener appetite for eggs. And she enjoyed above all the

secrecy in which she now ate them. Her mother always took her into their bedroom and

shut the door.

Ezinma did not call her mother Nne like all children. She called her by her name,

Ekwefi, as her father and other grownup people did. The relationship between them was

not only that of mother and child. There was something in it like the companionship of

equals, which was strengthened by such little conspiracies as eating eggs in the bedroom.

Ekwefi had suffered a good deal in her life. She had borne ten children and nine

of them had died in infancy, usually before the age of three. As she buried one child after

another her sorrow gave way to despair and then to grim resignation. The birth of her

children, which should be a woman's crowning glory, became for Ekwefi mere physical

agony devoid of promise. The naming ceremony after seven market weeks became an

empty ritual. Her deepening despair found expression in the names she gave her children.

One of them was a pathetic cry, Onwumbiko--

"Death, I implore you." But Death took no notice,- Onwumbiko died in his

fifteenth month. The next child was a girl, Ozoemena--

"May it not happen again." She died in her eleventh month, and two others after

her. Ekwefi then became defiant and called her next child Onwuma--

"Death may please himself." And he did.

After the death of Ekwefi's second child, Okonkwo had gone to a medicine man,

who was also a diviner of the Afa Oracle, to enquire what was amiss. This man told him

that the child was an ogbanje, one of those wicked children who, when they died, entered

their mothers' wombs to be born again.

"When your wife becomes pregnant again," he said, "let her not sleep in her hut.

Let her go and stay with her people. In that way she will elude her wicked tormentor and

break its evil cycle of birth and death."

Ekwefi did as she was asked. As soon as she became pregnant she went to live

with her old mother in another village. It was there that her third child was born and

circumcised on the eighth day.

She did not return to Okonkwo's compound until three days before the naming

ceremony. The child was called Onwumbiko.

Onwumbiko was not given proper burial when he died. Okonkwo had called in

another medicine man who was famous in the clan for his great knowledge about ogbanje

children. His name was Okagbue Uyanwa. Okagbue was a very striking figure, tall, with

a full beard and a bald head. He was light in complexion and his eyes were red and fiery.

He always gnashed his teeth as he listened to those who came to consult him. He asked

Okonkwo a few questions about the dead child. All the neighbours and relations who had

come to mourn gathered round them.

"On what market-day was it born?" he asked.

"Oye," replied Okonkwo.

"And it died this morning?"

Okonkwo said yes, and only then realised for the first time that the child had died

on the same market-day as it had been born. The neighbours and relations also saw the

coincidence and said among themselves that it was very significant.

"Where do you sleep with your wife, in your obi or in her own hut?" asked the

medicine man.

"In her hut."

"In future call her into your obi."

The medicine man then ordered that there should be no mourning for the dead

child. He brought out a sharp razor from the goatskin bag slung from his left shoulder and

began to mutilate the child. Then he took it away to bury in the Evil Forest, holding it by

the ankle and dragging it on the ground behind him. After such treatment it would think

twice before coming again, unless it was one of the stubborn ones who returned, carrying

the stamp of their mutilation--a missing finger or perhaps a dark line where the medicine

man's razor had cut them.

By the time Onwumbiko died Ekwefi had become a very bitter woman. Her

husband's first wife had already had three sons, all strong and healthy. When she had

borne her third son in succession, Okonkwo had slaughtered a goat for her, as was the

custom. Ekwefi had nothing but good wishes for her. But she had grown so bitter about

her own chi that she could not rejoice with others over their good fortune. And so, on the

day that Nwoye's mother celebrated the birth of her three sons with feasting and music,

Ekwefi was the only person in the happy company who went about with a cloud on her

brow. Her husband's wife took this for malevolence, as husbands' wives were wont to.

How could she know that Ekwefi's bitterness did not flow outwards to others but inwards

into her own soul,- that she did not blame others for their good fortune but her own evil

chi who denied her any?

At last Ezinma was born, and although ailing she seemed determined to live. At

first Ekwefi accepted her, as she had accepted others--with listless resignation. But when

she lived on to her fourth, fifth and sixth years, love returned once more to her mother,

and, with love, anxiety. She determined to nurse her child to health, and she put all her

being into it. She was rewarded by occasional spells of health during which Ezinma

bubbled with energy like fresh palm-wine. At such times she seemed beyond danger. But

all of a sudden she would go down again. Everybody knew she was an ogbanje. These

sudden bouts of sickness and health were typical of her kind. But she had lived so long

that perhaps she had decided to stay. Some of them did become tired of their evil rounds

of birth and death, or took pity on their mothers, and stayed. Ekwefi believed deep inside

her that Ezinma had come to stay. She believed because it was that faith alone that gave

her own life any kind of meaning. And this faith had been strengthened when a year or so

ago a medicine man had dug up Ezinma's iyi-uwa. Everyone knew then that she would

live because her bond with the world of ogbanje had been broken. Ekwefi was reassured.

But such was her anxiety for her daughter that she could not rid herself completely of her

fear. And although she believed that the iyi-uwa which had been dug up was genuine, she

could not ignore the fact that some really evil children sometimes misled people into

digging up a specious one.

But Ezinma's iyi-uwa had looked real enough. It was a smooth pebble wrapped in

a dirty rag. The man who dug it up was the same Okagbue who was famous in all the clan

for his knowledge in these matters. Ezinma had not wanted to cooperate with him at first.

But that was only to be expected. No ogbanje would yield her secrets easily, and most of

them never did because they died too young - before they could be asked questions.

"Where did you bury your iyi-uwa?" Okagbue had asked Ezinma. She was nine

then and was just recovering from a serious illness.

"What is iyi-uwa?" she asked in return.

"You know what it is. You buried it in the ground somewhere so that you can die

and return again to torment your mother."

Ezinma looked at her mother, whose eyes, sad and pleading, were fixed on her.

"Answer the question at once," roared Okonkwo, who stood beside her. All the

family were there and some of the neighbours too.

"Leave her to me," the medicine man told Okonkwo in a cool, confident voice. He

turned again to Ezinma. "Where did you bury your iyi-uwa?"

"Where they bury children," she replied, and the quiet spectators murmured to

themselves.

"Come along then and show me the spot," said the medicine man.

The crowd set out with Ezinma leading the way and Okagbue following closely

behind her. Okonkwo came next and Ekwefi followed him. When she came to the main

road, Ezinma turned left as if she was going to the stream.

"But you said it was where they bury children?" asked the medicine man.

"No," said Ezinma, whose feeling of importance was manifest in her sprightly

walk. She sometimes broke into a run and stopped again suddenly. The crowd followed

her silently. Women and children returning from the stream with pots of water on their

heads wondered what was happening until they saw Okagbue and guessed that it must be

something to do with ogbanje. And they all knew Ekwefi and her daughter very well.

When she got to the big udala tree Ezinma turned left into the bush, and the crowd

followed her. Because of her size she made her way through trees and creepers more

quickly than her followers. The bush was alive with the tread of feet on dry leaves and

sticks and the moving aside of tree branches. Ezinma went deeper and deeper and the

crowd went with her. Then she suddenly turned round and began to walk back to the

road. Everybody stood to let her pass and then filed after her.

"If you bring us all this way for nothing I shall beat sense into you," Okonkwo

threatened.

"I have told you to let her alone. I know how to deal with them," said Okagbue.

Ezinma led the way back to the road, looked left and right and turned right. And

so they arrived home again.

"Where did you bury your iyi-uwa?" asked Okagbue when Ezinma finally

stopped outside her father's obi. Okagbue's voice was unchanged. It was quiet and

confident.

"It is near that orange tree," Ezinma said.

"And why did you not say so, you wicked daughter of Akalogoli?" Okonkwo

swore furiously. The medicine man ignored him.

"Come and show me the exact spot," he said quietly to Ezinma.

"It is here," she said when they got to the tree.

"Point at the spot with your finger," said Okagbue.

"It is here," said Ezinma touching the ground with her finger. Okonkwo stood by,

rumbling like thunder in the rainy season.

"Bring me a hoe," said Okagbue.

'When Ekwefi brought the hoe, he had already put aside his goatskin bag and his

big cloth and was in his underwear, a long and thin strip of cloth wound round the waist

like a belt and then passed between the legs to be fastened to the belt behind. He

immediately set to work digging a pit where Ezinma had indicated. The neighbours sat

around watching the pit becoming deeper and deeper. The dark top soil soon gave way to

the bright red earth with which women scrubbed the floors and walls of huts. Okagbue

worked tirelessly and in silence, his back shining with perspiration. Okonkwo stood by

the pit. He asked Okagbue to come up and rest while he took a hand. But Okagbue said

he was not tired yet.

Ekwefi went into her hut to cook yams. Her husband had brought out more yams

than usual because the medicine man had to be fed. Ezinma went with her and helped in

preparing the vegetables.

"There is too much green vegetable," she said.

"Don't you see the pot is full of yams?" Ekwefi asked. "And you know how leaves

become smaller after cooking."

"Yes," said Ezinma, "that was why the snake-lizard killed his mother."

"Very true," said Ekwefi.

"He gave his mother seven baskets of vegetables to cook and in the end there

were only three. And so he killed her," said Ezinma.

"That is not the end of the story."

"Oho," said Ezinma. "I remember now. He brought another seven baskets and

cooked them himself. And there were again only three. So he killed himself too."

Outside the obi Okagbue and Okonkwo were digging the pit to find where

Ezinma had buried her iyi-uwa. Neighbours sat around, watching. The pit was now so

deep that they no longer saw the digger. They only saw the red earth he threw up

mounting higher and higher. Okonkwo's son, Nwoye, stood near the edge of the pit

because he wanted to take in all that happened.

Okagbue had again taken over the digging from Okonkwo. He worked, as usual,

in silence. The neighbours and Okonkwo's wives were now talking. The children had lost

interest and were playing.

Suddenly Okagbue sprang to the surface with the agility of a leopard.

"It is very near now," he said. "I have felt it."

There was immediate excitement and those who were sitting jumped to their feet.

"Call your wife and child," he said to Okonkwo. But Ekwefi and Ezinma had

heard the noise and run out to see what it was.

Okagbue went back into the pit, which was now surrounded by spectators. After a

few more hoe-fuls of earth he struck the iyi-uwa. He raised it carefully with the hoe and

threw it to the surface. Some women ran away in fear when it was thrown. But they soon

returned and everyone was gazing at the rag from a reasonable distance. Okagbue

emerged and without saying a word or even looking at the spectators he went to his

goatskin bag, took out two leaves and began to chew them. When he had swallowed

them, he took up the rag with his left hand and began to untie it. And then the smooth,

shiny pebble fell out. He picked it up.

"Is this yours?" he asked Ezinma.

"Yes," she replied. All the women shouted with joy because Ekwefi's troubles

were at last ended.

All this had happened more than a year ago and Ezinma had not been ill since.

And then suddenly she had begun to shiver in the night. Ekwefi brought her to the

fireplace, spread her mat on the floor and built a fire. But she had got worse and worse.

As she knelt by her, feeling with her palm the wet, burning forehead, she prayed a

thousand times. Although her husband's wives were saying that it was nothing more than

iba, she did not hear them.

Okonkwo returned from the bush carrying on his left shoulder a large bundle of

grasses and leaves, roots and barks of medicinal trees and shrubs. He went into Ekwefi's

hut, put down his load and sat down.

"Get me a pot," he said, "and leave the child alone."

Ekwefi went to bring the pot and Okonkwo selected the best from his bundle, in

their due proportions, and cut them up. He put them in the pot and Ekwefi poured in

some water.

"Is that enough?" she asked when she had poured in about half of the water in the

bowl.

"A little more... I said a little. Are you deaf?" Okonkwo roared at her.

She set the pot on the fire and Okonkwo took up his machete to return to his obi.

"You must watch the pot carefully," he said as he went, "and don't allow it to boil

over. If it does its power will be gone." He went away to his hut and Ekwefi began to

tend the medicine pot almost as if it was itself a sick child. Her eyes went constantly from

Ezinma to the boiling pot and back to Ezinma.

Okonkwo returned when he felt the medicine had cooked long enough. He looked

it over and said it was done.

"Bring me a low stool for Ezinma," he said, "and a thick mat."

He took down the pot from the fire and placed it in front of the stool. He then

roused Ezinma and placed her on the stool, astride the steaming pot. The thick mat was

thrown over both. Ezinma struggled to escape from the choking and overpowering steam,

but she was held down. She started to cry.

When the mat was at last removed she was drenched in perspiration. Ekwefi

mopped her with a piece of cloth and she lay down on a dry mat and was soon asleep.

CHAPTER TEN

Large crowds began to gather on the village ilo as soon as the edge had worn off the sun's

heat and it was no longer painful on the body. Most communal ceremonies took place at

that time of the day, so that even when it was said that a ceremony would begin "after the

midday meal" everyone understood that it would begin a long time later, when the sun's

heat had softened.

It was clear from the way the crowd stood or sat that the ceremony was for men.

There were many women, but they looked on from the fringe like outsiders. The titled

men and elders sat on their stools waiting for the trials to begin. In front of them was a

row of stools on which nobody sat. There were nine of them. Two little groups of people

stood at a respectable distance beyond the stools. They faced the elders. There were three

men in one group and three men and one woman in the other. The woman was Mgbafo

and the three men with her were her brothers. In the other group were her husband,

Uzowulu, and his relatives. Mgbafo and her brothers were as still as statues into whose

faces the artist has moulded defiance. Uzowulu and his relative, on the other hand, were

whispering together. It looked like whispering, but they were really talking at the top of

their voices. Everybody in the crowd was talking. It was like the market. From a distance

the noise was a deep rumble carried by the wind.

An iron gong sounded, setting up a wave of expectation in the crowd. Everyone

looked in the direction of the egwugwu house. Gome, gome, gome, gome went the gong,

and a powerful flute blew a high-pitched blast. Then came the voices of the egwugwu,

guttural and awesome. The wave struck the women and children and there was a

backward stampede. But it was momentary. They were already far enough where they

stood and there was room for running away if any of them should go towards them.

The drum sounded again and the flute blew. The house was now a pandemonium

of quavering voices: Am oyim de de de de! filled the air as the spirits of the ancestors,

just emerged from the earth, greeted themselves in their esoteric language. The egwugwu

house into which they emerged faced the forest, away from the crowd, who saw only its

back with the many-coloured patterns and drawings done by specially chosen women at

regular intervals. These women never saw the inside of the hut. No woman ever did.

They scrubbed and painted the outside walls under the supervision of men. If they

imagined what was inside, they kept their imagination to themselves. No woman ever

asked questions about the most powerful and the most secret cult in the clan.

Am oyim de de de de! flew around the dark, closed hut like tongues of fire. The

ancestral spirits of the clan were abroad.

The metal gong beat continuously now and the flute, shrill and powerful, floated

on the chaos.

And then the egwugwu appeared. The women and children sent up a great shout

and took to their heels. It was instinctive. A woman fled as soon as an egwugwu came in

sight. And when, as on that day, nine of the greatest masked spirits in the clan came out

together it was a terrifying spectacle. Even Mgbafo took to her heels and had to be

restrained by her brothers.

Each of the nine egwugwu represented a village of the clan. Their leader was

called Evil Forest. Smoke poured out of his head.

The nine villages of Umuofia had grown out of the nine sons of the first father of

the clan. Evil Forest represented the village of Umueru, or the children of Eru, who was

the eldest of the nine sons.

"Umuofia kwenu!" shouted the leading egwugwu, pushing the air with his raffia

arms. The elders of the clan replied, "Yaa!"

"Umuofia kwenu!"

"Yaa!"

"Umuofia kwenu!"

"Yaa!"

Evil Forest then thrust the pointed end of his rattling staff into the earth. And it

began to shake and rattle, like something agitating with a metallic life. He took the first of

the empty stools and the eight other egwugwu began to sit in order of seniority after him.

Okonkwo's wives, and perhaps other women as well, might have noticed that the

second egwugwu had the springy walk of Okonkwo. And they might also have noticed

that Okonkwo was not among the titled men and elders who sat behind the row of

egwugwu. But if they thought these things they kept them within themselves. The

egwugwu with the springy walk was one of the dead fathers of the clan. He looked

terrible with the smoked raffia "body, a huge wooden face painted white except for the

round hollow eyes and the charred teeth that were as big as a man's fingers. On his head

were two powerful horns.

When all the egwugwu had sat down and the sound of the many tiny bells and

rattles on their bodies had subsided, Evil Forest addressed the two groups of people

facing them.

"Uzowulu's body, I salute you," he said. Spirits always addressed humans as

"bodies." Uzowulu bent down and touched the earth with his right hand as a sign of

submission.

"Our father, my hand has touched the ground," he said.

"Uzowulu's body, do you know me?" asked the spirit.

"How can I know you, father? You are beyond our knowledge."

Evil Forest then turned to the other group and addressed the eldest of the three

brothers.

"The body of Odukwe, I greet you," he said, and Odukwe bent down and touched

the earth. The hearing then began.

Uzowulu stepped forward and presented his case.

"That woman standing there is my wife, Mgbafo. I married her with my money

and my yams. I do not owe my in-laws anything. I owe them no yams. I owe them no

coco-yams. One morning three of them came to my house, beat me up and took my wife

and children away. This happened in the rainy season. I have waited in vain for my wife

to return. At last I went to my in-laws and said to them, 'You have taken back your sister.

I did not send her away. You yourselves took her. The law of the clan is that you should

return her bride-price.' But my wife's brothers said they had nothing to tell me. So I have

brought the matter to the fathers of the clan. My case is finished. I salute you."

"Your words are good," said the leader of the ecjwucjwu. "Let us hear Odukwe.

His words may also be good."

Odukwe was short and thickset. He stepped forward, saluted the spirits and began

his story.

"My in-law has told you that we went to his house, beat him up and took our

sister and her children away. All that is true. He told you that he came to take back her

bride-price and we refused to give it him. That also is true. My in-law, Uzowulu, is a

beast. My sister lived with him for nine years. During those years no single day passed in

the sky without his beating the woman. We have tried to settle their quarrels time without

number and on each occasion Uzowulu was guilty--

"It is a lie!" Uzowulu shouted.

"Two years ago," continued Odukwe, "when she was pregnant, he beat her until

she miscarried."

"It is a lie. She miscarried after she had gone to sleep with her lover."

"Uzowulu's body, I salute you," said Evil Forest, silencing him. "What kind of

lover sleeps with a pregnant woman?" There was a loud murmur of approbation from the

crowd. Odukwe continued: "Last year when my sister was recovering from an illness, he

beat her again so that if the neighbours had not gone in to save her she would have been

killed. We heard of it, and did as you have been told. The law of Umuofia is that if a

woman runs away from her husband her bride-price is returned. But in this case she ran

away to save her life. Her two children belong to Uzowulu. We do not dispute it, but they

are too young to leave their mother. If, in the other hand, Uzowulu should recover from

his madness and come in the proper way to beg his wife to return she will do so on the

understanding that if he ever beats her again we shall cut off his genitals for him."

The crowd roared with laughter. Evil Forest rose to his feet and order was

immediately restored. A steady cloud of smoke rose from his head. He sat down again

and called two witnesses. They were both Uzowulu's neighbours, and they agreed about

the beating. Evil Forest then stood up, pulled out his staff and thrust it into the earth

again. He ran a few steps in the direction of the women,- they all fled in terror, only to

return to their places almost immediately. The nine egwugwu then went away to consult

together in their house. They were silent for a long time. Then the metal gong sounded

and the flute was blown. The egwugwu had emerged once again from their underground

home. They saluted one another and then reappeared on the ilo.

"Umuofia kwenu!" roared Evil Forest, facing the elders and grandees of the clan.

"Yaa!" replied the thunderous crowd,- then silence descended from the sky and

swallowed the noise.

Evil Forest began to speak and all the while he spoke everyone was silent. The

eight other egwugwu were as still as statues.

"We have heard both sides of the case," said Evil Forest. "Our duty is not to

blame this man or to praise that, but to settle the dispute." He turned to Uzowulu's group

and allowed a short pause.

"Uzowulu's body, I salute you," he said.

"Our father, my hand has touched the ground," replied Uzowulu, touching the

earth.

"Uzowulu's body, do you know me?"

"How can I know you, father? You are beyond our knowledge," Uzowulu replied.

"I am Evil Forest. I kill a man on the day that his life is sweetest to him."

"That is true," replied Uzowulu.

"Go to your in-laws with a pot of wine and beg your wife to return to you. It is not

bravery when a man fights with a woman." He turned to Odukwe, and allowed a brief

pause.

"Odukwe's body, I greet you," he said.

"My hand is on the ground," replied Okukwe.

"Do you know me?"

"No man can know you," replied Odukwe.

"I am Evil Forest, I am Dry-meat-that-fills-the-mouth, I am Fire-that-burns-

without-faggots. If your in-law brings wine to you, let your sister go with him. I salute

you." He pulled his staff from the hard earth and thrust it back.

"Umuofia kwenu!" he roared, and the crowd answered.

"I don't know why such a trifle should come before, then said one elder to

another.

"Don't you know what kind of man Uzowulu is? He will not listen to any other

decision," replied the other.

As they spoke two other groups of people had replaced the first before the

egwugwu, and a great land case began.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

The night was impenetrably dark. The moon had been rising later and later every night

until now it was seen only at dawn. And whenever the moon forsook evening and rose at

cock-crow the nights were as black as charcoal.

Ezinma and her mother sat on a mat on the floor after their supper of yam foo-foo

and bitter-leaf soup. A palm-oil lamp gave out yellowish light. Without it, it would have

been impossible to eat,-one could not have known where one's mouth was in the darkness

of that night. There was an oil lamp in all the four huts on Okonkwo's compound, and

each hut seen from the others looked like a soft eye of yellow half-light set in the solid

massiveness of night.

The world was silent except for the shrill cry of insects, which was part of the

night, and the sound of wooden mortar and pestle as Nwayieke pounded her foo-foo.

Nwayieke lived four compounds away, and she was notorious for her late cooking. Every

woman in the neighbourhood knew the sound of Nwayieke's mortar and pestle. It was

also part of the night.

Okonkwo had eaten from his wives' dishes and was now reclining with his back

against the wall. He searched his bag and brought out his snuff-bottle. He turned it on to

his left palm, but nothing came out. He hit the bottle against his knee to shake up the

tobacco. That was always the trouble with Okeke's snuff. It very quickly went damp, and

there was too much saltpetre in it. Okonkwo had not bought snuff from him for a long

time. Idigo was the man who knew how to grind good snuff. But he had recently fallen

ill.

Low voices, broken now and again by singing, reached Okonkwo from his wives'

huts as each woman and her children told folk stories. Ekwefi and her daughter, Ezinma,

sat on a mat on the floor. It was Ekwefi's turn to tell a story.

"Once upon a time," she began, "all the birds were invited to a feast in the sky.

They were very happy and began to prepare themselves for the great day. They painted

their bodies with red cam wood and drew beautiful patterns on them with uli.

"Tortoise saw all these preparations and soon discovered what it all meant.

Nothing that happened in the world of the animals ever escaped his notice,- he was full of

cunning. As soon as he heard of the great feast in the sky his throat began to itch at the

very thought. There was a famine in those days and Tortoise had not eaten a good meal

for two moons. His body rattled like a piece of dry stick in his empty shell. So he began

to plan how he would go to the sky."

"But he had no wings," said Ezinma.

"Be patient," replied her mother. "That is the story. Tortoise had no wings, but he

went to the birds and asked to be allowed to go with them.

"'We know you too well,' said the birds when they had heard him. 'You are full of

cunning and you are ungrateful. If we allow you to come with us you will soon begin

your mischief.'

"'You do not know me,' said Tortoise. 'I am a changed man. I have learned that a

man who makes trouble for others is also making it for himself.'

"Tortoise had a sweet tongue, and within a short time all the birds agreed that he

was a changed man, and they each gave him a feather, with which he made two wings.

"At last the great day came and Tortoise was the first to arrive at the meeting

place. When all the birds had gathered together, they set off in a body. Tortoise was very

happy and voluble as he flew among the birds, and he was soon chosen as the man to

speak for the party because he was a great orator.

"There is one important thing which we must not forget,' he said as they flew on

their way. 'When people are invited to a great feast like this, they take new names for the

occasion. Our hosts in the sky will expect us to honour this age-old custom.'

"None of the birds had heard of this custom but they knew that Tortoise, in spite

of his failings in other directions, was a widely-travelled man who knew the customs of

different peoples. And so they each took a new name. When they had all taken, Tortoise

also took one. He was to be called 'All of you'.

"At last the party arrived in the sky and their hosts were very happy to see them.

Tortoise stood up in his many-coloured plumage and thanked them for their invitation.

His speech was so eloquent that all the birds were glad they had brought him, and nodded

their heads in approval of all he said. Their hosts took him as the king of the birds,

especially as he looked somewhat different from the others.

"After kola nuts had been presented and eaten, the people of the sky set before

their guests the most delectable dishes Tortoise had even seen or dreamed of. The soup

was brought out hot from the fire and in the very pot in which it had been cooked. It was

full of meat and fish. Tortoise began to sniff aloud. There was pounded yam and also yam

pottage cooked with palm-oil and fresh fish. There were also pots of palm-wine. When

everything had been set before the guests, one of the people of the sky came forward and

tasted a little from each pot. He then invited the birds to eat. But Tortoise jumped to his

feet and asked: Tor whom have you prepared this feast?'

"'For all of you,' replied the man.

"Tortoise turned to the birds and said: 'You remember that my name is All of you.

The custom here is to serve the spokesman first and the others later. They will serve you

when I have eaten.'

"He began to eat and the birds grumbled angrily. The people of the sky thought it

must be their custom to leave all the food for their king. And so Tortoise ate the best part

of the food and then drank two pots of palm-wine, so that he was full of food and drink

and his body filled out in his shell.

"The birds gathered round to eat what was left and to peck at the bones he had

thrown all about the floor. Some of them were too angry to eat. They chose to fly home

on an empty stomach. But before they left each took back the feather he had lent to

Tortoise. And there he stood in his hard shell full of food and wine but without any wings

to fly home. He asked the birds to take a message for his wife, but they all refused. In the

end Parrot, who had felt more angry than the others, suddenly changed his mind and

agreed to take the message.

"Tell my wife,' said Tortoise, 'to bring out all the soft things in my house and

cover the compound with them so that I can jump down from the sky without very great

danger.'

"Parrot promised to deliver the message, and then flew away. But when he

reached Tortoise's house he told his wife to bring out all the hard things in the house. And

so she brought out her husband's hoes, machetes, spears, guns and even his cannon.

Tortoise looked down from the sky and saw his wife bringing things out, but it was too

far to see what they were. When all seemed ready he let himself go. He fell and fell and

fell until he began to fear that he would never stop falling. And then like the sound of his

cannon he crashed on the compound." ';,; "Did he die?" asked Ezinma.

"No," replied Ekwefi. "His shell broke into pieces. But there was a great medicine

man in the neighbourhood. Tortoise's wife sent for him and he gathered all the bits of

shell and stuck them together. That is why Tortoise's shell is not smooth."

"There is no song in the story," Ezinma pointed out.

"No," said Ekwefi. "I shall think of another one with a song. But it is your turn

now."

"Once upon a time," Ezinma began, "Tortoise and Cat went to wrestle against

Yams--no, that is not the beginning. Once upon a time there was a great famine in the

land of animals. Everybody was lean except Cat, who was fat and whose body shone as if

oil was rubbed on it..."

She broke off because at that very moment a loud and high-pitched voice broke

the outer silence of the night. It was Chielo, the priestess of Agbala, prophesying. There

was nothing new in that. Once in a while Chielo was possessed by the spirit of her god

and she began to prophesy. But tonight she was addressing her prophecy and greetings to

Okonkwo, and so everyone in his family listened. The folk stories stopped.

"Agbala do-o-o-o! Agbala ekeneo-o-o-o-o," came the voice like a sharp knife

cutting through the night. "Okonkwo! Agbala ekme gio-o-o-o! Agbala cholu ifu ada ya

Ezinmao-o-o-oi"

At the mention of Ezinma's name Ekwefi jerked her head sharply like an animal

that had sniffed death in the air. Her heart jumped painfully within her.

The priestess had now reached Okonkwo's compound and was talking with him

outside his hut. She was saying again and again that Agbala wanted to see his daughter,

Ezinma. Okonkwo pleaded with her to come back in the morning because Ezinma was

now asleep. But Chielo ignored what he was trying to say and went on shouting that

Agbala wanted to see his daughter. Her voice was as clear as metal, and Okonkwo's

women and children heard from their huts all that she said. Okonkwo was still pleading

that the girl had been ill of late and was asleep. Ekwefi quickly took her to their bedroom

and placed her on their high bamboo bed.

The priestess screamed. "Beware, Okonkwo!" she warned. "Beware of

exchanging words with Agbala. Does a man speak when a god speaks? Beware!"

She walked through Okonkwo's hut into the circular compound and went straight

toward Ekwefi's hut. Okonkwo came after her.

"Ekwefi," she called, "Agbala greets you. Where is my daughter, Ezinma? Agbala

wants to see her."

Ekwefi came out from her hut carrying her oil lamp in her left hand. There was a

light wind blowing, so she cupped her right hand to shelter the flame. Nwoye's mother,

also carrying an oil lamp, emerged from her hut. The children stood in the darkness

outside their hut watching the strange event. Okonkwo's youngest wife also came out and

joined the others.

"Where does Agbala want to see her?" Ekwefi asked.

"Where else but in his house in the hills and the caves?" replied the priestess.

"I will come with you, too," Ekwefi said firmly.

"Tufia-al" the priestess cursed, her voice cracking like the angry bark of thunder

in the dry season. "How dare you, woman, to go before the mighty Agbala of your own

accord? Beware, woman, lest he strike you in his anger. Bring me my daughter."

Ekwefi went into her hut and came out again with Ezinma.

"Come, my daughter," said the priestess. "I shall carry you on my back. A baby

on its mother's back does not know that the way is long."

Ezinma began to cry. She was used to Chielo calling her "my daughter." But it

was a different Chielo she now saw in the yellow half-light.

"Don't cry, my daughter," said the priestess, "lest Agbala be angry with you."

"Don't cry," said Ekwefi, "she will bring you back very soon. I shall give you

some fish to eat." She went into the hut again and brought down the smoke-black basket

in which she kept her dried fish and other ingredients for cooking soup. She broke a piece

in two and gave it to Ezinma, who clung to her.

"Don't be afraid," said Ekwefi, stroking her head, which was shaved in places,

leaving a regular pattern of hair. They went outside again. The priestess bent down on

one knee and Ezinma climbed on her back, her left palm closed on her fish and her eyes

gleaming with tears.

"Agbala do-o-o-o! Agbala ekeneo-o-o-o!..." Chielo began once again to chant

greetings to her god. She turned round sharply and walked through Okonkwo's hut,

bending very low at the eaves. Ezinma was crying loudly now, calling on her mother. The

two voices disappeared into the thick darkness.

A strange and sudden weakness descended on Ekwefi as she stood gazing in the

direction of the voices like a hen whose only chick has been carried away by a kite.

Ezinma's voice soon faded away and only Chielo was heard moving further and further

into the distance.

"Why do you stand there as though she had been kidnapped?" asked Okonkwo as

he went back to his hut.

"She will bring her back soon," Nwoye's mother said.

But Ekwefi did not hear these consolations. She stood for a while, and then, all of

a sudden, made up her mind. She hurried through Okonkwo's hut and went outside.

"Where are you going?" he asked.

"I am following Chielo," she replied and disappeared in the darkness. Okonkwo

cleared his throat, and brought out his snuff-bottle from the goatskin bag by his side.

The priestess' voice was already growing faint in the distance. Ekwefi hurried to

the main footpath and turned left in the direction of the voice. Her eyes were useless to

her in the darkness. But she picked her way easily on the sandy footpath hedged on either

side by branches and damp leaves. She began to run, holding her breasts with her hands

to stop them flapping noisily against her body. She hit her left foot against an outcropped

root, and terror seized her. It was an ill omen. She ran faster. But Chielo's voice was still

a long way away. Had she been running too? How could she go so fast with Ezinma on

her back? Although the night was cool, Ekwefi was beginning to feel hot from her

running. She continually ran into the luxuriant weeds and creepers that walled in the path.

Once she tripped up and fell. Only then did she realise, with a start, that Chielo had

stopped her chanting. Her heart beat violently and she stood still. Then Chielo's renewed

outburst came from only a few paces ahead. But Ekwefi could not see her. She shut her

eyes for a while and opened them again in an effort to see. But it was useless. She could

not see beyond her nose.

There were no stars in the sky because there was a rain-cloud. Fireflies went

about with their tiny green lamps, which only made the darkness more profound.

Between Chielo's outbursts the night was alive with the shrill tremor of forest insects

woven into the darkness.

"Agbala do-o-o-o!... Agbala ekeneo-o-o-o!..." Ekwefi trudged behind, neither

getting too near nor keeping too far back. She thought they must be going towards the

sacred cave. Now that she walked slowly she had time to think. What would she do when

they got to the cave? She would not dare to enter. She would wait at the mouth, all alone

in that fearful place. She thought of all the terrors of the night. She remembered that

night, long ago, when she had seen Ogbu-agali-odu, one of those evil essences loosed

upon the world by the potent "medicines" which the tribe had made in the distant past

against its enemies but had now forgotten how to control. Ekwefi had been returning

from the stream with her mother on a dark night like this when they saw its glow as it

flew in their direction. They had thrown down their waterpots and lain by the roadside

expecting the sinister light to descend on them and kill them. That was the only time

Ekwefi ever saw Ogbu-agali-odu. But although it had happened so long ago, her blood

still ran cold whenever she remembered that night.

The priestess' voice came at longer intervals now, but its vigour was

undiminished. The air was cool and damp with dew. Ezinma sneezed. Ekwefi muttered,

"Life to you." At the same time the priestess also said, "Life to you, my daughter."

Ezinma's voice from the darkness warmed her mother's heart. She trudged slowly

along.

And then the priestess screamed. "Somebody is walking behind me!" she said.

"Whether you are spirit or man, may Agbala shave your head with a blunt razor! May he

twist your neck until you see your heels!"

Ekwefi stood rooted to the spot. One mind said to her: "Woman, go home before

Agbala does you harm." But she could not. She stood until Chielo had increased the

distance between them and she began to follow again. She had already walked so long

that she began to feel a slight numbness in the limbs and in the head. Then it occurred to

her that they could not have been heading for the cave. They must have bypassed it long

ago,- they must be going towards Umuachi, the farthest village in the clan. Chielo's voice

now came after long intervals.

It seemed to Ekwefi that the night had become a little lighter. The cloud had lifted

and a few stars were out. The moon must be preparing to rise, its sullenness over. When

the moon rose late in the night, people said it was refusing food, as a sullen husband

refuses his wife's food when they have quarrelled.

"Agbala do-o-o-o! Umuachi! Agbala ekene unuo-o-ol" It was just as Ekwefi had

thought. The priestess was now saluting the village of Umuachi. It was unbelievable, the

distance they had covered. As they emerged into the open village from the narrow forest

track the darkness was softened and it became possible to see the vague shape of trees.

Ekwefi screwed her eyes up in an effort to see her daughter and the priestess, but

whenever she thought she saw their shape it immediately dissolved like a melting lump of

darkness. She walked numbly along.

Chielo's voice was now rising continuously, as when she first set out. Ekwefi had

a feeling of spacious openness, and she guessed they must be on the village ilo, or

playground. And she realised too with something like a jerk that Chielo was no longer

moving forward. She was, in fact, returning. Ekwefi quickly moved away from her line of

retreat. Chielo passed by, and they began to go back the way they had come.

It was a long and weary journey and Ekwefi felt like a sleepwalker most of the

way. The moon was definitely rising, and although it had not yet appeared on the sky its

light had already melted down the darkness. Ekwefi could now discern the figure of the

priestess and her burden. She slowed down her pace so as to increase the distance

between them. She was afraid of what might happen if Chielo suddenly turned round and

saw her.

She had prayed for the moon to rise. But now she found the half-light of the

incipient moon more terrifying than darkness. The world was now peopled with vague,

fantastic figures that dissolved under her steady gaze and then formed again in new

shapes. At one stage Ekwefi was so afraid that she nearly called out to Chielo for

companionship and human sympathy. What she had seen was the shape of a man

climbing a palm tree, his head pointing to the earth and his legs skywards. But at that

very moment Chielo's voice rose again in her possessed chanting, and Ekwefi recoiled,

because there was no humanity there. It was not the same Chielo who sat with her in the

market and sometimes bought beancakes for Ezinma, whom she called her daughter. It

was a different woman--the priestess of Agbala, the Oracle of the Hills and Caves.

Ekwefi trudged along between two fears. The sound of her benumbed steps seemed to

come from some other person walking behind her. Her arms were folded across her bare

breasts. Dew fell heavily and the air was cold. She could no longer think, not even about

the terrors of night. She just jogged along in a half-sleep, only waking to full life when

Chielo sang.

At last they took a turning and began to head for the caves. From then on, Chielo

never ceased in her chanting. She greeted her god in a multitude of names--the owner of

the future, the messenger of earth, the god who cut a man down when his life was

sweetest to him. Ekwefi was also awakened and her benumbed fears revived.

The moon was now up and she could see Chielo and Ezinma clearly. How a

woman could carry a child of that size so easily and for so long was a miracle. But

Ekwefi was not thinking about that. Chielo was not a woman that night.

"Agbala do-o-o-o! Agbala ekeneo-o-o-o! Chi negbu madu ubosi ndu ya nato ya

uto daluo-o-o!..."

Ekwefi could already see the hills looming in the moonlight. They formed a

circular ring with a break at one point through which the foot-track led to the centre of

the circle.

As soon as the priestess stepped into this ring of hills her voice was not only

doubled in strength but was thrown back on all sides. It was indeed the shrine of a great

god. Ekwefi picked her way carefully and quietly. She was already beginning to doubt

the wisdom of her coming. Nothing would happen to Ezinma, she thought. And if

anything happened to her could she stop it? She would not dare to enter the underground

caves. Her coming was quite useless, she thought.

As these things went through her mind she did not realise how close they were to

the cave mouth. And so when the priestess with Ezinma on her back disappeared through

a hole hardly big enough to pass a hen, Ekwefi broke into a run as though to stop them.

As she stood gazing at the circular darkness which had swallowed them, tears gushed

from her eyes, and she swore within her that if she heard Ezinma cry she would rush into

the cave to defend her against all the gods in the world. She would die with her.

Having sworn that oath, she sat down on a stony ledge and waited. Her fear had

vanished. She could hear the priestess' voice, all its metal taken out of it by the vast

emptiness of the cave. She buried her face in her lap and waited.

She did not know how long she waited. It must have been a very long time. Her

back was turned on the footpath that led out of the hills. She must have heard a noise

behind her and turned round sharply. A man stood there with a machete in his hand.

Ekwefi uttered a scream and sprang to her feet.

"Don't be foolish," said Okonkwo's voice. "I thought you were going into the

shrine with Chielo," he mocked.

Ekwefi did not answer. Tears of gratitude filled her eyes. She knew her daughter

was safe.

"Go home and sleep," said Okonkwo. "I shall wait here."

"I shall wait too. It is almost dawn. The first cock has crowed."

As they stood there together, Ekwefi's mind went back to the days when they

were young. She had married Anene because Okonkwo was too poor then to marry. Two

years after her marriage to Anene she could bear it no longer and she ran away to

Okonkwo. It had been early in the morning. The moon was shining. She was going to the

stream to fetch water. Okonkwo's house was on the way to the stream. She went in and

knocked at his door and he came out. Even in those days he was not a man of many

words. He just carried her into his bed and in the darkness began to feel around her waist

for the loose end of her cloth.

CHAPTER TWELVE

On the following morning the entire neighbourhood wore a festive air because

Okonkwo's friend, Obierika, was celebrating his daughter's uri. It was the day on which

her suitor (having already paid the greater part of her bride-price) would bring palm-wine

not only to her parents and immediate relatives but to the wide and extensive group of

kinsmen called umunna. Everybody had been invited--men, women and children. But it

was really a woman's ceremony and the central figures were the bride and her mother.

As soon as day broke, breakfast was hastily eaten and women and children began

to gather at Obierika's compound to help the bride's mother in her difficult but happy task

of cooking for a whole village.

Okonkwo's family was astir like any other family in the neighbourhood. Nwoye's

mother and Okonkwo's youngest wife were ready to set out for Obierika's compound with

all their children. Nwoye's mother carried a basket of coco-yams, a cake of salt and

smoked fish which she would present to Obierika's wife. Okonkwo's youngest wife,

Ojiugo, also had a basket of plantains and coco-yams and a small pot of palm-oil. Their

children carried pots of water.

Ekwefi was tired and sleepy from the exhausting experiences of the previous

night. It was not very long since they had returned. The priestess, with Ezinma sleeping

on her back, had crawled out of the shrine on her belly like a snake. She had not as much

as looked at Okonkwo and Ekwefi or shown any surprise at finding them at the mouth of

the cave. She looked straight ahead of her and walked back to the village. Okonkwo and

his wife followed at a respectful distance. They thought the priestess might be going to

her house, but she went to Okonkwo's compound, passed through his obi and into

Ekwefi's hut and walked into her bedroom. She placed Ezinma carefully on the bed and

went away without saying a word to anybody.

Ezinma was still sleeping when everyone else was astir, and Ekwefi asked

Nwoye's mother and Ojiugo to explain to Obierika's wife that she would be late. She had

got ready her basket of coco-yams and fish, but she must wait for Ezinma to wake.

"You need some sleep yourself," said Nwoye's mother. "You look very tired."

As they spoke Ezinma emerged from the hut, rubbing her eyes and stretching her

spare frame. She saw the other children with their waterpots and remembered that they

were going to fetch water for Obierika's wife. She went back to the hut and brought her

pot.

"Have you slept enough?" asked her mother.

"Yes," she replied. "Let us go."

"Not before you have had your breakfast," said Ekwefi. And she went into her hut

to warm the vegetable soup she had cooked last night.

"We shall be going," said Nwoye's mother. "I will tell Obierika's wife that you are

coming later." And so they all went to help Obierika's wife--Nwoye's mother with her

four children and Ojiugo with her two.

As they trooped through Okonkwo's obi he asked: "Who will prepare my

afternoon meal?"

"I shall return to do it," said Ojiugo.

Okonkwo was also feeling tired, and sleepy, for although nobody else knew it, he

had not slept at all last night. He had felt very anxious but did not show it. When Ekwefi

had followed the priestess, he had allowed what he regarded as a reasonable and manly

interval to pass and then gone with his machete to the shrine, where he thought they must

be. It was only when he had got there that it had occurred to him that the priestess might

have chosen to go round the villages first. Okonkwo had returned home and sat waiting.

When he thought he had waited long enough he again returned to the shrine. But the Hills

and the Caves were as silent as death. It was only on his fourth trip that he had found

Ekwefi, and by then he had become gravely worried.

Obierika's compound was as busy as an anthill. Temporary cooking tripods were

erected on every available space by bringing together three blocks of sun-dried earth and

making a fire in their midst. Cooking pots went up and down the tripods and foo-foo was

pounded in a hundred wooden mortars Some of the women cooked the yams and the

cassava, and others prepared vegetable soup. Young men pounded the foo-foo or split

firewood. The children made endless trips to the stream.

Three young men helped Obierika to slaughter the two goats with which the soup

was made. They were very fat goats, but the fattest of all was tethered to a peg near the

wall of the compound and was as big as a small cow. Obierika had sent one of his

relatives all the way to Umuike to buy that goat. It was the one he would present alive to

his in-laws.

"The market of Umuike is a wonderful place," said the young man Who had been

sent by Obierika to buy the giant goat "There are so many people on it that if you threw

up a grain of sand it would not find a way to fall to earth again."

"It is the result of a great medicine," said Obierika. "The people of Umuike

wanted their market to grow and swallow up the markets of their neighbours. So they

made a powerful medicine. Every market day, before the first cock-crow, this medicine

stands on the market ground in the shape of an old woman with a fan. With this magic

fan she beckons to the market all the neighbouring clans. She beckons in front of her and

behind her, to her right and to her left."

"And so everybody comes," said another man, "honest men and thieves. They can

steal your cloth from off your waist in that market."

"Yes" said Obierika. "I warned Nwankwo to keep a sharp eye and a sharp ear.

There was once a man who went to sell a goat. He led it on a thick rope which he tied

round his wrist. But as he walked through the market he realised that people were

pointing at him as they do to a madman. He could not understand it until he looked back

and saw that what he led at the end of the tether was not a goat but a heavy log of wood."

"Do you think a thief can do that kind of thing single-handed?" asked Nwankwo.

"No," said Obierika. "They use medicine."

When they had cut the goats' throats and collected the blood in a bowl, they held

them over an open fire to burn off the hair, and the smell of burning hair blended with the

smell of cooking. Then they washed them and cut them up for the women who prepared

the soup.

All this anthill activity was going smoothly when a sudden interruption came. It

was a cry in the distance: oji odu aru ijiji-o-o! (The one that uses its tail to drive flies

away!). Every woman immediately abandoned whatever she was doing and rushed out in

the direction of the cry.

"We cannot all rush out like that, leaving what we are cooking to burn in the fire,"

shouted Chielo, the priestess. "Three or four of us should stay behind."

"It is true," said another woman. "We will allow three or four women to stay

behind."

Five women stayed behind to look after the cooking-pots, and all the rest rushed

away to see the cow that had been let loose. When they saw it they drove it back to its

owner, who at once paid the heavy fine which the village imposed on anyone whose cow

was let loose on his neighbors' crops. When the women had exacted the penalty they

checked among themselves to see if any woman had failed to come out when the cry had

been raised.

"Where is Mgbogo?" asked one of them.

"She is ill in bed," said Mgbogo's next-door neighbour. "She has iba."

"The only other person is Udenkwo," said another woman, "and her child is not

twenty-eight days yet."

Those women whom Obierika's wife had not asked to help her with the cooking

returned to their homes, and the rest went back, in a body, to Obierika's compound.

"Whose cow was it?" asked the women who had been allowed to stay behind.

"It was my husband's," said Ezelagbo. "One of the young children had opened the

gate of the cow-shed."

Early in the afternoon the first two pots of palm-wine arrived from Obierika's in-

laws. They were duly presented to the women, who drank a cup or two each, to help them

in their cooking. Some of it also went to the bride and her attendant maidens, who were

putting the last delicate touches of razor to her coiffure and cam wood on her smooth

skin.

When the heat of the sun began to soften, Obierika's son, Maduka, took a long

broom and swept the ground in front of his father's obi. And as if they had been waiting

for that, Obierika's relatives and friends began to arrive, every man with his goatskin bag

hung on one shoulder and a rolled goatskin mat under his arm. Some of them were

accompanied by their sons bearing carved wooden stools. Okonkwo was one of them.

They sat in a half-circle and began to talk of many things. It would not be long before the

suitors came.

Okonkwo brought out his snuff-bottle and offered it to Ogbuefi Ezenwa, who sat

next to him. Ezenwa took it, tapped it on his kneecap, rubbed his left palm on his body to

dry it before tipping a little snuff into it. His actions were deliberate, and he spoke as he

performed them: "I hope our in-laws will bring many pots of wine. Although they come

from a village that is known for being closefisted, they ought to know that Akueke is the

bride for a king."

"They dare not bring fewer than thirty pots," said Okonkwo. "I shall tell them my

mind if they do."

At that moment Obierika's son, Maduka, led out the giant goat from the inner

compound, for his father's relatives to see. They all admired it and said that that was the

way things should be done. The goat was then led back to the inner compound.

Very soon after, the in-laws began to arrive. Young men and boys in single file,

each carrying a pot of wine, came first. Obierika's relatives counted the pots as they

came. Twenty, twenty-five. There was a long break, and the hosts looked at each other as

if to say, "I told you." Then more pots came. Thirty, thirty-five, forty, forty-five. The

hosts nodded in approval and seemed to say, "Now they are behaving like men."

Altogether there were fifty pots of wine. After the pot-bearers came Ibe, the suitor, and

the elders of his family. They sat in a half-moon, thus completing a circle with their

hosts. The pots of wine stood in their midst. Then the bride, her mother and half a dozen

other women and girls emerged from the inner compound, and went round the circle

shaking hands with all. The bride's mother led the way, followed by the bride and the

other women. The married women wore their best cloths and the girls wore red and black

waist-beads and anklets of brass.

When the women retired, Obierika presented kola nuts to his in-laws. His eldest

brother broke the first one. "Life to all of us," he said as he broke it. "And let there be

friendship between your family and ours."

The crowd answered-. "Ee-e-e!"

"We are giving you our daughter today. She will be a good wife to you. She will

bear you nine sons like the mother of our town."

" Ee-e-e!"

The oldest man in the camp of the visitors replied: "It will be good for you and it

will be good for us."

" Ee-e-e!"

"This is not the first time my people have come to marry your daughter. My

mother was one of you."

" Ee-e-e!"

"And this will not be the last, because you understand us and we understand you.

You are a great family."

" Ee-e-e!"

"Prosperous men and great warriors." He looked in the direction of Okonkwo.

"Your daughter will bear us sons like you.

" Ee-e-e!"

The kola was eaten and the drinking of palm-wine began. Groups of four or five

men sat round with a pot in their midst. As the evening wore on, food was presented to

the guests. There were huge bowls of foo-foo and steaming pots of soup. There were also

pots of yam pottage. It was a great feast.

As night fell, burning torches were set on wooden tripods and the young men

raised a song. The elders sat in a big circle and the singers went round singing each man's

praise as they came before him. They had something to say for every man. Some were

great farmers, some were orators who spoke for the clan. Okonkwo was the greatest

wrestler and warrior alive. When they had gone round the circle they settled down in the

centre, and girls came from the inner compound to dance. At first the bride was not

among them. But when she finally appeared holding a cock in her right hand, a loud

cheer rose from the crowd. All the other dancers made way for her. She presented the

cock to the musicians and began to dance. Her brass anklets rattled as she danced and her

body gleamed with cam wood in the soft yellow light. The musicians with their wood,

clay and metal instruments went from song to song. And they were all gay. They sang the

latest song in the village: " If I hold her hand She says, 'Don't touch!' If I hold her foot

She says, 'Don't touch!'

But when I hold her waist-beads she pretends not to know."

The night was already far spent when the guests rose to go, taking their bride

home to spend seven market weeks with her suitor's family. They sang songs as they

went, and on their way they paid short courtesy visits to prominent men like Okonkwo,

before they finally left for their village. Okonkwo made a present of two cocks to them.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

Go-di-di-go-go-di-go. Di-go-go-di-go. It was the ekwe talking to the clan. One of the

things every man learned was the language of the hollowed-out wooden instrument.

Dum! Dum! Dum! boomed the cannon at intervals.

The first cock had not crowed, and Umuofia was still swallowed up in sleep and

silence when the ekwe began to talk, and the cannon shattered the silence. Men stirred on

their bamboo beds and listened anxiously. Somebody was dead. The cannon seemed to

rend the sky. Di-go-go-di-go-di-di-go-go floated in the message-laden night air. The faint

and distant wailing of women settled like a sediment of sorrow on the earth. Now and

again a full-chested lamentation rose above the wailing whenever a man came into the

place of death. He raised his voice once or twice in manly sorrow and then sat down with

the other men listening to the endless wailing of the women and the esoteric language of

the ekwe. Now and again the cannon boomed. The wailing of the women would not be

heard beyond the village, but the ekwe carried the news to all the nine villages and even

beyond. It began by naming the clan: Umuofia obodo dike! "the land of the brave."

Umuofia obodo dike! Umuofia obodo dike! It said this over and over again, and as it

dwelt on it, anxiety mounted in every heart that heaved on a bamboo bed that night. Then

it went nearer and named the village: "Iguedo of the yellow grinding-stone!" It was

Okonkwo's village. Again and again Iguedo was called and men waited breathlessly in all

the nine villages. At last the man was named and people sighed "E-u-u, Ezeudu is dead."

A cold shiver ran down Okonkwo's back as he remembered the last time the old man had

visited him. "That boy calls you father," he had said. "Bear no hand in his death."

Ezeudu was a great man, and so all the clan was at his funeral. The ancient drums

of death beat, guns and cannon were fired, and men dashed about in frenzy, cutting down

every tree or animal they saw, jumping over walls and dancing on the roof. It was a

warrior's funeral, and from morning till night warriors came and went in their age groups.

They all wore smoked raffia skirts and their bodies were painted with chalk and charcoal.

Now and again an ancestral spirit or egwugwu appeared from the underworld, speaking

in a tremulous, unearthly voice and completely covered in raffia. Some of them were very

violent, and there had been a mad rush for shelter earlier in the day when one appeared

with a sharp machete and was only prevented from doing serious harm by two men who

restrained him with the help of a strong rope tied round his waist. Sometimes he turned

round and chased after those men, and they ran for their lives. But they always returned

to the long rope he trailed behind. He sang, in a terrifying voice, that Ekwensu, or Evil

Spirit, had entered his eye.

But the most dreaded of all was yet to come. He was always alone and was

shaped like a coffin. A sickly odour hung in the air wherever he went, and flies went with

him. Even the greatest medicine men took shelter when he was near. Many years ago

another egwugwu had dared to stand his ground before him and had been transfixed to

the spot for two days. This one had only one hand and it carried a basket full of water.

But some of the egwugwu were quite harmless. One of them was so old and

infirm that he leaned heavily on a stick. He walked unsteadily to the place where the

corpse was laid, gazed at it a while and went away again--to the underworld.

The land of the living was not far removed from the domain of the ancestors.

There was coming and going between them, especially at festivals and also when an old

man died, because an old man was very close to the ancestors. A man's life from birth to

death was a series of transition rites which brought him nearer and nearer to his ancestors.

Ezeudu had been the oldest man in his village, and at his death there were only

three men in the whole clan who were older, and four or five others in his own age group.

Whenever one of these ancient men appeared in the crowd to dance unsteadily the funeral

steps of the tribe, younger men gave way and the tumult subsided.

It was a great funeral, such as befitted a noble warrior. As the evening drew near,

the shouting and the firing of guns, the beating of drums and the brandishing and

clanging of machetes increased.

Ezeudu had taken three titles in his life. It was a rare achievement. There were

only four titles in the clan, and only one or two men in any generation ever achieved the

fourth and highest. When they did, they became the lords of the land. Because he had

taken titles, Ezeudu was to be buried after dark with only a glowing brand to light the

sacred ceremony.

But before this quiet and final rite, the tumult increased tenfold. Drums beat

violently and men leaped up and down in frenzy. Guns were fired on all sides and sparks

flew out as machetes clanged together in warriors' salutes. The air was full of dust and the

smell of gunpowder. It was then that the one-handed spirit came, carrying a basket full of

water. People made way for him on all sides and the noise subsided. Even the smell of

gunpowder was swallowed in the sickly smell that now filled the air. He danced a few

steps to the funeral drums and then went to see the corpse.

"Ezeudu!" he called in his guttural voice. "If you had been poor in your last life I

would have asked you to be rich when you come again. But you were rich. If you had

been a coward, I would have asked you to bring courage. But you were a fearless warrior.

If you had died young, I would have asked you to get life. But you lived long. So I shall

ask you to come again the way you came before. If your death was the death of nature, go

in peace. But if a man caused it, do not allow him a moment's rest." He danced a few

more steps and went away. The drums and the dancing began again and reached fever-

heat. Darkness was around the corner, and the burial was near. Guns fired the last salute

and the cannon rent the sky. And then from the centre of the delirious fury came a cry of

agony and shouts of horror. It was as if a spell had been cast. All was silent. In the centre

of the crowd a boy lay in a pool of blood. It was the dead man's sixteen-year-old son,

who with his brothers and half-brothers had been dancing the traditional farewell to their

father. Okonkwo's gun had exploded and a piece of iron had pierced the boy's heart.

The confusion that followed was without parallel in the tradition of Umuofia.

Violent deaths were frequent, but nothing like this had ever happened.

The only course open to Okonkwo was to flee from the clan. It was a crime

against the earth goddess to kill a clansman, and a man who committed it must flee from

the land. The crime was of two kinds, male and female. Okonkwo had committed the

female, because it had been inadvertent. He could return to the clan after seven years.

That night he collected his most valuable belongings into head-loads. His wives

wept bitterly and their children wept with them without knowing why. Obierika and half

a dozen other friends came to help and to console him. They each made nine or ten trips

carrying Okonkwo's yams to store in Obierika's barn. And before the cock crowed

Okonkwo and his family were fleeing to his motherland. It was a little village called

Mbanta, just beyond the borders of Mbaino.

As soon as the day broke, a large crowd of men from Ezeudu's quarter stormed

Okonkwo's compound, dressed in garbs of war. They set fire to his houses, demolished

his red walls, killed his animals and destroyed his barn. It was the justice of the earth

goddess, and they were merely her messengers. They had no hatred in their hearts against

Okonkwo. His greatest friend, Obierika, was among them. They were merely cleansing

the land which Okonkwo had polluted with the blood of a clansman.

Obierika was a man who thought about things. When the will of the goddess had

been done, he sat down in his obi and mourned his friend's calamity. Why should a man

suffer so grievously for an offence he had committed inadvertently? But although he

thought for a long time he found no answer. He was merely led into greater complexities.

He remembered his wife's twin children, whom he had thrown away. What crime had

they committed? The Earth had decreed that they were an offence on the land and must

be destroyed. And if the clan did not exact punishment for an offence against the great

goddess, her wrath was loosed on all the land and not just on the offender. As the elders

said, if one finger brought oil it soiled the others.

PART TWO

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

Okonkwo was well received by his mother's kinsmen in Mbanta. The old man who

received him was his mother's younger brother, who was now the eldest surviving

member of that family. His name was Uchendu, and it was he who had received

Okonkwo's mother twenty and ten years before when she had been brought home from

Umuofia to be buried with her people. Okonkwo was only a boy then and Uchendu still

remembered him crying the traditional farewell: "Mother, mother, mother is going."

That was many years ago. Today Okonkwo was not bringing his mother home to

be buried with her people. He was taking his family of three wives and their children to

seek refuge in his motherland. As soon as Uchendu saw him with his sad and weary

company he guessed what had happened, and asked no questions. It was not until the

following day that Okonkwo told him the full story. The old man listened silently to the

end and then said with some relief: "It is a female ochu." And he arranged the requisite

rites and sacrifices.

Okonkwo was given a plot of ground on which to build his compound, and two or

three pieces of land on which to farm during the coming planting season. With the help of

his mother's kinsmen he built himself an obi and three huts for his wives. He then

installed his personal god and the symbols of his departed fathers. Each of Uchendu's five

sons contributed three hundred seed-yams to enable their cousin to plant a farm, for as

soon as the first rain came farming would begin.

At last the rain came. It was sudden and tremendous. For two or three moons the

sun had been gathering strength till it seemed to breathe a breath of fire on the earth. All

the grass had long been scorched brown, and the sands felt like live coals to the feet.

Evergreen trees wore a dusty coat of brown. The birds were silenced in the forests, and

the world lay panting under the live, vibrating heat. And then came the clap of thunder. It

was an angry, metallic and thirsty clap, unlike the deep and liquid rumbling of the rainy

season. A mighty wind arose and filled the air with dust.

Palm trees swayed as the wind combed their leaves into flying crests like strange

and fantastic coiffure.

When the rain finally came, it was in large, solid drops of frozen water which the

people called "the nuts of the water of heaven." They were hard and painful on the body

as they fell, yet young people ran about happily picking up the cold nuts and throwing

them into their mouths to melt.

The earth quickly came to life and the birds in the forests fluttered around and

chirped merrily. A vague scent of life and green vegetation was diffused in the air. As the

rain began to fall more soberly and in smaller liquid drops, children sought for shelter,

and all were happy, refreshed and thankful.

Okonkwo and his family worked very hard to plant a new farm. But it was like

beginning life anew without the vigour and enthusiasm of youth, like learning to become

left-handed in old age. Work no longer had for him the pleasure it used to have, and when

there was no work to do he sat in a silent half-sleep.

His life had been ruled by a great passion--to become one of the lords of the clan.

That had been his life-spring. And he had all but achieved it. Then everything had been

broken. He had been cast out of his clan like a fish onto a dry, sandy beach, panting.

Clearly his personal god or chi was not made for great things. A man could not rise

beyond the destiny of his chi. The saying of the elders was not true--that if a man said yea

his chi also affirmed. Here was a man whose chi said nay despite his own affirmation.

The old man, Uchendu, saw clearly that Okonkwo had yielded to despair and he

was greatly troubled. He would speak to him after the isa-ifi ceremony.

The youngest of Uchendu's five sons, Amikwu, was marrying a new wife. The

bride-price had been paid and all but the last ceremony had been performed. Amikwu and

his people had taken palm-wine to the bride's kinsmen about two moons before

Okonkwo's arrival in Mbanta. And so it was time for the final ceremony of confession.

The daughters of the family were all there, some of them having come a long way

from their homes in distant villages. Uchendu's eldest daughter had come from Obodo,

nearly half a day's journey away. The daughters of Uehuiona were also there. It was a full

gathering of umuada, in the same way as they would meet if a death occurred. There were

twenty-two of them.

They sat in a big circle on the ground and the young bride in the centre with a hen

in her right hand. Uchendu before her, holding the ancestral staff of the family. The men

stood outside the circle, watching. Their wives also. It was evening and the sun was

setting. Uchendu's eldest daughter, Njide, asked her, "Remember that if you do not

answer truthfully you will suffer or even die at childbirth," she began. "How man men

have lain with you since my brother first expressed his desire to marry you?"

"None," she answered simply.

"Answer truthfully," urged the other women. "None?" asked Njide.

"None," she answered.

"Swear on this staff of my fathers," said Uchendu.

"I swear," said the bride.

Uchendu took the hen from her, slit its throat with a sharp knife and allowed some

of the blood to fall on the ancestral staff.

From that day Amikwu took the young bride and she became his wife. The

daughters of the clan did not return to their homes immediately but spent two more days

with their kinsmen.

On the second day Uchendu called together his sons and daughters and his

nephew, Okonkwo. The men brought their goatskin mats, with which they sat on the

floor, and the women sat on a sisal mat spread on a raised bank of earth. Uchendu pulled

gently at his grey beard and gnashed his teeth. Then he began to speak, quietly and

deliberately, picking his words with great care: "It is Okonkwo that I primarily wish to

speak to," he began. "But I want all of you to note what I am going to say. I am an old

man and you are all children. I know more about the world than any of you. If there is

any one among you who thinks he knows more let him speak up." He paused, but no one

spoke.

"Why is Okonkwo with us today? This is not his clan. We are only his mother's

kinsmen. He does not belong here. He is an exile, condemned for seven years to live in a

strange land. And so he is bowed with grief. But there is just one question I would like to

ask him. Can you tell me, Okonkwo, why it is that one of the commonest names we give

our children is Nneka, or "Mother is Supreme?" We all know that a man is the head of

the family and his wives do his bidding. A child belongs to its father and his family and

not to its mother and her family. A man belongs to his fatherland and not to his

motherland. And yet we say Nneka -'Mother is Supreme.' Why is that?"

There was silence. "I want Okonkwo to answer me," said Uchendu.

"I do not know the answer," Okonkwo replied.

"You do not know the answer? So you see that you are a child. You have many

wives and many children--more children than I have. You are a great man in your clan.

But you are still a child, my child. Listen to me and I shall tell you. But there is one more

question I shall ask you. Why is it that when a woman dies she is taken home to be buried

with her own kinsmen? She is not buried with her husband's kinsmen. Why is that? Your

mother was brought home to me and buried with my people. Why was that?"

Okonkwo shook his head.

"He does not know that either," said Uchendu, "and yet he is full of sorrow

because he has come to live in his motherland for a few years." He laughed a mirthless

laughter, and turned to his sons and daughters. "What about you? Can you answer my

question?"

They all shook their heads.

"Then listen to me," he said and cleared his throat. "It's true that a child belongs to

its father. But when a father beats his child, it seeks sympathy in its mother's hut. A man

belongs to his fatherland when things are good and life is sweet. But when there is sorrow

and bitterness he finds refuge in his motherland. Your mother is there to protect you. She

is buried there. And that is why we say that mother is supreme. Is it right that you,

Okonkwo, should bring to your mother a heavy face and refuse to be comforted? Be

careful or you may displease the dead. Your duty is to comfort your wives and children

and take them back to your fatherland after seven years. But if you allow sorrow to weigh

you down and kill you they will all die in exile." He paused for a long while. "These are

now your kinsmen." He waved at his sons and daughters.

"You think you are the greatest sufferer in the world? Do you know that men are

sometimes banished for life? Do you know that men sometimes lose all their yams and

even their children? I had six wives once. I have none now except that young girl who

knows not her right from her left. Do you know how many children I have buried--

children I begot in my youth and strength? Twenty-two. I did not hang myself, and I am

still alive. If you think you are the greatest sufferer in the world ask my daughter, Akueni,

how many twins she has borne and thrown away. Have you not heard the song they sing

when a woman dies?

"'For whom is it well, for whom is it well? There is no one for whom it is well.'

"I have no more to say to you."

CHAPTER FIFTEEN

It was in the second year of Okonkwo's exile that his friend, Obierika, came to visit him.

He brought with him two young men, each of them carrying a heavy bag on his

head. Okonkwo helped them put down their loads. It was clear that the bags were full of

cowries.

Okonkwo was very happy to receive his friend. His wives and children were very

happy too, and so were his cousins and their wives when he sent for them and told them

who his guest was.

"You must take him to salute our father," said one of the cousins.

"Yes," replied Okonkwo. "We are going directly." But before they went he

whispered something to his first wife. She nodded, and soon the children were chasing

one of their cocks.

Uchendu had been told by one of his grandchildren that three strangers had come

to Okonkwo's house. He was therefore waiting to receive them. He held out his hands to

them when they came into his obi, and after they had shaken hands he asked Okonkwo

who they were.

"This is Obierika, my great friend. I have already spoken to you about him."

"Yes," said the old man, turning to Obierika. "My son has told me about you, and

I am happy you have come to see us. I knew your father, Iweka. He was a great man. He

had many friends here and came to see them quite often. Those were good days when a

man had friends in distant clans. Your generation does not know that. You stay at home,

afraid of your next-door neighbour. Even a man's motherland is strange to him

nowadays." He looked at Okonkwo. "I am an old man and I like to talk. That is all I am

good for now." He got up painfully, went into an inner room and came back with a kola

nut.

"Who are the young men with you?" he asked as he sat down again on his

goatskin. Okonkwo told him.

"Ah," he said. "Welcome, my sons." He presented the kola nut to them, and when

they had seen it and thanked him, he broke it and they ate.

"Go into that room," he said to Okonkwo, pointing with his finger. "You will find

a pot of wine there."

Okonkwo brought the wine and they began to drink. It was a day old, and very

strong.

"Yes," said Uchendu after a long silence. "People travelled more in those days.

There is not a single clan in these parts that I do not know very well. Aninta, Umuazu,

Ikeocha, Elumelu, Abame--I know them all."

"Have you heard," asked Obierika, "that Abame is no more?"

"How is that?" asked Uchendu and Okonkwo together.

"Abame has been wiped out," said Obierika. "It is a strange and terrible story. If I

had not seen the few survivors with my own eyes and heard their story with my own ears,

I would not have believed. Was it not on an Eke day that they fled into Umuofia?" he

asked his two companions, and they nodded their heads.

"Three moons ago," said Obierika, "on an Eke market day a little band of

fugitives came into our town. Most of them were sons of our land whose mothers had

been buried with us. But there were some too who came because they had friends in our

town, and others who could think of nowhere else open to escape. And so they fled into

Umuofia with a woeful story." He drank his palm-wine, and Okonkwo filled his horn

again. He continued: "During the last planting season a white man had appeared in their

clan."

"An albino," suggested Okonkwo.

"He was not an albino. He was quite different." He sipped his wine. "And he was

riding an iron horse. The first people who saw him ran away, but he stood beckoning to

them. In the end the fearless ones went near and even touched him. The elders consulted

their Oracle and it told them that the strange man would break their clan and spread

destruction among them." Obierika again drank a little of his wine. "And so they killed

the white man and tied his iron horse to their sacred tree because it looked as if it would

run away to call the man's friends. I forgot to tell you another thing which the Oracle

said. It said that other white men were on their way. They were locusts, it said, and that

first man was their harbinger sent to explore the terrain. And so they killed him."

"What did the white man say before they killed him?" asked Uchendu.

"He said nothing," answered one of Obierika's companions.

"He said something, only they did not understand him," said Obierika. "He

seemed to speak through his nose."

"One of the men told me," said Obierika's other companion, "that he repeated over

and over again a word that resembled Mbaino. Perhaps he had been going to Mbaino and

had lost his way."

"Anyway," resumed Obierika, "they killed him and tied up his iron horse. This

was before the planting season began. For a long time nothing happened. The rains had

come and yams had been sown. The iron horse was still tied to the sacred silk-cotton tree.

And then one morning three white men led by a band of ordinary men like us came to the

clan. They saw the iron horse and went away again. Most of the men and women of

Abame had gone to their farms. Only a few of them saw these white men and their

followers. For many market weeks nothing else happened. They have a big market in

Abame on every other Afo day and, as you know, the whole clan gathers there. That was

the day it happened. The three white men and a very large number of other men

surrounded the market. They must have used a powerful medicine to make themselves

invisible until the market was full. And they began to shoot. Everybody was killed,

except the old and the sick who were at home and a handful of men and women whose

chi were wide awake and brought them out of that market." He paused.

"Their clan is now completely empty. Even the sacred fish in their mysterious

lake have fled and the lake has turned the colour of blood. A great evil has come upon

their land as the Oracle had warned."

There was a long silence. Uchendu ground his teeth together audibly. Then he

burst out: "Never kill a man who says nothing. Those men of Abame were fools. What

did they know about the man?" He ground his teeth again and told a story to illustrate his

point. "Mother Kite once sent her daughter to bring food. She went, and brought back a

duckling. 'You have done very well,' said Mother Kite to her daughter, 'but tell me, what

did the mother of this duckling say when you swooped and carried its child away?'

'It said nothing,' replied the young kite. 'It just walked away.'

'You must return the duckling,' said Mother Kite. 'There is something ominous

behind the silence.' And so Daughter Kite returned the duckling and took a chick instead.

'What did the mother of this chick do?' asked the old kite. 'It cried and raved and cursed

me,' said the young kite. 'Then we can eat the chick,' said her mother. 'There is nothing to

fear from someone who shouts.' Those men of Abame were fools."

"They were fools," said Okonkwo after a pause. "They had been warned that

danger was ahead. They should have armed themselves with their guns and their

machetes even when they went to market."

"They have paid for their foolishness," said Obierika, "But I am greatly afraid. We

have heard stories about white men who made the powerful guns and the strong drinks

and took slaves away across the seas, but no one thought the stories were true."

"There is no story that is not true," said Uchendu. "The world has no end, and

what is good among one people is an abomination with others. We have albinos among

us. Do you not think that they came to our clan by mistake, that they have strayed from

their way to a land where everybody is like them?"

Okonkwo's first wife soon finished her cooking and set before their guests a big

meal of pounded yams and bitter-leaf soup. Okonkwo's son, Nwoye, brought in a pot of

sweet wine tapped from the raffia palm.

"You are a big man now," Obierika said to Nwoye. "Your friend Anene asked me

to greet you."

"Is he well?" asked Nwoye.

"We are all well," said Obierika.

Ezinma brought them a bowl of water with which to wash their hands. After that

they began to eat and to drink the wine.

"When did you set out from home?" asked Okonkwo.

"We had meant to set out from my house before cockcrow," said Obierika. "But

Nweke did not appear until it was quite light. Never make an early morning appointment

with a man who has just married a new wife." They all laughed.

"Has Nweke married a wife?" asked Okonkwo.

"He has married Okadigbo's second daughter," said Obierika.

"That is very good," said Okonkwo. "I do not blame you for not hearing the cock

crow."

When they had eaten, Obierika pointed at the two heavy bags.

"That is the money from your yams," he said. "I sold the big ones as soon as you

left. Later on I sold some of the seed-yams and gave out others to sharecroppers. I shall

do that every year until you return. But I thought you would need the money now and so I

brought it. Who knows what may happen tomorrow? Perhaps green men will come to our

clan and shoot us."

"God will not permit it," said Okonkwo. "I do not know how to thank you."

"I can tell you," said Obierika. "Kill one of your sons for me.

"That will not be enough," said Okonkwo.

"Then kill yourself," said Obierika.

"Forgive me," said Okonkwo, smiling. "I shall not talk about thanking you any

more."

CHAPTER SIXTEEN

When nearly two years later Obierika paid another visit to his friend in exile the

circumstances were less happy. The missionaries had come to Umuofia. They had built

their church there, won a handful of converts and were already sending evangelists to the

surrounding towns and villages. That was a source of great sorrow to the leaders of the

clan, but many of them believed that the strange faith and the white man's god would not

last. None of his converts was a man whose word was heeded in the assembly of the

people. None of them was a man of title. They were mostly the kind of people that were

called efulefu, worthless, empty men. The imagery of an efulefu in the language of the

clan was a man who sold his machete and wore the sheath to battle. Chielo, the priestess

of Agbala, called the converts the excrement of the clan, and the new faith was a mad dog

that had come to eat it up.

What moved Obierika to visit Okonkwo was the sudden appearance of the latter's

son, Nwoye, among the missionaries in Umuofia.

"What are you doing here?" Obierika had asked when after many difficulties the

missionaries had allowed him to speak to the boy.

"I am one of them," replied Nwoye.

"How is your father?" Obierika asked, not knowing what else to say.

"I don't know. He is not my father," said Nwoye, unhappily.

And so Obierika went to Mbanta to see his friend. And he found that Okonkwo

did not wish to speak about Nwoye. It was only from Nwoye's mother that he heard

scraps of the story.

The arrival of the missionaries had caused a considerable stir in the village of

Mbanta. There were six of them and one was a white man. Every man and woman came

out to see the white man. Stories about these strange men had grown since one of them

had been killed in Abame and his iron horse tied to the sacred silk-cotton tree. And so

everybody came to see the white man. It was the time of the year when everybody was at

home. The harvest was over.

When they had all gathered, the white man began to speak to them. He spoke

through an interpreter who was an Ibo man, though his dialect was different and harsh to

the ears of Mbanta. Many people laughed at his dialect and the way he used words

strangely. Instead of saying "myself" he always said "my buttocks." But he was a man of

commanding presence and the clansmen listened to him. He said he was one of them,

they could see from his colour and his language. The other four black men were also their

brothers, although one of them did not speak Ibo. The white man was also their brother

because they were all sons of God. And he told them about this new God, the Creator of

all the world and all the men and women. He told them that they worshipped false gods,

gods of wood and stone. A deep murmur went through the crowd when he said this. He

told them that the true God lived on high and that all men when they died went before

Him for judgment. Evil men and all the heathen who in their blindness bowed to wood

and stone were thrown into a fire that burned like palm-oil. But good men who

worshipped the true God lived forever in His happy kingdom.

"We have been sent by this great God to ask you to leave your wicked ways and

false gods and turn to Him so that you may be saved when you die," he said.

"Your buttocks understand our language," said someone light-heartedly and the

crowd laughed.

"What did he say?" the white man asked his interpreter. But before he could

answer, another man asked a question: "Where is the white man's horse?" he asked. The

Ibo evangelists consulted among themselves and decided that the man probably meant

bicycle. They told the white man and he smiled benevolently.

"Tell them," he said, "that I shall bring many iron horses when we have settled

down among them. Some of them will even ride the iron horse themselves." This was

interpreted to them but very few of them heard. They were talking excitedly among

themselves because the white man had said he was going to live among them. They had

not thought about that.

At this point an old man said he had a question. "Which is this god of yours," he

asked, "the goddess of the earth, the god of the sky, Amadiora or the thunderbolt, or

what?"

The interpreter spoke to the white man and he immediately gave his answer. "All

the gods you have named are not gods at all. They are gods of deceit who tell you to kill

your fellows and destroy innocent children. There is only one true God and He has the

earth, the sky, you and me and all of us."

"If we leave our gods and follow your god," asked another man, "who will protect

us from the anger of our neglected gods and ancestors?"

"Your gods are not alive and cannot do you any harm," replied the white man.

"They are pieces of wood and stone."

When this was interpreted to the men of Mbanta they broke into derisive laughter.

These men must be mad, they said to themselves. How else could they say that Ani and

Amadiora were harmless? And Idemili and Ogwugwu too? And some of them began to

go away.

Then the missionaries burst into song. It was one of those gay and rollicking tunes

of evangelism which had the power of plucking at silent and dusty chords in the heart of

an Ibo man. The interpreter explained each verse to the audience, some of whom now

stood enthralled. It was a story of brothers who lived in darkness and in fear, ignorant of

the love of God. It told of one sheep out on the hills, away from the gates of God and

from the tender shepherd's care.

After the singing the interpreter spoke about the Son of God whose name was

Jesu Kristi. Okonkwo, who only stayed in the hope that it might come to chasing the men

out of the village or whipping them, now said "You told us with your own mouth that

there was only one god. Now you talk about his son. He must have a wife, then." The

crowd agreed.

"I did not say He had a wife," said the interpreter, somewhat lamely.

"Your buttocks said he had a son," said the joker. "So he must have a wife and all

of them must have buttocks."

The missionary ignored him and went on to talk about the Holy Trinity. At the

end of it Okonkwo was fully convinced that the man was mad. He shrugged his shoulders

and went away to tap his afternoon palm-wine.

But there was a young lad who had been captivated. His name was Nwoye,

Okonkwo's first son. It was not the mad logic of the Trinity that captivated him. He did

not understand it. It was the poetry of the new religion, something felt in the marrow. The

hymn about brothers who sat in darkness and in fear seemed to answer a vague and

persistent question that haunted his young soul--the question of the twins crying in the

bush and the question of Ikemefuna who was killed. He felt a relief within as the hymn

poured into his parched soul. The words of the hymn were like the drops of frozen rain

melting on the dry palate of the panting earth. Nwoye's callow mind was greatly puzzled.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

The missionaries spent their first four or five nights in the marketplace, and went into the

village in the morning to preach the gospel. They asked who the king of the village was,

but the villagers told them that there was no king. "We have men of high title and the

chief priests and the elders," they said.

It was not very easy getting the men of high title and the elders together after the

excitement of the first day. But the arrivees persevered, and in the end they were received

by them They asked for a plot of land to build on, An evil forest was where the clan

buried all those who died of the really evil diseases, like leprosy and smallpox. It was

also the dumping ground for highly potent fetishes of great medicine men when they

died. An evil forest was, therefore, alive with sinister forces and powers of darkness. It

was such a forest that, the rulers of Mbanta gave to the missionaries. They did not really

want them near to the clan, and so they made them that offer which nobody in his right

senses would accept.

"They want a piece of land to build their shrine," said Uchendu to his peers when

they consulted among themselves. "We shall give them a piece of land." He paused, and

there was a murmur of surprise and disagreement. "Let us give them a portion of the Evil

Forest. They boast about victory over death. Let us give them a real battlefield in which

to show their victory." They laughed and agreed, and sent for the missionaries, whom

they had asked to leave them for a while so that they might "whisper together." They

offered them as much of the Evil Forest as they cared to take. And to their greatest

amazement the missionaries thanked them and burst into song.

"They do not understand," said some of the elders. "But they will understand

when they go to their plot of land tomorrow morning." And they dispersed.

The next morning the crazy men actually began to clear a part of the forest and to

build their house. The inhabitants of Mbanta expected them all to be dead within four

days. The first day passed and the second and third and fourth, and none of them died.

Everyone was puzzled. And then it became known that the white man's fetish had

unbelievable power. It was said that he wore glasses on his eyes so that he could see and

talk to evil spirits. Not long after, he won his first three converts.

Although Nwoye had been attracted to the new faith from the very first day, he

kept it secret. He dared not go too near the missionaries for fear of his father. But

whenever they came to preach in the open marketplace or the village play ground, Nwoye

was there. And he was already beginning to know some of the simple stories they told.

"We have now built a church," said Mr. Kiaga, the interpreter, who was now in

charge of the infant congregation. The white man had gone back to Umuofia, where he

built his headquarters and from where he paid regular visits to Mr. Kiaga's congregation

at Mbanta.

"We have now built a church," said Mr. Kiaga, "and we want you all to come in

every seventh day to worship the true God."

On the following Sunday, Nwoye passed and repassed the little red-earth and

thatch building without summoning enough courage to enter. He heard the voice of

singing and although it came from a handful of men it was loud and confident. Their

church stood on a circular clearing that looked like the open mouth of the Evil Forest.

Was it waiting to snap its teeth together? After passing and re-passing by the church,

Nwoye returned home.

It was well known among the people of Mbanta that their gods and ancestors were

sometimes long-suffering and would deliberately allow a man to go on defying them. But

even in such cases they set their limit at seven market weeks or twenty-eight days.

Beyond that limit no man was suffered to go. And so excitement mounted in the village

as the seventh week approached since the impudent missionaries built their church in the

Evil Forest. The villagers were so certain about the doom that awaited these men that one

or two converts thought it wise to suspend their allegiance to the new faith.

At last the day came by which all the missionaries should have died. But they

were still alive, building a new red-earth and thatch house for their teacher, Mr. Kiaga.

That week they won a handful more converts. And for the first time they had a woman.

Her name was Nneka, the wife of Amadi, who was a prosperous farmer. She was very

heavy with child.

Nneka had had four previous pregnancies and child-births. But each time she had

borne twins, and they had been immediately thrown away. Her husband and his family

were already becoming highly critical of such a woman and were not unduly perturbed

when they found she had fled to join the Christians. It was a good riddance.

One morning Okonkwo's cousin, Amikwu, was passing by the church on his way

from the neighbouring village, when he saw Nwoye among the Christians. He was

greatly surprised, and when he got home he went straight to Okonkwo's hut and told him

what he had seen. The women began to talk excitedly, but Okonkwo sat unmoved.

It was late afternoon before Nwoye returned. He went into the obi and saluted his

father, but he did not answer. Nwoye turned round to walk into the inner compound when

his father, suddenly overcome with fury, sprang to his feet and gripped him by the neck.

"Where have you been?" he stammered.

Nwoye struggled to free himself from the choking grip.

"Answer me," roared Okonkwo, "before I kill you!" He seized a heavy stick that

lay on the dwarf wall and hit him two or three savage blows.

"Answer me!" he roared again. Nwoye stood looking at him and did not say a

word. The women were screaming outside, afraid to go in.

"Leave that boy at once!" said a voice in the outer compound. It was Okonkwo's

uncle, Uchendu. "Are you mad?"

Okonkwo did not answer. But he left hold of Nwoye, who walked away and never

returned.

He went back to the church and told Mr. Kiaga that he had decided to go to

Umuofia where the white missionary had set up a school to teach young Christians to

read and write.

Mr. Kiaga's joy was very great. "Blessed is he who forsakes his father and his

mother for my sake," he intoned. "Those that hear my words are my father and my

mother."

Nwoye did not fully understand. But he was happy to leave his father. He would

return later to his mother and his brothers and sisters and convert them to the new faith.

As Okonkwo sat in his hut that night, gazing into a log fire, he thought over the

matter. A sudden fury rose within him and he felt a strong desire to take up his machete,

go to the church and wipe out the entire vile and miscreant gang. But on further thought

he told himself that Nwoye was not worth fighting for. Why, he cried in his heart, should

he, Okonkwo, of all people, be cursed with such a son? He saw clearly in it the finger of

his personal god or chi. For how else could he explain his great misfortune and exile and

now his despicable son's behaviour? Now that he had time to think of it, his son's crime

stood out in its stark enormity. To abandon the gods of one's father and go about with a

lot of effeminate men clucking like old hens was the very depth of abomination. Suppose

when he died all his male children decided to follow Nwoye's steps and abandon their

ancestors? Okonkwo felt a cold shudder run through him at the terrible prospect, like the

prospect of annihilation. He saw himself and his fathers crowding round their ancestral

shrine waiting in vain for worship and sacrifice and finding nothing but ashes of bygone

days, and his children the while praying to the white man's god. If such a thing were ever

to happen, he, Okonkwo, would wipe them off the face of the earth.

Okonkwo was popularly called the "Roaring Flame." As he looked into the log

fire he recalled the name. He was a flaming fire. How then could he have begotten a son

like Nwoye, degenerate and effeminate? Perhaps he was not his son. No! he could not be.

His wife had played him false. He would teach her! But Nwoye resembled his

grandfather, Unoka, who was Okonkwo's father. He pushed the thought out of his mind.

He, Okonkwo, was called a flaming fire. How could he have begotten a woman for a

son? At Nwoye's age Okonkwo had already become famous throughout Umuofia for his

wrestling and his fearlessness.

He sighed heavily, and as if in sympathy the smouldering log also sighed. And

immediately Okonkwo's eyes were opened and he saw the whole matter clearly. Living

fire begets cold, impotent ash. He sighed again, deeply.

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

The young church in Mbanta had a few crises early in its life. At first the clan had

assumed that it would not survive. But it had gone on living and gradually becoming

stronger. The clan was worried, but not overmuch. If a gang of efulefu decided to live in

the Evil Forest it was their own affair. When one came to think of it, the Evil Forest was

a fit home for such undesirable people. It was true they were rescuing twins from the

bush, but they never brought them into the village. As far as the villagers were concerned,

the twins still remained where they had been thrown away. Surely the earth goddess

would not visit the sins of the missionaries on the innocent villagers?

But on one occasion the missionaries had tried to over step the bounds. Three

converts had gone into the village and boasted openly that all the gods were dead and

impotent and that they were prepared to defy them by burning all their shrines.

"Go and burn your mothers' genitals," said one of the priests. The men were

seized and beaten until they streamed with blood. After that nothing happened for a long

time between the church and the clan.

But stories were already gaining ground that the white man had not only brought a

religion but also a government. It was said that they had built a place of judgment in

Umuofia to protect the followers of their religion. It was even said that they had hanged

one man who killed a missionary.

Although such stories were now often told they looked like fairytales in Mbanta

and did not as yet affect the relationship between the new church and the clan. There was

no question of killing a missionary here, for Mr. Kiaga, despite his madness, was quite

harmless. As for his converts, no one could kill them without having to flee from the

clan, for in spite of their worthlessness they still belonged to the clan. And so nobody

gave serious thought to the stories about the white man's government or the consequences

of killing the Christians. If they became more troublesome than they already were they

would simply be driven out of the clan.

And the little church was at that moment too deeply absorbed in its own troubles

to annoy the clan. It all began over the question of admitting outcasts.

These outcasts, or osu, seeing that the new religion welcomed twins and such

abominations, thought that it was possible that they would also be received. And so one

Sunday two of them went into the church. There was an immediate stir, but so great was

the work the new religion had done among the converts that they did not immediately

leave the church when the outcasts came in. Those who found themselves nearest to them

merely moved to another seat. It was a miracle. But it only lasted till the end of the

service. The whole church raised a protest and was about to drive these people out, when

Mr. Kiaga stopped them and began to explain.

"Before God," he said, "there is no slave or free. We are all children of God and

we must receive these our brothers."

"You do not understand," said one of the converts. "What will the heathen say of

us when they hear that we receive osu into our midst? They will laugh."

"Let them laugh," said Mr. Kiaga. "God will laugh at them on the judgment day.

Why do the nations rage and the peoples imagine a vain thing? He that sitteth in the

heavens shall laugh. The Lord shall have them in derision."

"You do not understand," the convert maintained. "You are our teacher, and you

can teach us the things of the new faith. But this is a matter which we know." And he told

him what an osu was.

He was a person dedicated to a god, a thing set apart--a taboo for ever, and his

children after him. He could neither marry nor be married by the free-born. He was in

fact an outcast, living in a special area of the village, close to the Great Shrine. Wherever

he went he carried with him the mark of his forbidden caste--long, tangled and dirty hair.

A razor was taboo to him. An osu could not attend an assembly of the free-born, and

they, in turn, could not shelter under his roof. He could not take any of the four titles of

the clan, and when he died he was buried by his kind in the Evil Forest. How could such

a man be a follower of Christ?

"He needs Christ more than you and I," said Mr. Kiaga.

"Then I shall go back to the clan," said the convert. And he went. Mr. Kiaga stood

firm, and it was his firmness that saved the young church. The wavering converts drew

inspiration and confidence from his unshakable faith. He ordered the outcasts to shave off

their long, tangled hair. At first they were afraid they might die.

"Unless you shave off the mark of your heathen belief I will not admit you into

the church," said Mr. Kiaga. "You fear that you will die. Why should that be? How are

you different from other men who shave their hair? The same God created you and them.

But they have cast you out like lepers. It is against the will of God, who has promised

everlasting life to all who believe in His holy name. The heathen say you will die if you

do this or that, and you are afraid. They also said I would die if I built my church on this

ground. Am I dead? They said I would die if I took care of twins. I am still alive. The

heathen speak nothing but falsehood. Only the word of our God is true."

The two outcasts shaved off their hair, and soon they were the strongest adherents

of the new faith. And what was more, nearly all the osu in Mbanta followed their

example. It was in fact one of them who in his zeal brought the church into serious

conflict with the clan a year later by killing the sacred python, the emanation of the god

of water.

The royal python was the most revered animal in Mbanta and all the surrounding

clans. It was addressed as "Our Father," and was allowed to go wherever it chose, even

into people's beds. It ate rats in the house and sometimes swallowed hens' eggs. If a

clansman killed a royal python accidentally, he made sacrifices of atonement and

performed an expensive burial ceremony such as was done for a great man. No

punishment was prescribed for a man who killed the python knowingly. Nobody thought

that such a thing could ever happen.

Perhaps it never did happen. That was the way the clan at first looked at it. No

one had actually seen the man do it. The story had arisen among the Christians

themselves.

But, all the same, the rulers and elders of Mbanta assembled to decide on their

action. Many of them spoke at great length and in fury. The spirit of wars was upon them.

Okonkwo, who had begun to play a part in the affairs of his motherland, said that until

the abominable gang was chased out of the village with whips there would be no peace.

But there were many others who saw the situation differently, and it was their

counsel that prevailed in the end.

"It is not our custom to fight for our gods," said one of them. "Let us not presume

to do so now. If a man kills the sacred python in the secrecy of his hut, the matter lies

between him and the god. We did not see it. If we put ourselves between the god and his

victim we may receive blows intended for the offender. When a man blasphemes, what

do we do? Do we go and stop his mouth? No. We put our fingers into our ears to stop us

hearing. That is a wise action."

"Let us not reason like cowards," said Okonkwo. "If a man comes into my hut and

defecates on the floor, what do I do? Do I shut my eyes? No! I take a stick and break his

head That is what a man does. These people are daily pouring filth over us, and Okeke

says we should pretend not to see." Okonkwo made a sound full of disgust. This was a

womanly clan, he thought. Such a thing could never happen in his fatherland, Umuofia.

"Okonkwo has spoken the truth," said another man. "We should do something.

But let us ostracise these men. We would then not be held accountable for their

abominations."

Everybody in the assembly spoke, and in the end it was decided to ostracise the

Christians. Okonkwo ground his teeth in disgust.

That night a bellman went through the length and breadth of Mbanta proclaiming

that the adherents of the new faith were thenceforth excluded from the life and privileges

of the clan.

The Christians had grown in number and were now a small community of men,

women and children, self-assured and confident. Mr. Brown, the white missionary, paid

regular visits to them. "When I think that it is only eighteen months since the Seed was

first sown among you," he said, "I marvel at what the Lord hath wrought."

It was Wednesday in Holy Week and Mr. Kiaga had asked the women to bring

red earth and white chalk and water to scrub the church for Easter, and the women had

formed themselves into three groups for this purpose. They set out early that morning,

some of them with their waterpots to the stream, another group with hoes and baskets to

the village earth pit, and the others to the chalk quarry.

Mr. Kiaga was praying in the church when he heard the women talking excitedly.

He rounded off his prayer and went to see what it was all about. The women had come to

the church with empty waterpots. They said that some young men had chased them away

from the stream with whips. Soon after, the women who had gone for red earth returned

with empty baskets. Some of them had been heavily whipped. The chalk women also

returned to tell a similar story.

"What does it all mean?" asked Mr. Kiaga, who was greatly perplexed.

"The village has outlawed us," said one of the women. "The bellman announced it

last night. But it is not our custom to debar anyone from the stream or the quarry."

Another woman said, "They want to ruin us. They will not allow us into the

markets. They have said so."

Mr. Kiaga was going to send into the village for his men-converts when he saw

them coming on their own. Of course they had all heard the bellman, but they had never

in all their lives heard of women being debarred from the stream.

"Come along," they said to the women. "We will go with you to meet those

cowards." Some of them had big sticks and some even machetes.

But Mr. Kiaga restrained them. He wanted first to know why they had been

outlawed.

"They say that Okoli killed the sacred python," said one man.

"It is false," said another. "Okoli told me himself that it was false."

Okoli was not there to answer. He had fallen ill on the previous night. Before the

day was over he was dead. His death showed that the gods were still able to fight their

own battles. The clan saw no reason then for molesting the Christians.

CHAPTER NINETEEN

The last big rains of the year were falling. It was the time for treading red earth with

which to build walls. It was not done earlier because the rains were too heavy and would

have washed away the heap of trodden earth, and it could not be done later because

harvesting would soon set in, and after that the dry season.

It was going to be Okonkwo's last harvest in Mbanta. The seven wasted and

weary years were at last dragging to a close. Although he had prospered in his

motherland Okonkwo knew that he would have prospered even more in Umuofia, in the

land of his fathers where men were bold and warlike. In these seven years he would have

climbed to the utmost heights. And so he regretted every day of his exile. His mother's

kinsmen had been very kind to him, and he was grateful. But that did not alter the facts.

He had called the first child born to him in exile Nneka--

"Mother is Supreme"--out of politeness to his mother's kinsmen. But two years

later when a son was born he called him Nwofia--

"Begotten in the Wilderness."

As soon as he entered his last year in exile Okonkwo sent money to Obierika to

build him two huts in his old compound where he and his family would live until he built

more huts and the outside wall of his compound. He could not ask another man to build

his own obi for him, nor the walls of his compound. Those things a man built for himself

or inherited from his father.

As the last heavy rains of the year began to fall, Obierika sent word that the two

huts had been built and Okonkwo began to prepare for his return, after the rains. He

would have liked to return earlier and build his compound that year before the rains

stopped, but in doing so he would have taken something from the full penalty of seven

years. And that could not be. So he waited impatiently for the dry season to come.

It came slowly. The rain became lighter and lighter until it fell in slanting

showers. Sometimes the sun shone through the rain and a light breeze blew. It was a gay

and airy kind of rain. The rainbow began to appear, and sometimes two rainbows, like a

mother and her daughter, the one young and beautiful, and the other an old and faint

shadow. The rainbow was called the python of the sky.

Okonkwo called his three wives and told them to get things together for a great

feast. "I must thank my mother's kinsmen before I go," he said.

Ekwefi still had some cassava left on her farm from the previous year. Neither of

the other wives had. It was not that they had been lazy, but that they had many children to

feed. It was therefore understood that Ekwefi would provide cassava for the feast.

Nwoye's mother and Ojiugo would provide the other things like smoked fish, palm-oil

and pepper for the soup. Okonkwo would take care of meat and yams.

Ekwefi rose early on the following morning and went to her farm with her

daughter, Ezinma, and Ojiugo's daughter, Obiageli, to harvest cassava tubers. Each of

them carried a long cane basket, a machete for cutting down the soft cassava stem, and a

little hoe for digging out the tuber. Fortunately, a light rain had fallen during the night

and the soil would not be very hard.

"It will not take us long to harvest as much as we like," said Ekwefi.

"But the leaves will be wet," said Ezinma. Her basket was balanced on her head,

and her arms folded across her breasts. She felt cold. "I dislike cold water dropping on

my back. We should have waited for the sun to rise and dry the leaves."

Obiageli called her "Salt" because she said that she disliked water. "Are you

afraid you may dissolve?"

The harvesting was easy, as Ekwefi had said. Ezinma shook every tree violently

with a long stick before she bent down to cut the stem and dig out the tuber. Sometimes it

was not necessary to dig. They just pulled the stump, and earth rose, roots snapped

below, and the tuber was pulled out.

When they had harvested a sizable heap they carried it down in two trips to the

stream, where every woman had a shallow well for fermenting her cassava.

"It should be ready in four days or even three," said Obiageli. "They are young

tubers."

"They are not all that young," said Ekwefi. "I planted the farm nearly two years

ago. It is a poor soil and that is why the tubers are so small."

Okonkwo never did things by halves. When his wife Ekwefi protested that two

goats were sufficient for the feast he told her that it was not her affair.

"I am calling a feast because I have the wherewithal. I cannot live on the bank of

a river and wash my hands with spittle. My mother's people have been good to me and I

must show my gratitude."

And so three goats were slaughtered and a number of fowls. It was like a wedding

feast. There was foo-foo and yam pottage, egusi soup and bitter-leaf soup and pots and

pots of palm-wine.

All the umunna were invited to the feast, all the descendants of Okolo, who had

lived about two hundred years before. The oldest member of this extensive family was

Okonkwo's uncle, Uchendu. The kola nut was given him to break, and he prayed to the

ancestors. He asked them for health and children. "We do not ask for wealth because he

that has health and children will also have wealth. We do not pray to have more money

but to have more kinsmen. We are better than animals because we have kinsmen. An

animal rubs its itching flank against a tree, a man asks his kinsman to scratch him." He

prayed especially for Okonkwo and his family. He then broke the kola nut and threw one

of the lobes on the ground for the ancestors.

As the broken kola nuts were passed round, Okonkwo's wives and children and

those who came to help them with the cooking began to bring out the food. His sons

brought out the pots of palm-wine. There was so much food and drink that many kinsmen

whistled in surprise. When all was laid out, Okonkwo rose to speak.

"I beg you to accept this little kola," he said. "It is not to pay you back for all you

did for me in these seven years. A child cannot pay for its mother's milk. I have only

called you together because it is good for kinsmen to meet."

Yam pottage was served first because it was lighter than foo-foo and because yam

always came first. Then the foo-foo was served. Some kinsmen ate it with egusi soup and

others with bitter-leaf soup. The meat was then shared so that every member of the

umunna had a portion. Every man rose in order of years and took a share. Even the few

kinsmen who had not been able to come had their shares taken out for them in due term.

As the palm-wine was drunk one of the oldest members of the umunna rose to

thank Okonkwo: "If I say that we did not expect such a big feast I will be suggesting that

we did not know how openhanded our son, Okonkwo, is. We all know him, and we

expected a big feast. But it turned out to be even bigger than we expected. Thank you.

May all you took out return again tenfold. It is good in these days when the younger

generation consider themselves wiser than their sires to see a man doing things in the

grand, old way. A man who calls his kinsmen to a feast does not do so to save them from

starving. They all have food in their own homes. When we gather together in the moonlit

village ground it is not because of the moon. Every man can see it in his own compound.

We come together because it is good for kinsmen to do so. You may ask why I am saying

all this. I say it because I fear for the younger generation, for you people." He waved his

arm where most of the young men sat. "As for me, I have only a short while to live, and

so have Uchendu and Unachukwu and Emefo. But I fear for you young people because

you do not understand how strong is the bond of kinship. You do not know what it is to

speak with one voice. And what is the result? An abominable religion has settled among

you. A man can now leave his father and his brothers. He can curse the gods of his

fathers and his ancestors, like a hunter's dog that suddenly goes mad and turns on his

master. I fear for you, I fear for the clan." He turned again to Okonkwo and said, "Thank

you for calling us together."

CHAPTER TWENTY

Seven years was a long time to be away from one's clan. A man's place was not always

there, waiting for him. As soon as he left, someone else rose and filled it. The clan was

like a lizard, if it lost its tail it soon grew another.

Okonkwo knew these things. He knew that he had lost his place among the nine

masked spirits who administered justice in the clan. He had lost the chance to lead his

warlike clan against the new religion, which, he was told, had gained ground. He had lost

the years in which he might have taken the highest titles in the clan. But some of these

losses were not irreparable. He was determined that his return should be marked by his

people. He would return with a flourish, and regain the seven wasted years.

Even in his first year in exile he had begun to plan for his return. The first thing

he would do would be to rebuild his compound on a more magnificent scale. He would

build a bigger barn than he had had before and he would build huts for two new wives.

Then he would show his wealth by initiating his sons into the ozo society. Only the really

great men in the clan were able to do this. Okonkwo saw clearly the high esteem in which

he would be held, and he saw himself taking the highest title in the land.

As the years of exile passed one by one it seemed to him that his chi might now

be making amends for the past disaster. His yams grew abundantly, not only in his

motherland but also in Umuofia, where his friend gave them out year by year to

sharecroppers.

Then the tragedy of his first son had occurred. At first it appeared as if it might

prove too great for his spirit. But it was a resilient spirit, and in the end Okonkwo

overcame his sorrow. He had five other sons and he would bring them up in the way of

the clan.

He sent for the five sons and they came and sat in his obi. The youngest of them

was four years old.

"You have all seen the great abomination of your brother. Now he is no longer my

son or your brother. I will only have a son who is a man, who will hold his head up

among my people. If any one of you prefers to be a woman, let him follow Nwoye now

while I am alive so that I can curse him. If you turn against me when I am dead I will

visit you and break your neck."

Okonkwo was very lucky in his daughters. He never stopped regretting that

Ezinma was a girl. Of all his children she alone understood his every mood. A bond of

sympathy had grown between them as the years had passed.

Ezinma grew up in her father's exile and became one of the most beautiful girls in

Mbanta. She was called Crystal of Beauty, as her mother had been called in her youth.

The young ailing girl who had caused her mother so much heartache had been

transformed, almost overnight, into a healthy, buoyant maiden. She had, it was true, her

moments of depression when she would snap at everybody like an angry dog. These

moods descended on her suddenly and for no apparent reason. But they were very rare

and short-lived. As long as they lasted, she could bear no other person but her father.

Many young men and prosperous middle-aged men of Mbanta came to marry her.

But she refused them all, because her father had called her one evening and said to her:

"There are many good and prosperous people here, but I shall be happy if you marry in

Umuofia when we return home."

That was all he had said. But Ezinma had seen clearly all the thought and hidden

meaning behind the few words. And she had agreed.

"Your half-sister, Obiageli, will not understand me," Okonkwo said. "But you can

explain to her."

Although they were almost the same age, Ezinma wielded a strong influence over

her half-sister. She explained to her why they should not marry yet, and she agreed also.

And so the two of them refused every offer of marriage in Mbanta.

"I wish she were a boy," Okonkwo thought within himself. She understood things

so perfectly. Who else among his children could have read his thoughts so well? With

two beautiful grown-up daughters his return to Umuofia would attract considerable

attention. His future sons-in-law would be men of authority in the clan. The poor and

unknown would not dare to come forth.

Umuofia had indeed changed during the seven years Okonkwo had been in exile.

The church had come and led many astray. Not only the low-born and the outcast but

sometimes a worthy man had joined it. Such a man was Ogbuefi Ugonna, who had taken

two titles, and who like a madman had cut the anklet of his titles and cast it away to join

the Christians. The white missionary was very proud of him and he was one of the first

men in Umuofia to receive the sacrament of Holy Communion, or Holy Feast as it was

called in Ibo. Ogbuefi Ugonna had thought of the Feast in terms of eating and drinking,

only more holy than the village variety. He had therefore put his drinking-horn into his

goatskin bag for the occasion.

But apart from the church, the white men had also brought a government. They

had built a court where the District Commissioner judged cases in ignorance. He had

court messengers who brought men to him for trial. Many of these messengers came from

Umuru on the bank of the Great River, where the white men first came many years before

and where they had built the centre of their religion and trade and government. These

court messengers were greatly hated in Umuofia because they were foreigners and also

arrogant and high-handed. They were called kotma, and because of their ash-coloured

shorts they earned the additional name of Ashy Buttocks. They guarded the prison, which

was full of men who had offended against the white man's law. Some of these prisoners

had thrown away their twins and some had molested the Christians. They were beaten in

the prison by the kotma and made to work every morning clearing the government

compound and fetching wood for the white Commissioner and the court messengers.

Some of these prisoners were men of title who should be above such mean occupation.

They were grieved by the indignity and mourned for their neglected farms. As they cut

grass in the morning the younger men sang in time with the strokes of their machetes:

"Kotma of the ashy buttocks, He is fit to be a slave. The white man has no sense, He is fit

to be a slave."

The court messengers did not like to be called Ashy-Buttocks, and they beat the

men. But the song spread in Umuofia.

Okonkwo's head was bowed in sadness as Obierika told him these things.

"Perhaps I have been away too long," Okonkwo said, almost to himself. "But I

cannot understand these things you tell me. What is it that has happened to our people?

Why have they lost the power to fight?"

"Have you not heard how the white man wiped out Abame?" asked Obierika.

"I have heard," said Okonkwo. "But I have also heard that Abame people were

weak and foolish. Why did they not fight back? Had they no guns and machetes? We

would be cowards to compare ourselves with the men of Abame. Their fathers had never

dared to stand before our ancestors. We must fight these men and drive them from the

land."

"It is already too late," said Obierika sadly. "Our own men and our sons have

joined the ranks of the stranger. They have joined his religion and they help to uphold his

government. If we should try to drive out the white men in Umuofia we should find it

easy. There are only two of them. But what of our own people who are following their

way and have been given power? They would go to Umuru and bring the soldiers, and we

would be like Abame." He paused for a long time and then said: "I told you on my last

visit to Mbanta how they hanged Aneto."

"What has happened to that piece of land in dispute?" asked Okonkwo.

"The white man's court has decided that it should belong to Nnama's family, who

had given much money to the white man's messengers and interpreter."

"Does the white man understand our custom about land?"

"How can he when he does not even speak our tongue? But he says that our

customs are bad, and our own brothers who have taken up his religion also say that our

customs are bad. How do you think we can fight when our own brothers have turned

against us? The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his

religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won

our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that

held us together and we have fallen apart."

"How did they get hold of Ancto to hang him?" asked Okonkwo.

"When he killed Oduche in the fight over the land, he fled to Aninta to escape the

wrath of the earth. This was about eight days after the fight, because Oduche had not died

immediately from his wounds. It was on the seventh day that he died. But everybody

knew that he was going to die and Aneto got his belongings together in readiness to flee.

But the Christians had told the white man about the accident, and he sent his kotma to

catch Aneto. He was imprisoned with all the leaders of his family. In the end Oduche

died and Aneto was taken to Umuru and hanged. The other people were released, but

even now they have not found the mouth with which to tell of their suffering."

The two men sat in silence for a long while afterwards.

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE

There were many men and women in Umuofia who did not feel as strongly as Okonkwo

about the new dispensation. The white man had indeed brought a lunatic religion, but he

had also built a trading store and for the first time palm-oil and kernel became things of

great price, and much money flowed into Umuofia.

And even in the matter of religion there was a growing feeling that there might be

something in it after all, something vaguely akin to method in the overwhelming

madness.

This growing feeling was due to Mr. Brown, the white missionary, who was very

firm in restraining his flock from provoking the wrath of the clan. One member in

particular was very difficult to restrain. His name was Enoch and his father was the priest

of the snake cult. The story went around that Enoch had killed and eaten the sacred

python, and that his father had cursed him.

Mr. Brown preached against such excess of zeal. Everything was possible, he told

his energetic flock, but everything was not expedient. And so Mr. Brown came to be

respected even by the clan, because he trod softly on its faith. He made friends with some

of the great men of the clan and on one of his frequent visits to the neighbouring villages

he had been presented with a carved elephant tusk, which was a sign of dignity and rank.

One of the great men in that village was called Akunna and he had given one of his sons

to be taught the white man's knowledge in Mr. Brown's school.

Whenever Mr. Brown went to that village he spent long hours with Akunna in his

obi talking through an interpreter about religion. Neither of them succeeded in converting

the other but they learned more about their different beliefs.

"You say that there is one supreme God who made heaven and earth," said

Akunna on one of Mr. Brown's visits. "We also believe in Him and call Him Chukwu. He

made all the world and the other gods."

"There are no other gods," said Mr. Brown. "Chukwu is the only God and all

others are false. You carve a piece of wood--like that one" (he pointed at the rafters from

which Akunna's carved Ikenga hung), "and you call it a god. But it is still a piece of

wood."

"Yes," said Akunna. "It is indeed a piece of wood. The tree from which it came

was made by Chukwu, as indeed all minor gods were. But He made them for His

messengers so that we could approach Him through them. It is like yourself. You are the

head of your church."

"No," protested Mr. Brown. "The head of my church is God Himself."

"I know," said Akunna, "but there must be a head in this world among men.

Somebody like yourself must be the head here."

"The head of my church in that sense is in England."

"That is exactly what I am saying. The head of your church is in your country. He

has sent you here as his messenger. And you have also appointed your own messengers

and servants. Or let me take another example, the District Commissioner. He is sent by

your king."

"They have a queen," said the interpreter on his own account.

"Your queen sends her messenger, the District Commissioner. He finds that he

cannot do the work alone and so he appoints kotma to help him. It is the same with God,

or Chukwu. He appoints the smaller gods to help Him because His work is too great for

one person."

"You should not think of Him as a person," said Mr. Brown. "It is because you do

so that you imagine He must need helpers. And the worst thing about it is that you give

all the worship to the false gods you have created."

"That is not so. We make sacrifices to the little gods, but when they fail and there

is no one else to turn to we go to Chukwu. It is right to do so. We approach a great man

through his servants. But when his servants fail to help us, then we go to the last source

of hope. We appear to pay greater attention to the little gods but that is not so. We worry

them more because we are afraid to worry their Master. Our fathers knew that Chukwu

was the Overlord and that is why many of them gave their children the name Chukwuka--

"Chukwu is Supreme."

"You said one interesting thing," said Mr. Brown. "You are afraid of Chukwu. In

my religion Chukwu is a loving Father and need not be feared by those who do His will."

"But we must fear Him when we are not doing His will," said Akunna. "And who

is to tell His will? It is too great to be known."

In this way Mr. Brown learned a good deal about the religion of the clan and he

came to the conclusion that a frontal attack on it would not succeed. And so he built a

school and a little hospital in Umuofia. He went from family to family begging people to

send their children to his school. But at first they only sent their slaves or sometimes their

lazy children. Mr. Brown begged and argued and prophesied. He said that the leaders of

the land in the future would be men and women who had learned to read and write. If

Umuofia failed to send her children to the school, strangers would come from other

places to rule them. They could already see that happening in the Native Court, where the

D. C. was surrounded by strangers who spoke his tongue. Most of these strangers came

from the distant town of Umuru on the bank of the Great River where the white man first

went.

In the end Mr. Brown's arguments began to have an effect. More people came to

learn in his school, and he encouraged them with gifts of singlets and towels. They were

not all young, these people who came to learn. Some of them were thirty years old or

more. They worked on their farms in the morning and went to school in the afternoon.

And it was not long before the people began to say that the white man's medicine was

quick in working. Mr. Brown's school produced quick results. A few months in it were

enough to make one a court messenger or even a court clerk. Those who stayed longer

became teachers,- and from Umuofia labourers went forth into the Lord's vineyard. New

churches were established in the surrounding villages and a few schools with them. From

the very beginning religion and education went hand in hand. Mr. Brown's mission grew

from strength to strength, and because of its link with the new administration it earned a

new social prestige. But Mr. Brown himself was breaking down in health. At first he

ignored the warning signs. But in the end he had to leave his flock, sad and broken.

It was in the first rainy season after Okonkwo's return to Umuofia that Mr. Brown

left for home. As soon as he had learned of Okonkwo's return five months earlier, the

missionary had immediately paid him a visit. He had just sent Okonkwo's son, Nwoye,

who was now called Isaac, to the new training college for teachers in Umuru. And he had

hoped that Okonkwo would be happy to hear of it. But Okonkwo had driven him away

with the threat that if he came into his compound again, he would be carried out of it.

Okonkwo's return to his native land was not as memorable as he had wished. It

was true his two beautiful daughters aroused great interest among suitors and marriage

negotiations were soon in progress, but, beyond that, Umuofia did not appear to have

taken any special notice of the warrior's return. The clan had undergone such profound

change during his exile that it was barely recognisable. The new religion and government

and the trading stores were very much in the people's eyes and minds. There were still

many who saw these new institutions as evil, but even they talked and thought about little

else, and certainly not about Okonkwo's return.

And it was the wrong year too. If Okonkwo had immediately initiated his two

sons into the ozo society as he had planned he would have caused a stir. But the initiation

rite was performed once in three years in Umuofia, and he had to wait for nearly two

years for the next round of ceremonies.

Okonkwo was deeply grieved. And it was not just a personal grief. He mourned

for the clan, which he saw breaking up and falling apart, and he mourned for the warlike

men of Umuofia, who had so unaccountably become soft like women.

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO

Mr. Brown's successor was the Reverend James Smith, and he was a different kind of

man. He condemned openly Mr. Brown's policy of compromise and accommodation. He

saw things as black and white. And black was evil. He saw the world as a battlefield in

which the children of light were locked in mortal conflict with the sons of darkness. He

spoke in his sermons about sheep and goats and about wheat and tares. He believed in

slaying the prophets of Baal.

Mr. Smith was greatly distressed by the ignorance which many of his flock

showed even in such things as the Trinity and the Sacraments. It only showed that they

were seeds sown on a rocky soil. Mr. Brown had thought of nothing but numbers. He

should have known that the kingdom of God did not depend on large crowds. Our Lord

Himself stressed the importance of fewness. Narrow is the way and few the number. To

fill the Lord's holy temple with an idolatrous crowd clamouring for signs was a folly of

everlasting consequence. Our Lord used the whip only once in His life--to drive the

crowd away from His church.

Within a few weeks of his arrival in Umuofia Mr. Smith suspended a young

woman from the church for pouring new wine into old bottles. This woman had allowed

her heathen husband to mutilate her dead child. The child had been declared an ogbanje,

plaguing its mother by dying and entering her womb to be born again. Four times this

child had run its evil round. And so it was mutilated to discourage it from returning.

Mr. Smith was filled with wrath when he heard of this. He disbelieved the story

which even some of the most faithful confirmed, the story of really evil children who

were not deterred by mutilation, but came back with all the scars. He replied that such

stories were spread in the world by the Devil to lead men astray. Those who believed

such stories were unworthy of the Lord's table.

There was a saying in Umuofia that as a man danced so the drums were beaten for

him. Mr. Smith danced a furious step and so the drums went mad. The over-zealous

converts who had smarted under Mr. Brown's restraining hand now flourished in full

favour. One of them was Enoch, the son of the snake-priest who was believed to have

killed and eaten the sacred python. Enoch's devotion to the new faith had seemed so

much greater than Mr. Brown's that the villagers called him the outsider who wept louder

than the bereaved.

Enoch was short and slight of build, and always seemed in great haste. His feet

were short and broad, and when he stood or walked his heels came together and his feet

opened outwards as if they had quarrelled and meant to go in different directions. Such

was the excessive energy bottled up in Enoch's small body that it was always erupting in

quarrels and fights. On Sundays he always imagined that the sermon was preached for the

benefit of his enemies. And if he happened to sit near one of them he would occasionally

turn to give him a meaningful look, as if to say, "I told you so." It was Enoch who

touched off the great conflict between church and clan in Umuofia which had been

gathering since Mr. Brown left.

It happened during the annual ceremony which was held in honour of the earth

deity. At such times the ancestors of the clan who had been committed to Mother Earth at

their death emerged again as egwugwu through tiny ant-holes.

One of the greatest crimes a man could commit was to unmask an egwugwu in

public, or to say or do anything which might reduce its immortal prestige in the eyes of

the uninitiated. And this was what Enoch did.

The annual worship of the earth goddess fell on a Sunday, and the masked spirits

were abroad. The Christian women who had been to church could not therefore go home.

Some of their men had gone out to beg the egwugwu to retire for a short while for the

women to pass. They agreed and were already retiring, when Enoch boasted aloud that

they would not dare to touch a Christian. Whereupon they all came back and one of them

gave Enoch a good stroke of the cane, which was always carried. Enoch fell on him and

tore off his mask. The other egwugwu immediately surrounded their desecrated

companion, to shield him from the profane gaze of women and children, and led him

away. Enoch had killed an ancestral spirit, and Umuofia was thrown into confusion.

That night the Mother of the Spirits walked the length and breadth of the clan,

weeping for her murdered son. It was a terrible night. Not even the oldest man in

Umuofia had ever heard such a strange and fearful sound, and it was never to be heard

again. It seemed as if the very soul of the tribe wept for a great evil that was coming-- its

own death.

On the next day all the masked egwugwu of Umuofia assembled in the

marketplace. They came from all the quarters of the clan and even from the neighbouring

villages. The dreaded Otakagu came from Imo, and Ekwensu, dangling a white cock,

arrived from Uli. It was a terrible gathering. The eerie voices of countless spirits, the bells

that clattered behind some of them, and the clash of machetes as they ran forwards and

backwards and saluted one another, sent tremors of fear into every heart. For the first

time in living memory the sacred bull-roarer was heard in broad daylight.

From the marketplace the furious band made for Enoch's compound. Some of the

elders of the clan went with them, wearing heavy protections of charms and amulets.

These were men whose arms were strong in ogwu, or medicine. As for the ordinary men

and women, they listened from the safety of their huts.

The leaders of the Christians had met together at Mr. Smith's parsonage on the

previous night. As they deliberated they could hear the Mother of Spirits wailing for her

son. The chilling sound affected Mr. Smith, and for the first time he seemed to be afraid.

"What are they planning to do?" he asked. No one knew, because such a thing had

never happened before. Mr. Smith would have sent for the District Commissioner and his

court messengers, but they had gone on tour on the previous day.

"One thing is clear," said Mr. Smith. "We cannot offer physical resistance to

them. Our strength lies in the Lord." They knelt down together and prayed to God for

delivery.

"O Lord, save Thy people," cried Mr. Smith.

"And bless Thine inheritance," replied the men.

They decided that Enoch should be hidden in the parsonage for a day or two.

Enoch himself was greatly disappointed when he heard this, for he had hoped that a holy

war was imminent,- and there were a few other Christians who thought like him. But

wisdom prevailed in the camp of the faithful and many lives were thus saved.

The band of egwugwu moved like a furious whirlwind to Enoch's compound and

with machete and fire reduced it to a desolate heap. And from there they made for the

church, intoxicated with destruction.

Mr. Smith was in his church when he heard the masked spirits coming. He walked

quietly to the door which commanded the approach to the church compound, and stood

there. But when the first three or four egwugwu appeared on the church compound he

nearly bolted. He overcame this impulse and instead of running away he went down the

two steps that led up to the church and walked towards the approaching spirits.

They surged forward, and a long stretch of the bamboo fence with which the

church compound was surrounded gave way before them. Discordant bells clanged,

machetes clashed and the air was full of dust and weird sounds. Mr. Smith heard a sound

of footsteps behind him. He turned round and saw Okeke, his interpreter.

Okeke had not been on the best of terms with his master since he had strongly

condemned Enoch's behaviour at the meeting of the leaders of the church during the

night. Okeke had gone as far as to say that Enoch should not be hidden in the parsonage,

because he would only draw the wrath of the clan on the pastor. Mr. Smith had rebuked

him in very strong language, and had not sought his advice that morning. But now, as he

came up and stood by him confronting the angry spirits, Mr. Smith looked at him and

smiled. It was a wan smile, but there was deep gratitude there.

For a brief moment the onrush of the egwugwu was checked by the unexpected

composure of the two men. But it was only a momentary check, like the tense silence

between blasts of thunder. The second onrush was greater than the first. It swallowed up

the two men. Then an unmistakable voice rose above the tumult and there was immediate

silence. Space was made around the two men, and Ajofia began to speak.

Ajofia was the leading egwugwu of Umuofia. He was the head and spokesman of

the nine ancestors who administered justice in the clan. His voice was unmistakable and

so he was able to bring immediate peace to the agitated spirits. He then addressed Mr.

Smith, and as he spoke clouds of smoke rose from his head.

"The body of the white man, I salute you," he said, using the language in which

immortals spoke to men.

"The body of the white man, do you know me?" he asked.

Mr. Smith looked at his interpreter, but Okeke, who was a native of distant

Umuru, was also at a loss.

Ajofia laughed in his guttural voice. It was like the laugh of rusty metal. "They

are strangers," he said, "and they are ignorant. But let that pass." He turned round to his

comrades and saluted them, calling them the fathers of Umuofia. He dug his rattling spear

into the ground and it shook with metallic life. Then he turned once more to the

missionary and his interpreter.

"Tell the white man that we will not do him any harm," he said to the interpreter.

"Tell him to go back to his house and leave us alone. We liked his brother who was with

us before. He was foolish, but we liked him, and for his sake we shall not harm his

brother. But this shrine which he built must be destroyed. We shall no longer allow it in

our midst. It has bred untold abominations and we have come to put an end to it." He

turned to his comrades. "Fathers of Umuofia, I salute you." and they replied with one

guttural voice. He turned again to the missionary. "You can stay with us if you like our

ways. You can worship your own god. It is good that a man should worship the gods and

the spirits of his fathers. Go back to your house so that you may not be hurt. Our anger is

great but we have held it down so that we can talk to you."

Mr. Smith said to his interpreter: "Tell them to go away from here. This is the

house of God and I will not live to see it desecrated."

Okeke interpreted wisely to the spirits and leaders of Umuofia: "The white man

says he is happy you have come to him with your grievances, like friends. He will be

happy if you leave the matter in his hands."

"We cannot leave the matter in his hands because he does not understand our

customs, just as we do not understand his. We say he is foolish because he does not know

our ways, and perhaps he says we are foolish because we do not know his. Let him go

away."

Mr. Smith stood his ground. But he could not save his church. When the

egwugwu went away the red-earth church which Mr. Brown had built was a pile of earth

and ashes. And for the moment the spirit of the clan was pacified.

CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE

For the first time in many years Okonkwo had a feeling that was akin to happiness. The

times which had altered so unaccountably during his exile seemed to be coming round

again. The clan which had turned false on him appeared to be making amends.

He had spoken violently to his clansmen when they had met in the marketplace to

decide on their action. And they had listened to him with respect. It was like the good old

days again, when a warrior was a warrior. Although they had not agreed to kill the

missionary or drive away the Christians, they had agreed to do something substantial.

And they had done it. Okonkwo was almost happy again.

For two days after the destruction of the church, nothing happened. Every man in

Umuofia went about armed with a gun or a machete. They would not be caught

unawares, like the men of Abame.

Then the District Commissioner returned from his tour. Mr. Smith went

immediately to him and they had a long discussion. The men of Umuofia did not take any

notice of this, and if they did, they thought it was not important. The missionary often

went to see his brother white man. There was nothing strange in that.

Three days later the District Commissioner sent his sweet-tongued messenger to

the leaders of Umuofia asking them to meet him in his headquarters. That also was not

strange. He often asked them to hold such palavers, as he called them. Okonkwo was

among the six leaders he invited.

Okonkwo warned the others to be fully armed. "An Umuofia man does not refuse

a call," he said. "He may refuse to do what he is asked, he does not refuse to be asked.

But the times have changed, and we must be fully prepared."

And so the six men went to see the District Commissioner, armed with their

machetes. They did not carry guns, for that would be unseemly. They were led into the

courthouse where the District Commissioner sat. He received them politely. They

unslung their goatskin bags and their sheathed machetes, put them on the floor, and sat

down.

"I have asked you to come," began the Commissioner, "because of what happened

during my absence. I have been told a few things but I cannot believe them until I have

heard your own side. Let us talk about it like friends and find a way of ensuring that it

does not happen again."

Ogbuefi Ekwueme rose to his feet and began to tell the story.

"Wait a minute," said the Commissioner. "I want to bring in my men so that they

too can hear your grievances and take warning. Many of them come from distant places

and although they speak your tongue they are ignorant of your customs. James! Go and

bring in the men." His interpreter left the courtroom and soon returned with twelve men.

They sat together with the men of Umuofia, and Ogbuefi Ekwueme began to tell the story

of how Enoch murdered an egwugwu.

It happened so quickly that the six men did not see it coming. There was only a

brief scuffle, too brief even to allow the drawing of a sheathed machete. The six men

were handcuffed and led into the guardroom.

"We shall not do you any harm," said the District Commissioner to them later, "if

only you agree to cooperate with us. We have brought a peaceful administration to you

and your people so that you may be happy. If any man ill-treats you we shall come to

your rescue. But we will not allow you to ill-treat others. We have a court of law where

we judge cases and administer justice just as it is done in my own country under a great

queen. I have brought you here because you joined together to molest others, to burn

people's houses and their place of worship. That must not happen in the dominion of our

queen, the most powerful ruler in the world. I have decided that you will pay a fine of

two hundred bags of cowries. You will be released as soon as you agree to this and

undertake to collect that fine from your people. What do you say to that?"

The six men remained sullen and silent and the Commissioner left them for a

while. He told the court messengers, when he left the guardroom, to treat the men with

respect because they were the leaders of Umuofia. They said, "Yes sir," and saluted.

As soon as the District Commissioner left, the head messenger, who was also the

prisoners' barber, took down his razor and shaved off all the hair on the men's heads.

They were still handcuffed, and they just sat and moped.

"Who is the chief among you?" the court messengers asked in jest. "We see that

every pauper wears the anklet of title in Umuofia. Does it cost as much as ten cowries?"

The six men ate nothing throughout that day and the next. They were not even

given any water to drink, and they could not go out to urinate or go into the bush when

they were pressed. At night the messengers came in to taunt them and to knock their

shaven heads together.

Even when the men were left alone they found no words to speak to one another.

It was only on the third day, when they could no longer bear the hunger and the insults,

that they began to talk about giving in.

"We should have killed the white man if you had listened to me," Okonkwo

snarled.

"We could have been in Umuru now waiting to be hanged," someone said to him.

"Who wants to kill the white man?" asked a messenger who had just rushed in.

Nobody spoke.

"You are not satisfied with your crime, but you must kill the white man on top of

it." He carried a strong stick, and he hit each man a few blows on the head and back.

Okonkwo was choked with hate.

As soon as the six men were locked up, court messengers went into Umuofia to

tell the people that their leaders would not be released unless they paid a fine of two

hundred and fifty bags of cowries.

"Unless you pay the fine immediately," said their headman, "we will take your

leaders to Umuru before the big white man, and hang them."

This story spread quickly through the villages, and was added to as it went. Some

said that the men had already been taken to Umuru and would be hanged on the following

day. Some said that their families would also be hanged. Others said that soldiers were

already on their way to shoot the people of Umuofia as they had done in Abame.

It was the time of the full moon. But that night the voice of children was not

heard. The village ilo where they always gathered for a moon-play was empty. The

women of Iguedo did not meet in their secret enclosure to learn a new dance to be

displayed later to the village. Young men who were always abroad in the moonlight kept

their huts that night. Their manly voices were not heard on the village paths as they went

to visit their friends and lovers. Umuofia was like a startled animal with ears erect,

sniffing the silent, ominous air and not knowing which way to run.

The silence was broken by the village crier beating his sonorous ogene. He called

every man in Umuofia, from the Akakanma age group upwards, to a meeting in the

marketplace after the morning meal. He went from one end of the village to the other and

walked all its breadth. He did not leave out any of the main footpaths.

Okonkwo's compound was like a deserted homestead. It was as if cold water had

been poured on it. His family was all there, but everyone spoke in whispers. His daughter

Ezinma had broken her twenty-eight day visit to the family of her future husband, and

returned home when she heard that her father had been imprisoned, and was going to be

hanged. As soon as she got home she went to Obierika to ask what the men of Umuofia

were going to do about it. But Obierika had not been home since morning. His wives

thought he had gone to a secret meeting. Ezinma was satisfied that something was being

done.

On the morning after the village crier's appeal the men of Umuofia met in the

marketplace and decided to collect without delay two hundred and fifty bags of cowries

to appease the white man. They did not know that fifty bags would go to the court

messengers, who had increased the fine for that purpose.

CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR

Okonkwo and his fellow prisoners were set free as soon as the fine was paid. The District

Commissioner spoke to them again about the great queen, and about peace and good

government. But the men did not listen. They just sat and looked at him and at his

interpreter. In the end they were given back their bags and sheathed machetes and told to

go home. They rose and left the courthouse. They neither spoke to anyone nor among

themselves. The courthouse, like the church, was built a little way outside the village.

The footpath that linked them was a very busy one because it also led to the stream,

beyond the court. It was open and sandy. Footpaths were open and sandy in the dry

season. But when the rains came the bush grew thick on either side and closed in on the

path. It was now dry season. As they made their way to the village the six men met

women and children going to the stream with their waterpots. But the men wore such

heavy and fearsome looks that the women and children did not say "nno" or "welcome"

to them, but edged out of the way to let them pass. In the village little groups of men

joined them until they became a sizable company. They walked silently. As each of the

six men got to his compound, he turned in, taking some of the crowd with him. The

village was astir in a silent, suppressed way.

Ezinma had prepared some food for her father as soon as news spread that the six

men would be released. She took it to him in his obi. He ate absent-mindedly. He had no

appetite, he only ate to please her. His male relations and friends had gathered in his obi,

and Obierika was urging him to eat. Nobody else spoke, but they noticed the long stripes

on Okonkwo's back where the warder's whip had cut into his flesh.

The village crier was abroad again in the night. He beat his iron gong and

announced that another meeting would be held in the morning. Everyone knew that

Umuofia was at last going to speak its mind about the things that were happening.

Okonkwo slept very little that night. The bitterness in his heart was now mixed

with a kind of childlike excitement, before he had gone to bed he had brought down his

war dress, which he had not touched since his return from exile. He had shaken out his

smoked raffia skirt and examined his tall feather head-gear and his shield. They were all

satisfactory, he had thought.

As he lay on his bamboo bed he thought about the treatment he had received in

the white man's court, and he swore vengeance. If Umuofia decided on war, all would be

well. But If they chose to be cowards he would go out and avenge all himself. He thought

about wars in the past. The noblest, he thought, was the war against Isike.

In those days Okudo was still alive. Okudo sang a war song in a way that no other

man could. He was not a fighter, but his voice turned every man into a lion.

"Worthy men are no more," Okonkwo sighed as he remembered those days. "Isike

will never forget how we slaughtered them in that war. We killed twelve of their men and

they killed only two of ours. Before the end of the fourth market week they were suing

for peace. Those were days when men were men."

As he thought of these things he heard the sound of the iron gong in the distance.

He listened carefully, and could just hear the crier's voice. But it was very faint. He

turned on his bed and his back hurt him. He ground his teeth. The crier was drawing

nearer and nearer until he passed by Okonkwo's compound.

"The greatest obstacle in Umuofia," Okonkwo thought bitterly, "is that coward,

Egonwanne. His sweet tongue can change fire into cold ash. When he speaks he moves

our men to impotence. If they had ignored his womanish wisdom five years ago, we

would not have come to this." He ground his teeth. "Tomorrow he will tell them that our

fathers never fought a 'war of blame.' If they listen to him I shall leave them and plan my

own revenge."

The crier's voice had once more become faint, and the distance had taken the

harsh edge off his iron gong. Okonkwo turned from one side to the other and derived a

kind of pleasure from the pain his back gave him. "Let Egonwanne talk about a 'war of

blame' tomorrow and I shall show him my back and head." He ground his teeth.

The marketplace began to fill as soon as the sun rose. Obierika was waiting in his

obi when Okonkwo came along and called him. He hung his goatskin bag and his

sheathed machete on his shoulder and went out to join him. Obierika's hut was close to

the road and he saw every man who passed to the marketplace. He had exchanged

greetings with many who had already passed that morning.

When Okonkwo and Obierika got to the meeting place there were already so

many people that if one threw up a grain of sand it would not find its way to the earth

again. And many more people were coming from every quarter of the nine villages. It

warmed Okonkwo's heart to see such strength of numbers. But he was looking for one

man in particular, the man whose tongue he dreaded and despised so much.

"Can you see him?" he asked Obierika.

"Who?"

"Egonwanne," he said, his eyes roving from one corner of the huge marketplace to

the other. Most of the men sat on wooden stools they had brought with them.

"No," said Obierika, casting his eyes over the crowd. "Yes, there he is, under the

silk-cotton tree. Are you afraid he would convince us not to fight?"

"Afraid? I do not care what he does to you. I despise him and those who listen to

him. I shall fight alone if I choose."

They spoke at the top of their voices because everybody was talking, and it was

like the sound of a great market.

"I shall wait till he has spoken," Okonkwo thought. "Then I shall speak."

"But how do you know he will speak against war?" Obierika asked after a while.

"Because I know he is a coward," said Okonkwo. Obierika did not hear the rest of

what he said because at that moment somebody touched his shoulder from behind and he

turned round to shake hands and exchange greetings with five or six friends. Okonkwo

did not turn round even though he knew the voices. He was in no mood to exchange

greetings. But one of the men touched him and asked about the people of his compound.

"They are well," he replied without interest.

The first man to speak to Umuofia that morning was Okika, one of the six who

had been imprisoned. Okika was a great man and an orator. But he did not have the

booming voice which a first speaker must use to establish silence in the assembly of the

clan. Onyeka had such a voice, and so he was asked to salute Umuofia before Okika

began to speak.

"Umuofia kwenu!" he bellowed, raising his left arm and pushing the air with his

open hand.

"Yaa!" roared Umuofia.

"Umuofia kwenu!" he bellowed again, and again and again, facing a new

direction each time. And the crowd answered, "Yaa!"

There was immediate silence as though cold water had been poured on a roaring

flame.

Okika sprang to his feet and also saluted his clansmen four times. Then he began

to speak: "You all know why we are here, when we ought to be building our barns or

mending our huts, when we should be putting our compounds in order. My father used to

say to me: 'Whenever you see a toad jumping in broad daylight, then know that

something is after its life." When I saw you all pouring into this meeting from all the

quarters of our clan so early in the morning, I knew that something was after our life." He

paused for a brief moment and then began again: "All our gods are weeping. Idemili is

weeping, Ogwugwu is weeping, Agbala is weeping, and all the others. Our dead fathers

are weeping because of the shameful sacrilege they are suffering and the abomination we

have all seen with our eyes." He stopped again to steady his trembling voice.

"This is a great gathering. No clan can boast of greater numbers or greater valour.

But are we all here? I ask you: Are all the sons of Umuofia with us here?" A deep

murmur swept through the crowd.

"They are not," he said. "They have broken the clan and gone their several ways.

We who are here this morning have remained true to our fathers, but our brothers have

deserted us and joined a stranger to soil their fatherland. If we fight the stranger we shall

hit our brothers and perhaps shed the blood of a clansman. But we must do it. Our fathers

never dreamed of such a thing, they never killed their brothers. But a white man never

came to them. So we must do what our fathers would never have done. Eneke the bird

was asked why he was always on the wing and he replied: 'Men have learned to shoot

without missing their mark and I have learned to fly without perching on a twig.' We

must root out this evil. And if our brothers take the side of evil we must root them out

too. And we must do it now. We must bale this water now that it is only ankle-deep..."

At this point there was a sudden stir in the crowd and every eye was turned in one

direction. There was a sharp bend in the road that led from the marketplace to the white

man's court, and to the stream beyond it. And so no one had seen the approach of the five

court messengers until they had come round the bend, a few paces from the edge of the

crowd. Okonkwo was sitting at the edge.

He sprang to his feet as soon as he saw who it was. He confronted the head

messenger, trembling with hate, unable to utter a word. The man was fearless and stood

his ground, his four men lined up behind him.

In that brief moment the world seemed to stand still, waiting. There was utter

silence. The men of Umuofia were merged into the mute backcloth of trees and giant

creepers, waiting.

The spell was broken by the head messenger. "Let me pass!" he ordered.

"What do you want here?"

"The white man whose power you know too well has ordered this meeting to

stop."

In a flash Okonkwo drew his machete. The messenger crouched to avoid the

blow. It was useless. Okonkwo's machete descended twice and the man's head lay beside

his uniformed body.

The waiting backcloth jumped into tumultuous life and the meeting was stopped.

Okonkwo stood looking at the dead man. He knew that Umuofia would not go to war. He

knew because they had let the other messengers escape. They had broken into tumult

instead of action. He discerned fright in that tumult. He heard voices asking: "Why did he

do it?"

He wiped his machete on the sand and went away.

CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE

When the district commissioner arrived at Okonkwo's compound at the head of an armed

band of soldiers and court messengers he found a small crowd of men sitting wearily in

the obi. He commanded them to come outside, and they obeyed without a murmur.

"Which among you is called Okonkwo?" he asked through his interpreter.

"He is not here," replied Obierika.

"Where is he?"

"He is not here!"

The Commissioner became angry and red in the face. He warned the men that

unless they produced Okonkwo forthwith he would lock them all up. The men murmured

among themselves, and Obierika spoke again.

"We can take you where he is, and perhaps your men will help us."

The Commissioner did not understand what Obierika meant when he said,

"Perhaps your men will help us." One of the most infuriating habits of these people was

their love of superfluous words, he thought.

Obierika with five or six others led the way. The Commissioner and his men

followed their firearms held at the ready. He had warned Obierika that if he and his men

played any monkey tricks they would be shot. And so they went.

There was a small bush behind Okonkwo's compound. The only opening into this

bush from the compound was a little round hole in the red-earth wall through which

fowls went in and out in their endless search for food. The hole would not let a man

through. It was to this bush that Obierika led the Commissioner and his men. They

skirted round the compound, keeping close to the wall. The only sound they made was

with their feet as they crushed dry leaves.

Then they came to the tree from which Okonkwo's body was dangling, and they

stopped dead.

"Perhaps your men can help us bring him down and bury him," said Obierika.

"We have sent for strangers from another village to do it for us, but they may be a long

time coming."

The District Commissioner changed instantaneously. The resolute administrator

in him gave way to the student of primitive customs.

"Why can't you take him down yourselves?" he asked.

"It is against our custom," said one of the men. "It is an abomination for a man to

take his own life. It is an offence against the Earth, and a man who commits it will not be

buried by his clansmen. His body is evil, and only strangers may touch it. That is why we

ask your people to bring him down, because you are strangers."

"Will you bury him like any other man?" asked the Commissioner.

"We cannot bury him. Only strangers can. We shall pay your men to do it. When

he has been buried we will then do our duty by him. We shall make sacrifices to cleanse

the desecrated land."

Obierika, who had been gazing steadily at his friend's dangling body, turned

suddenly to the District Commissioner and said ferociously: "That man was one of the

greatest men in Umuofia. You drove him to kill himself and now he will be buried like a

dog..." He could not say any more. His voice trembled and choked his words.

"Shut up!" shouted one of the messengers, quite unnecessarily.

"Take down the body," the Commissioner ordered his chief messenger, "and bring

it and all these people to the court."

"Yes, sah," the messenger said, saluting.

The Commissioner went away, taking three or four of the soldiers with him. In the

many years in which he had toiled to bring civilization to different parts of Africa he had

learned a number of things. One of them was that a District Commissioner must never

attend to such undignified details as cutting a hanged man from the tree. Such attention

would give the natives a poor opinion of him. In the book which he planned to write he

would stress that point. As he walked back to the court he thought about that book. Every

day brought him some new material. The story of this man who had killed a messenger

and hanged himself would make interesting reading. One could almost write a whole

chapter on him. Perhaps not a whole chapter but a reasonable paragraph, at any rate.

There was so much else to include, and one must be firm in cutting out details. He had

already chosen the title of the book, after much thought:

The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger.

A GLOSSARY OF IBO WORDS AND PHRASES

agadi-nwayi: old woman.

Agbala: woman; also used of a man who has taken no title.

Chi: personal god.

efukfu: worthless man.

egwugwu: a masquerader who impersonates one of the ancestral spirits of the

village.

ekwe: a musical instrument; a type of drum made from wood.

eneke-nti-oba: a kind of bird.

eze-agadi-nwayi: the teeth of an old woman.

iba: fever.

ilo: the village green, where assemblies for sports, discussions, etc., take place.

inyanga: showing off, bragging.

isa-ifi: a ceremony. If a wife had been separated from her husband for some time

and were then to be re-united with him, this ceremony would be held to ascertain that she

had not been unfaithful to him during the time of their separation.

iyi-uwa: a special kind of stone which forms the link between an ogbanje and the

spirit world. Only if the iyi-uwa were discovered and destroyed would the child not die.

jigida: a string of waist beads.

kotma: court messenger. The word is not of Ibo origin but is a corruption of

"court messenger."

kwenu: a shout of approval and greeting.

ndichie: elders.

nna ayi: our father.

nno: welcome.

nso-ani: a religious offence of a kind abhorred by everyone, literally earth's taboo.

nza: a very small bird.

obi: the large living quarters of the head of the family.

obodo dike: the land of the brave.

ochu: murder or manslaughter.

ogbanje: a changeling,- a child who repeatedly dies and returns to its mother to be

reborn. It is almost impossible to bring up an ogbanje child without it dying, unless its

iyi-uwa is first found and destroyed.

ogene: a musical instrument; a kind of gong.

oji odu achu-ijiji-o: (cow i. e., the one that uses its tail to drive flies away).

osu: outcast. Having been dedicated to a god, the osu was taboo and was not

allowed to mix with the freeborn in any way.

Oye: the name of one of the four market days.

ozo: the name of one of the titles or ranks.

tufia: a curse or oath.

udu: a musical instrument; a type of drum made from pottery.

uli: a dye used by women for drawing patterns on the skin.

umuada: a family gathering of daughters, for which the female kinsfolk return to

their village of origin.

umunna-: a wide group of kinsmen (the masculine form of the word umuada).

Uri: part of the betrothal ceremony when the dowry is paid.

The End

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Chinua Achebe was born in Nigeria in 1930. He was raised in the large village of Ogidi,

one of the first centres of Anglican missionary work in Eastern Nigeria, and is a graduate

of University College, Ibadan.

His early career in radio ended abruptly in 1966, when he left his post as Director

of External Broadcasting in Nigeria during the national upheaval that led to the Biafran

War. He was appointed Senior Research Fellow at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and

began lecturing widely abroad.

From 1972 to 1976, and again in 1987 to 1988, Mr. Achebe was Professor of

English at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and also for one year at the

University of Connecticut, Storrs.

Cited in the London Sunday Times as one of the "1,000 Makers of the Twentieth

Century" for defining "a modern African literature that was truly African" and thereby

making "a major contribution to world literature," has published novels, short stories,

essays, and children's books. His volume of poetry, Christmas in Biafra, written during

the Biafran War, was the joint winner of the first Commonwealth Poetry Prize. Of his

novels, Arrow of God is winner of the New Statesman-Jock Campbell Award, and

Anthills of the Savannah was a finalist for the 1987 Booker Prize in England.

Mr. Achebe has received numerous honours from around the world, including the

Honorary Fellowship of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, as well

as more than twenty honorary doctorates from universities in England, Scotland, the

United States, Canada, and Nigeria. He is also the recipient of Nigeria's highest award for

intellectual achievement, the Nigerian National Merit Award.

At present, Mr. Achebe lives with his wife in Annandale, New York, where they

both teach at Bard College. They have four children.

ALSO BY CHINUA ACHEBE

Anthills of the Savannah

Arrow of God

Girls at War and Other Stories

A Man of the People

No Longer at Ease

Nonfiction:

Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays

The Trouble With Nigeria

Poetry:

Beware Soul Brother