Order 1434280: Read Instructions

Advisory U.S.Department of Tlunsponation Federal Aviation Circular Adminirtrcrtiocr

NOISE CONTROL AND

COMPATIBILITY PLANNING

FOR AIRPORTS

AUGUST 5 , 1933

Advisory U.S.Department of Transportation CircularFederalAviotion Administration

Subject: D a k 8/5/83 AC No: 150/5020-1 Initiated by: Change:

NOISE CONTROL AND COMPATIBILITY PLANNING FOR AIRPORTS

1. PURPOSE. T h i s a d v i s o r y c i r c u l a r p r o v i d e s g u i d a n c e f o r N o i s e C o n t r o l a n d C o m p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n i n g f o r a i r p o r t s u n d e r F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n R e g u l a t i o n (FAR) P a r t 1 5 0 and t h e A v i a t i o n S a f e t y and N o i s e Abatement Act of 1979 (ASNA) (P.L. 96-193). It i s i n t e n d e d f o r u s e by a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s , s t a t e l l o c a l p l a n n e r s and o t h e r o f f i c i a l s , and i n t e r e s t e d c i t i z e n s who may e n g a g e i n n o i s e c o n t r o l p l a n n i n g . A i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g h a s t h e g o a l s of r e d u c i n g e x i s t i n g n o n c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s a r o u n d a i r p o r t s and o f p r e v e n t i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of a d d i t i o n a l n o n c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s t h r o u g h t h e c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t s of a l l t h o s e i n v o l v e d . The P a r t 1 5 0 program i s v o l u n t a r y and a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s a r e e n c o u r a g e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e .

2. BACKGROUND. FAR P a r t 150 i m p l e m e n t s p o r t i o n s of T i t l e I o f t h e A v i a t i o n S a f e t y a n d N o i s e Abatement Act of 1979. It e s t a b l i s h e s a s i n g l e- s y s t e m f o r t h e measurement of a i r p o r t ( a n d b a c k g r o u n d ) n o i s e , a s i n g l e s y s t e m f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e x p o s u r e of i n d i v i d u a l s t o a i r p o r t n o i s e , a n d a s t a n d a r d i z e d a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g program. The p l a n n i n g program i n c l u d e s ( 1 ) p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t and s u b m i s s i o n t o the.FAA o f N o i s e E x p o s u r e Maps and N o i s e C o m p a t i b i l i t y Programs by a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s ; ( 2 ) s t a n d a r d n o i s e u n i t s , methods and a n a l y t i c a l t e c h n i q u e s f o r u s e i n a i r p o r t a s s e s s m e n t s ; ( 3 ) i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f l a n d u s e s w h i c h a r e n o r m a l l y c o n s i d e r e d c o m p a t i b l e ( o r n o n c o m p a t i b l e ) w i t h v a r i o u s l e v e l s of n o i s e a r o u n d a i r p o r t s ; and ( 4 ) p r o c e d u r e s and c r i t e r i a f o r FAA a p p r o v a l o r d i s a p p r o v a l o f n o i s e c o n p a t i b i l i t y programs by t h e A d m i n i s t r a t o r . The program i n c l u d e s c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a l t e r n a t i v e n o i s e c o n t r o l t h a t m i g h t be employed a s w e l l a s a p p r o p r i a t e l a n d u s e

-. . p l a n n i n g s t r a t e g i e s . The g o a l o f t h e o v e r a l l program i s f o r t h e a i r p o r t p r o p r i e t o r , i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h s t a t e / l o c a l p l a n n e r s , l o c a l a v i a t i o n g r o u p s and i n t e r e s t e d c i t i z e n s , t o d e v e l o p a b a l a n c e d and c o s t - e f f e c t i v e program t o m i n i m i z e a n d / o r m i t i g a t e t h e a i r p o r t ' s n o i s e i m p a c t on l o c a l c o m m u n i t i e s .

Page ii

CONTENTS

Page

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL.

SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION.

1. P u r p o s e . 2. Background. 3 . B e n e f i t s o f N o i s e C o m p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n i n g . 4. FAA I n f o r m a t i o n S o u r c e s . 5. D e f i n i t i o n s . 6.-19. Reserved.

SECTION 2. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER ACTIONS.

A i r p o r t 14as t e r P l a n s . ANCLUC S t u d i e s . A i r I n s t a l l a t i o n C o m p a t i b l e Use Zones. E n v i r o n m e n t a l A s s e s s m e n t s . F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n R e g u l a t i o n s , P a r t 36. OrlB A-95 N o t i f i c a t i o n and Review. N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y Act.

29. R e s e r v e d . ~. ,

SECTION 3. OVERVIEW.

30. N o i s e - I t s Measurement and Assessment. 31. S e n s i t i v i t y of Land Uses t o Noise. 32. N o i s e Exposure Maps. 33. Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Programs. 34. , S u b m i s s i o n t o t h e FAA. 35. W i t h d r a w a l o r R e v i s i o n . 36. P e r i o d i c Review and Updating. 37.-199. R e s e r v e d .

CHAPTER 2. NOISE MEASUREtlENT AID ASSESSMENT.

SECTION 1. NOISE METRICS.

200. Sound. 201. D e c i b e l s . 202. Sound P r e s s u r e L e v e l s . 203. A-Weighted Sound P r e s s u r e L e v e l s . 204. Eleasurement System Response Time. 205 .-219. R e s e r v e d .

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-Page SECTION 20 NOISE MEASUREMENTS. 1 2

220. Measuring S i n g l e A i r c r a f t E v e n t s . 1 2 221. A i r p o r t C u m u l a t i v e N o i s e E x p o s u r e L e v e l s . 1 3 222. B a s i c Recommended N o i s e Measurement System. 1 3 223. V a l i d a t i o n o f Noise C o n t o u r s . 1 3 224. V a l i d a t i o n N o i s e Measurements vs. Micro-Sample

Survey Measurements. 1 4 225. A i r c r a f t N o i s e E x p o s u r e P r e d i c t i o n R e f i n e m e n t P r o c e d u r e . 1 5 226. C o n t i n u o u s A i r p o r t Noise M o n i t o r i n g Systems. 1 5 227 .-229. Reserved. 1 7

SECTION 3. NOISE EXPOSURE PREDICTION AND ITS USE. 18

P r e d i c t i o n A n a l y s i s Tool. 1 8 I n t e g r a t e d N o i s e Model (INM), 18 I n p u t Requirements. 1 8 Accuracy. 1 9 Use of bleasurements i n R e f i n i n g / V a l i d a t i n g P r e d i c t i o n s . 20 N o i s e C o m p a t i b i l i t y P r e d i c t i o n . 20 B a s i s f o r Noise C a m p a t i b i l i t y . 20 Land Use C o m p a t i b i l i t y T a b l e . 22 I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f N o i s e Exposure Maps. 23 a n d 24 Reserved. 23 and 24

CHAPTER 3. TOOLS OF AIRPORT NOISE COMPATIBILITY PLANNING. 25 SECTION 1. ELEMENTS OF AIRPORT NOISE PLANNING. 25

300. G e n e r a l . 2 5 301. Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n i n g 2 5 302. Scope of t h e P l a n n i n g E f f o r t . 2.5 303. The C o n t e x t of A i r p o r t N o i s e P l a n s . 2 6 304. The O b j e c t i v e o f P a r t 1 5 0 P l a n n i n g . 26 305. Use of L o c a l o r S t a t e S t a n d a r d s . 26 306. Development of A l t e r n a t i v e s a n d I m p l e m e n t a t i o n S t r a t e g i e s . 26 307 .-319. Reserved. 27 and 28

SECTION 2. AIRPORT PROPRIETOR OPTIONS. . 27 a n d 28

320. D e n i a l of Use t o A i r c r a f t Not Meeting F e d e r a l Noise S t a n d a r d s . 27 a n d 28

321. C a p a c i t y L i m i t s Based on Noise. 27 a n d 28 322. Noise Abatement Takeoff o r Approach P r o c e d u r e s . 30 323. Landing F e e s Based on Noise. 31 324. Noise B a r r i e r s ( S h i e l d i n g ) . 31 325. A c q u i s i t i o n of Land and I n t e r e s t T h e r e i n . 3 1 326. Complete o r P a r t i a l Curfews. 32 327.-329. R e s e r v e d . 32

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SECTION 3 . sTATEILOCAL GOVEKNMENT OPTIONS (Strategies to Prevent New Noncompatible Development). 3 3

3 3 0 . nevelopnent Control. 3 3 1 . Zoning. 3 3 2 . Easements. 3 3 3 . Transfer of Development Rights (TDR). 3 3 4 . Purchase. 3 3 5 . - 3 3 9 . Reserved.

SECTION 4 . STATE~LOCALGOVERNMENT OPTIONS (Actions to Reduce Existing Noncompatible Uses) 3 6

3 4 0 . Remedial Actions. 36 3 4 1 . Encouragement of Existing Favorable Land Use Trends. 36 3 4 2 . Constructive Use of Planning and Zoning. 36 3 4 3 . Constructive Use of Public Capital Improvements Projects. 37 3 4 4 . Purchase Assurance Programs. 37 3 4 5 . Soundproofing. 37 3 4 6 . Acquisition of Impacted Land. 38 3 4 7 . - 3 4 9 . Reserved. 39

SECTION 5 . CONSULTATIONS

3 5 0 . Consultations Under Part 150. 351. Reserved. 3 5 2 . Consultation with Aviation Groups. 3 5 3 . Public and Community Involvement. 3 5 4 . Documentation. 3 5 5 . - 3 5 9 . Reserved.

SECTION 6. ANALYSIS OF COST/BENEFITS AND SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVE

3 6 0 . General. 3 6 1 . Constraints' Upon Interstate and Foreign Commerce. 3 6 2 . Environmental Costs. 3 6 3 . Economic Costs. 3 6 4 . Social Costs. • 3 6 5 . Selection of an Alternative. 3 6 6 . Development of the Selected Alternative into a

Draft Compatibility Program. 3 6 7 . - 3 9 9 . Reserved.

APPENDIX 1. TABLE OF LAND USES NORIALLY COMPATIBLE WITH VARIOUS NOISE LEVELS.

APPENDIX 2. CHECKLISTS FOR NOISE EXPOSURE MAPS AND NOISE COMPATIBILITY PROGRAFIS.

APPENDIX 3 . RECOMMENDED BASIC NOISE bEASUKEMENT SYSTEM.

APPENDIX 4 . BIBL;IOGRAPHY.

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL

SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION

1. PURPOSE. T h i s a d v i s o r y c i r c u l a r p r o v i d e s g u i d a n c e f o r N o i s e C o n t r o l and C o m p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n i n g f o r a i r p o r t s u n d e r F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n R e g u l a t i o n (FAR). P a r t 1 5 0 a n d t h e A v i a t i o n S a f e t y and N o i s e Abatement Act o f 1979 (ASNA)as amended. It i s i n t e n d e d f o r u s e by a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s , s t a t e / l o c a l p l a n n e r s a n d o t h e r o f f i c i a l s , and i n t e r e s t e d c i t i z e n s who may engage i n n o i s e c o n t r o l p l a n n i n g . A i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g h a s t h e g o a l s of r e d u c i n g e x i s t i n g n o n c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s a r o u n d a i r p o r t s and o f p r e v e n t i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l n o n c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s t h r o u g h t h e c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t s o f a l l t h o s e i n v o l v e d . The P a r t 1 5 0 program i s v o l u n t a r y and a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s are e n c o u r a g e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e .

2 . BACKGROUND. T h e r e a r e e x i s t i n g a i r p o r t n o i s e / l a n d u s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p r o b l e m s a t many a i r p o r t s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e i s a p o t e n t i a l f o r e x a c e r b a t i o n of t h e s e n o i s e problems and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of p r o b l e m s a r i s i n g a t o t h e r a i r p o r t s as u r b a n a r e a s and u s e of a i r t r a v e l c o n t i n u e t o grow. Through c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t s on b o t h t h e l o c a l and n a t i o n a l l e v e l s , much h a s a l r e a d y b e e n a c c o m p l i s h e d i n l i m i t i n g t h e g r o w t h a n d s p r e a d o f n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p r o b l e m s . A c t i o n s have i n c l u d e d l i m i t s upon n o i s e e m i s s i o n s by new a i r c r a f t , p r o v i s i o n s f o r t h e r e t i r e m e n t o r r e t r o f i t w i t h q u i e t e r e n g i n e s of t h e n o i s i e s t t r a n s p o r t a i r c r a f t , and a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e v i e w p r o c e s s f o r a i r p o r t d e v e l o p m e n t p r o j e c t s , Some of t h e m a j o r r e m a i n i n g o b s t a c l e s f o r i m p l e m e n t i n g s u c c e s s f u l n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l t y programs a r o u n d a i r p o r t s have b e e n t h e need f o r a s i n g l e s y s t e m f o r m e a s u r i n g a i r p o r t n o i s e , a s i n g l e s y s t e m f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e x p o s u r e of i n d i v i d u a l s t o a i r p o r t n o i s e , t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f l a n d u s e s t h a t a r e n o r m a l l y c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e v a r i o u s l e v e l s of n o i s e a r o u n d a i r p o r t s , and a p r o c e s s f o r s a f e t y and economic e v a l u a t i o n s o f p r o p o s e d a c t i o n s . These r e m a i n i n g m a j o r o b s t a c l e s have been a d d r e s s e d by r e c e n t r e g u l a t o r y a c t i o n s * d e t a i l e d below.

a. F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n R e g u l a t i o n (FAR) P a r t 1 5 0 i m p l e m e n t s p o r t i o n s of T i t l e I o f t h e A v i a t i o n S a f e t y a n d Noise Abatement Act, It s p e c i f i c a l l y e s t a b l i s h e s a s i n g l e s y s t e m f o r t h e measurement of a i r p o r t ( a n d b a c k g r o u n d ) n o i s e , a s i n g l e s y s t e m f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e x p o s u r e o f i n d i v i d u a l s t o a i r p o r t n o i s e , and a s t a n d a r d i z e d a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g program. The p l a n n i n g program i n c l u d e s ( 1 ) p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t and s u b m i s s i o n t o t h e FAA o f N o i s e E x p o s u r e Maps and Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Programs by a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s ; ( 2 ) s t a n d a r d n o i s e u n i t s , methods and a n a l y t i c a 1 , t e c h n i q u e s f o r u s e i n a i r p o r t a s s e s s m e n t s ; ( 3 ) i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f l a n d u s e s t h a t a r e n o r m a l l y c o m p a t i b l e ( o r n o n c o m p a t i b l e ) w i t h v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f n o i s e a r o u n d a i r p o r t s ; and ( 4 ) p r o c e d u r e s and c r i t e r i a f o r FAA a p p r o v a l o r d i s a p p r o v a l of n o i s e c o n p a t i b i l i t y programs by t h e , - A d m i n i s t r a t o r .

Chap 1 P a r 1 Page 1

b. The A i r p o r t N o i s e C o m p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n i n g P r o g r a n i n c l u d e s l a n d u s e p l a n n i n g a n d i n p l e n e n t a t i o n p r o g r a m s n e c e s s a r y t o c a r r y o u t t h e ASNA A c t , The A c t d o e s n o t i n a n y way, h o w e v e r , i n t e r f e r e w i t h e s t a b l i s h e d p r e r o g a t i v e s o f S t a t e and l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s c o n c e r n i n g l a n d u s e and r e l a t e d n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y a c t i o n s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . A c c o r d i n g l y , a p p r o v a l s a n d d i s a p p r o v a l s o f p r o g r a m s s u b m i t t e d t o t h e FAA u n d e r P a r t 1 5 0 do n o t c o n s t i t u t e a F e d e r a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t t h e u s e of l a n d c o v e r e d by t h e p r o g r a m i s a c c e p t a b l e o r u n a c c e p t a b l e u n d e r F e d e r a l , S t a t e , o r l o c a l l a w . The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a c c e p t a b l e and p e r m i s s i b l e l a n d u s e s r e m a i n s w i t h t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s .

BENEFITS OF NOISE COFIPATIBILITY PLMNING - PROGRAMMING UNDER PART 150.

a. N o i s e i s o n e o f t h e g r e a t e s t t h r e a t s t o a v i a t i o n t o d a y . P r o j e c t e d g r o w t h i n d e a a n d f o r a i r t r a v e l means t h a t we . w i l l h a v e l a r g e r a i r c r a f t and m o r e o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e f u t u r e . Ttie i n c r e a s e i n a i r c a r r i e r t r a f f i c a t l a r g e a i r p o r t s w i l l g e n e r a t e more a i r c a r r i e r t r a f f i c a t f e e d e r a i r p o r t s and more t r a f f i c by s o p h i s t i c a t e d g e n e r a l s v i a t i o n a i r c r a f t a t t h e s e and many g e n e r a l a v i a t i o n a i r p o r t s .

b . The c o s t s o f n o s t f o r m s of n o i s 2 n i t i g a t i o n a r e r a p i d l y i n c r e a s i n g . T h e s e i n c l u d e s o u n d p r o o f i n g , l a n d p u r c n s s e s , r e l o c a t i o n s , l a n d u s e c h a n g e s , b y - p a s s i n g o f i n p a c t e d l a n d , a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n of a l t e r n a t i v s a v i a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s . P e o p l e ' s p e r c e p t i o n s o f what is a n a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l o f u r b a n n o i s e is b e c o n i n g more c r i t i c a l w h i l e t h e i r o p p o r t u n i t y t o v o l n n t a r i l y move away f r o m s u c h n o i s e i s becoming n o r e l i m i t e d . .411 of t h e s e a r e r e s u l t i n g i n s t r o n g p r e s s u r e s upon a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s t o i m p o s e o p e r a t i o n a l c o n s t r a i n t s , c u r f e w s , g r o w t h l i m i t a t i o n s , and o t h e r s e v e r e c o n s t r a i n t s upon t h e i r a i r p o r t s as e a s y , " o n e - s h o t " s o l u t i o n s t o t h e n o i s e p r o b l e n ? .

c . R e l i e f o f t h e s e p r e s s u r e s on t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s and t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f a n a t i o n a l s y s t e m of a i r p o r t s r e q u i r e s t h a t a v i a t i o n become a s c o m p a t i b l e a s p o s s i b l e w i t h i t s n e i g h c o r s . T h i s r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s work much more c l o s e l y w i t h l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s t h a n h a s b e e n g e n e r a l l y f e a s i b l e i n t h e p a s t , s i n c e t h e y c o n t r o l m o s t of t h e v i a b l e non a v i a t i o n - c o n s t r a i n i n g n o i s e m i t i g a t i o n m e a s u r e s .

d . The P a r t 1 5 0 f i r p o r t N o i s e C o n p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n i n g P r o g r a m o f f e r s a n i d e a l v e h i c l e f o r n o i s e p l a n n i n g and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i n t h i s c o n t e m p o r a r y c o n t e x t . It i n c l u d e s :

( 1 ) A b a l a n c e d a p p r o a c h p r o d u c i n g r e a l i s t i c a n d p r a c t i c a l s o l u t i o n s f a i r t o b o t h a v i a t i o n and non a v i a t i o n i n t e r e s t s .

( 2 ) P o s i t i v e FAA t e c h n i c a l g u s d a n c e ~ h r o u g h r e g i o n a l and a i r p o r t s d i s t r i c t o f f i c e s .

( 3 ) F e d e r a l l y i d e n t i f i e d l a n d u s e s w h i c h a r e n o r n a . 1 1 ~ c o n p a t i b l e w i t h v a r i o t i s e x p o s u r e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s t o n o i s e .

( 4 ) Consultations and i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r , a i r p o r t u s e r s , a i r p o r t n e i g h b o r s , l o c a l l a n d u s e c o n t r o l j u r i s d i c t i o n s , a n d t h e FAA d e s i g n e d t o ;.:hieve b r o a d - b a s e d c o n f i d e n c e i n and a c c e p t a n c e of t h e p r o g r a m a n d t h e s u p p o r t e s s e n t i a i f o r i t s i n p l e m e n t a t i o n o v e r t h e l o n g t e r m .

Chap 1 P a g e 2 P a r 2

( 5 ) R e c o g n i t i o n of f a c t o r s beyond t h e c o n t r o l of t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r which s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e l o c a l l a n d u s e d e c i s i o n s .

( 6 ) A v i a b l e framework f o r c o n d u c t i n g e f f i c i e n t and c o n s t r u c t i v e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs which a c h i e v e l a r g e b e n e f i t s i n n o i s e r e d u c t i o n f o r t h e c o s t s i n a v i a t i o n .

( 7 ) Community and a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r d e c i s i o n s t h a t are made from a f u l l y informed p o s i t i o n i n o r d e r t o weigh t h e f u l l c o s t s and b e n e f i t s of t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s .

( 8 ) F e d e r a l f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e a v a i l a b l e t o t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r u n d e r t h e A i r p o r t Improvement Program f o r n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g a n d f o r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h a t p l a n n i n g .

( 9 ) F e d e r a l f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e a l s o a v a i l a b l e t o u n i t s of l o c a l government i n t h e a r e a s u r r o u n d i n g t h e a i r p o r t t o c a r r y o u t p r o j e c t s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h FAA a p p r o v e d n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs.

( 1 0 ) C e r t a i n s a n c t i o n s a r e a v a i l a b l e u n d e r S e c t i o n 107 of t h e ASNA Act t o p r o t e c t t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r from l a n d owner n o i s e s u i t s .

e . No two a i r p o r t s i t u a t i o n s a r e a l i k e , and e a c h w i l l l i k e l y r e q u i r e a u n i q u e c o m b i n a t i o n of m i t i g a t i o n m e a s u r e s t o a c h i e v e a n a c c e p t a b l e s o l u t i o n . A t a g i v e n a i r p o r t , a f u l l r a n g e o f p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n s i s e x p l o r e d , t h e n t h e b e s t c o m p o s i t i o n of s o l u t i o n s i s c h o s e n and c a r e f u l l y weighed b e f o r e s e t t l i n g upon a f i n a l p l a n . The o b j e c t i v e b e i n g t o r e d u c e t h e n o i s e by t h e most e f f i c i e n t way and t h e n b a l a n c e t h i s a g a i n s t t h e p o s s i b l e n o n - a v i a t i o n s o l u t i o n s . A b a l a n c e i s s o u g h t between r e a l i s t i c e n v i r o n m e n t a l g o a l s a n d t h e c o s t s t o t h e a v i a t i o n system. When t h e proposed a v i a t i o n c o n s t r a i n t s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e n t h e l o c a l n e e d s and b e n e f i t s a r e weighed and b a l a n c e d a g a i n s t t h e n e e d s and c o n c e r n s of t h e r e s t of t h e n a t i o n .

4. FAA INFORMATION SOURCES. U s e r s of t h i s c i r c u l a r a r e s t r o n g l y e n c o u r a g e d t o c o n t a c t t h e i r FAA A i r p o r t s D i s t r i c t O f f i c e o r t h e A i r p o r t s D i v i s i o n of t h e i r FAA r e g i o n a l o f f i c e f o r a d d i t i o n a l i n £ o r m a t i o n , g u i d a n c e , and c o n s u l t a t i o n p r i o r t o s t a r t i n g a n A i r p o r t N o i s e Exposure Map o r A i r p o r t N o i s e C o m p a t i b i l i t y Program. These o f f i c e s a r e a l s o prime s o u r c e s f o r r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l s , s u c h as o t h e r a d v i s o r y c i r c u l a r s and c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n manuals.

5. DEFINITIONS. A l l t e r n s used i n t h i s c i r c u l a r which are a l s o used i n P a r t 1 5 0 have t h e same meaning i n t h i s c i r c u l a r as t h e y do i n t h a t P a r t .

a. A-Weighted Sound L e v e l (LA). The A-Weighted Sound L e v e l i s sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l which h a s b e e n f i l t e r e d o r w e i g h t e d t o r e d u c e t h e i n f l u e n c e bf t h e low and h i g h f r e q u e n c y n o i s e ( f o r m e r l y - d ~ ~ ) . It was d e s i g n e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e t h e r e s p o n s e of t h e human e a r t o sound. ( S e e p a r a g r a p h 203)

b. Average Day-Night Sound L e v e l (Ld,). See Y e a r l y Day-Night Average Sound Level.

Chap 1 P a r 3 Page 3

c. Land Use. The p r e s e n t o r planned u t i l i z a t i o n of a g i v e n p a r c e l of l a n d . Such l a n d u s e s a r e n o r m a l l y i n d i c a t e d o r d e l i n e a t e d on a l a n d u s e map. Land u s e maps may i n d i c a t e u s a g e s f o r any g i v e n t i m e p e r i o d p a s t , p r e s e n t , o r f u t u r e , and such p e r i o d s h o u l d always be i n d i c a t e d . (See p a r a g r a p h 237)

d. Zoning. An e x e r c i s e of t h e p o l i c e powers of t h e S t a t e , a s d e l e g a t e d t o l o c a l governments, d e s i g n a t i n g t h e u s e s p e r m i t t e d on e a c h p a r c e l of l a n d w i t h i n t h e zoning j u r i s d i c t i o n . (See p a r a g r a p h 331)

e. Standard Land Use Coding Manual (SLUCM). A S t a n d a r d System f o r i d e n t i f y i n g and c o d i n g l a n d u s e a c t i v i t i e s . P u b l i s h e d j o i n t l y i n 1965 by Urban Renewal A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , Housing and Home Finance Agency ( b o t h now P a r t s of HUD) and t h e Bureau of P u b l i c Roads (now t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ) . (See p a r a g r a p h 237)

f . Noise L e v e l Reduction (NLR). The amount of n o i s e l e v e l r e d u c t i o n a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h i n c o r p o r a t i o n of n o i s e a t t e n u a t i o n (between o u t d o o r and i n d o o r l e v e l s ) i n t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of a s t r u c t u r e . (See p a r a g r a p h 237)

g. Noise Exposure Map. A s c a l e d , g e o g r a p h i c , d e p i c t i o n of an a i r p o r t , i t s n o i s e c o n t o u r s , and s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a developed i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h S e c t i o n A150.101 of Appendix A o f FAR P a r t 150, i n c l u d i n g t h e accompanying d o c u m e n t a t i o n s e t t i n g f o r t h t h e r e q u i r e d d e s c r i p t i o n s of p r o j e c t e d a i r c r a f t o p e r a t i o n s a t t h a t a i r p o r t d u r i n g 1985 and i f s u b m i t t e d a f t e r 1982, d u r i n g t h e f i f t h c a l e n d a r y e a r b e g i n n i n g a f t e r s u b m i s s i o n of t h e map, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e ways, i f any t h o s e o p e r a t i o n s f o r each of t h o s e y e a r s w i l l a f f e c t t h e map ( i n c l u d i n g n o i s e c o n t o u r s and t h e f o r e c a s t l a n d u s e s ) . See FAR P a r t 1 5 0 f o r l e g a l d e f i n i t i o n .

h. Noise Contour. A c o n t i n u o u s l i n e on a map of t h e a i r p o r t v i c i n i t y c o n n e c t i n g a l l p o i n t s of t h e same n o i s e e x p o s u r e l e v e l ; f o r t h e purposes of t h i s program u s i a l l y t h e Ldn 65, 70, and 75 l e v e l s .

i. A i r p o r t Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Program. That program r e f l e c t e d i n documents (and r e v i s e d documents) developed i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h Appendix B of P a r t 150, i n c l u d i n g t h e measures proposed o r t a k e n by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r t o r e d u c e e x i s t i n g noncompatible l a n d u s e s and t o p r e v e n t t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l noncompatible l a n d uses w i t h i n t h e a r e a . See FAA P a r t 150 f o r l e g a l d e f i n i t i o n .

j. NEPA. Acronym f o r t h e N a t i o n a l Environmental P o l i c y Act of 1969. ( S e e p a r a g r a p h 26)

k. Curfew. A r e s t r i c t i o n p l a c e d upon a l l o r c e r t a i n c l a s s e s of a i r c r a f t by time of day f o r t h e p u r p o s e s of r e d u c i n g o r c o n t r o l l i n g a i r p o r t n o i s e . (See p a r a g r a p h 326)

Chap 1 Page 4 P a r 5

1. Easement. The l e g a l r i g h t of one p a r t y t o use a p o r t i o n of t h e t o t a l r i g h t s i n r e a l e s t a t e owned by a n o t h e r p a r t y . This may i n c l u d e t h e ' r i g h t of p a s s a g e o v e r , on, o r below t h e p r o p e r t y ; c e r t a i n a i r r i g h t s above t h e p r o p e r t y , i n c l u d i n g view r i g h t s ; and t h e r i g h t s t o any s p e c i f i e d form of development o r a c t i v i t y , a s w e l l a s any o t h e r l e g a l r i g h t s i n t h e p r o p e r t y t h a t may be s p e c i f i e d i n t h e easement document. (See p a r a g r a p h 332)

m. O f f i c e o f Management and Budget C i r c u l a r No. A-95. A r e g u l a t i o n r e q u i r i n g c o o r d i n a t i o n of F e d e r a l and f e d e r a l l y a s s i s t e d programs and p r o j e c t s w i t h e a c h o t h e r and w i t h S t a t e , a r e a w i d e , and l o c a l p l a n s and programs, u t i l i z i n g a s e r i e s of s t a t e and r e g i o n a l c l e a r i n g h o u s e s . ( S e e p a r a g r a p h 25)

n. F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n R e g u l a t i o n (FAR) P a r t 36. A r e g u l a t i o n e s t a b l i s h i n g n o i s e c e r t i f i c a t i o n s t a n d a r d s f o r a i r c r a f t . (See p a r a g r a p h 24)

o. A v i a t i o n Noise Abatement P o l i c y (ANAP). P o l i c y adopted j o i n t l y by t h e S e c r e t a r y of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and t h e FAA, on November 1 8 , 1976, d e l i n e a t i n g t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of FAA, a i r c a r r i e r s , a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s , and l o c a l communities i n a c h i e v i n g r e d u c t i o n s i n a i r p o r t n o i s e .

p. A i r p o r t Noise C o n t r o l and Land Use C o m p a t i b i l i t y (ANCLUC) Program. A p i l o t program f o r a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e ANAP and funded under S e c t i o n 1 3 o f t h e A i r p o r t and Airway Development Act of 1 9 7 0 a s amended. It was a v o l u n t a r y p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s i n i t i a t e d and l e d by a i r p o r t p r o p r i e t o r s w i t h F e d e r a l f u n d i n g and t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e . (See p a r a g r a p h 2 1)

q . Y e a r l y Day-Night Average Sound L e v e l s (Ldn) o r (DNL). The 24-hour a v e r a g e sound l e v e l , i n d e c i b e l s , f o r t h e p e r i o d from midnight t o m i d n i g h t , o b t a i n e d a f t e r t h e a d d i t i o n of t e n d e c i b e l s t o sound l e v e l s f o r t h e p e r i o d s between m i d n i g h t and 7 a.m. and between 1 0 p.m. and m i d n i g h t , l o c a l t i m e , a s averaged over a span of one year. It i s t h e FAA s t a n d a r d m e t r i c f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c u m u l a t i v e e x p o s u r e of i n d i v i d u a l s t o n o i s e . ( S e e p a r a g r a p h 221)

r . E q u i v a l e n t Sound. Level (Leq). kqi s t h e s t e a d y A-weighted sound l e v e l o v e r any s p e c i f i e d p e r i o d ( n o t n e c e s s a r i l y 24 h o u r s ) t h a t h a s t h e same a c o u s t i c e n e r g y a s t h e f l u c t u a t i n g n o i s e d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d ( w i t h no c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a n i g h t t i m e w e i g h t i n g . ) It is a measure of c u m u l a t i v e a c o u s t i c a l energy. Because t h e time i n t e r v a l may v a r y , i t should always be s p e c i f i e d by a s u b s c r i p t ( s u c h a s Leq 8 ) f o r an 8-hr exposure t o workplace n o i s e ) o r be c l e a r l y u n d e r s t o o d .

6.-19. RESERVED.

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AC 150/5020-1 8 / 5 / 8 3

SECTION 2. REUTIONSHIP TO OTHER AIRPORT AND NOISE PLANNING ACTIONS

20. AIRPORT MASTER PLANS. An A i r p o r t Noise Exposure Map o r a n A i r p o r t Noise C o m p a t i b l i t y Program f o r a n a i r p o r t supplements b u t does n o t r e p l a c e t h e A i r p o r t Master P l a n (AMP) developed f o r t h a t a i r p o r t . The AMP may p r o v i d e t h e b a s e d a t a f o r t h e n o i s e e x p o s u r e map. However, o p e r a t i o n a l d a t a f o r u s e i n t h e I n t e g r a t e d Noise Model (INM) ( o r a n FAA approved e q u i v a l e n t ) and t h e l a n d use and j u r i s d i c t i o n a l d a t a f o r t h e map should be c e r t i f i a b l e by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r as c u r r e n t d a t a . S i m i l a r l y , t h e AMP may o f f e r i n p u t s t o development of t h e n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program. Again, a l l of t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s , a n a l y s e s , c o n s u l t a t i o n s , and p u b l i c involvement r e q u i r e d by P a r t 150 f o r t h e program should be c e r t i f i a b l e by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r a s up-to-date and based upon c u r r e n t d a t a . See a l s o , S e c t i o n A150.101(£) of P a r t 150.

21. AIRPORT NOISE CONTROL AND LAND USE COMPATIBILITY (ANCLUC) PLANNING STUDIES. A number of ANCLUC p l a n n i n g s t u d i e s have been u n d e r t a k e n a n d / o r completed. Although t h i s was an i n t e r i m program, much v a l u a b l e n o i s e and l a n d u s e i n f o r m a t i o n was produced and much v i a b l e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g accomplished. Where t h e s e s t u d i e s m e e t ' t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of P a r t 1 5 0 , o r an FAA approved e q u i v a l e n t u n d e r P a r t 150, and a r e o t h e r w i s e a p p r o p r i a t e , a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s a r e encouraged t o i n c o r p o r a t e t h a t work i n t o Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Programs; s e e S e c t i o n A150.101(£) o f P a r t 150.

22. A I R INSTALLATION COMPATIBLE USE ZONES. Complimentary t o ANCLUC, t h e U.S. Department o f Defense developed t h e A i r I n s t a l l a t i o n Compatible Use Zones (AICUZ) Program f o r a c h i e v i n g n o i s e l l a n d use c o m p a t i b i l i t y a t m i l i t a r y a i r i n s t a l l a t i o n s . A I C U Z s t u d i e s have a l s o been p r e p a r e d f o r a number o f j o i n t c i v i l - m i l i t a r y u s e a i r p o r t s where t h e r e a r e a s i g n i f i c a n t number of m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s . As i n t h e case of ANCLUCVs, i n f o r m a t i o n developed f o r a n A I C U Z s t u d y which i s a p p r o p r i a t e and c e r t i f i a b l e a s c u r r e n t by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r may be used i n d e v e l o p i n g a n A i r p o r t Noise Exposure'Map o r M r p o r t Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Program.

23. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS. Environmental Assessments (EA) a r e p r e p a r e d f o r many t y p e s of a i r p o r t development p r o j e c t s a n d / o r a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n a l c h a n g e s under t h e r e q u i r e m e n t . ~ of t h e N a t i o n a l Environmental P o l i c y Act (NEPA), R e g u l a t i o n s of t h e Council on Environmental Q u a l i t y (CEQ), Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Order 5610.1C ( P r o c e d u r e s f o r C o n s i d e r i n g Environmental I m p a c t s ) , FAA Order 1050.1C ( P o l i c i e s and P r o c e d u r e s f o r C o n s i d e r i n g Environmental I m p a c t s ) , and FAA Order 5050.4 ( A i r p o r t Environmental Handbook). Many EAls c o n t a i n a n a l y s e s of a i r p o r t n o i s e , c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e , s o c i a l i m p a c t s , and induced socioeconomic impacts. An A i r p o r t Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Program may supplement, b u t i s n o t i n t e n d e d t o r e p l a c e an EA i n meeting r e q u i r e d e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s e s . S i m i l a r l y , an EA may c o n t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t , p r o v i d e d i t i s c u r r e n t , can be v a l u a b l e i n p u t s t o d e v e l o p i n g a i r p o r t n o i s e e x p o s u r e maps and a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs. To t h e e x t e n t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e EA i s a p p r o p r i a t e , such u s e of e x i s t i n g s o u r c e s i s encouraged. See a l s o , p a r a g r a p h 26 f o r a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f NEPA t o P a r t 150.

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24. FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS, PART 36. F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n R e g u l a t i o n s , P a r t 36 c o n t a i n s n o i s e c e r t i f i c a t i o n s t a n d a r d s f o r most a i r p l a n e t y p e s , g e n e r a l l y r e q u i r i n g newly d e s i g n e d and m a n u f a c t u r e d a i r c r a f t t o be s i g n i f i c a n t l y q u i e t e r t h a n o l d e r a i r c r a f t . However, as a c e r t i f i c a t i o n s t a n d a r d , P a r t 36 h a s no p r o v i s i o n s t o c o n t r o l e i t h e r t h e o p e r a t i o n s o r numbers of o p e r a t i o n s a t a n a i r p o r t i n o r d e r t o s t a b i l i z e o r r e d u c e n o i s e i m p a c t s . P a r t 1 5 0 works a s a compliment t o P a r t 36 by i n t e g r a t i n g t h e g a i n s i n r e d u c e d a i r c r a f t n o i s e e m i s s i o n s i n t o a n o v e r a l l n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program w i t h c o n t r o l s on b o t h a v i a t i o n n o i s e and l a n d u s e s t o a s s u r e f u l l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d l o n g t e r m p r o t e c t i o n t o b o t h t h e a i r p o r t and i t s e n v i r o n s .

25. OMB A-95 NOTIFICATION AND REVIEW. O f f i c e of Management and Budget (OMB) C i r c u l a r No. A-95 e s t a b l i s h e d a p r o c e s s whereby s t a t e and l o c a l c l e a r i n g h o u s e s are n o t i f i e d of p r o p o s e d F e d e r a l Grant-in-Aid p r o j e c t s and o t h e r a s s i s t a n c e a c t i o n s . I n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s a r e p r o v i d e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e v i e w and e v a l u a t e t h e p r o p o s a l s i n a d v a n c e i n t e r m s of t h e i r p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t on o r c o n f l i c t w i t h s t a t e w i d e o r a r e a w i d e comprehensive p l a n n i n g o r upon t h e p l a n s and programs of l o c a l governments. The A-95 p r o c e s s ( o r i t s F e d e r a l o r s t a t e s u c c e s s o r ) n u s t ( o r s h o u l d ) be used t o g i v e n o t i f i c a t i o n and o p p o r t u n i t y f o r comment when F e d e r a l a s s i s t a n c e i s i n v o l v e d . It d o e s n o t , however, s u b s t i t u t e f o r t h e c o n s u l t a t i v e p r o c e s s as r e q u i r e d by t h e ASNA Act. Note a l s o t h a t A-95 w i l l be r e v i s e d o r r e p l a c e d upon i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f E x e c u t i v e Order 12372. See p a r a g r a p h s 350-359 f o r g u i d a n c e on C o n s u l t a t i o n s .

26. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT. FAA c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e NEPA i s c o n t r o l l e d by FAA Order 1050.1C, P o l i c i e s a n d P r o c e d u r e s f o r C o n s i d e r i n g E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t s . The FAA h a s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t a p p r o v a l o r d i s a p p r o v a l of a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs a r e " c a t e g o r i c a l e x c l u s i o n s " t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s e s s m e n t under O r d e r 1050.1C.. The ASNA Act r e q u i r e s a n a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program t o be e i t h e r approved o r d i s a p p r o v e d w i t h i n 1 8 0 d a y s of r e c e i p t o r i t w i l l be a u t o m a t i c a l l y approved. Development of a n o i s e e x p o s u r e map o r n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program d o e s n o t r e p l a c e a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s e s s m e n t b u t c a n be used i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of s u c h a n a s s e s s m e n t . E n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s e s s m e n t l e a d i n g t o a f i n d i n g of no s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t o r t o a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact s t a t e m e n t must s t i l l be c o n d u c t e d , where r e q u i r e d by a p p l i c a b l e p r o c e d u r e s , p r i o r t o t a k i n g a n y F e d e r a l i m p l e m e n t i n g a c t i o n s u c h as g r a n t a p p r o v a l s o r c o v e r e d a i r t r a f f i c a c t i o n s . Although t h e 1 8 0 d a y t i m e c o n s t r a i n t d o e s n o t p e r m i t t h e normal f e d e r a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l Impact Assessment p r o c e s s , c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s r e m a i n s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s . A i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s s h o u l d f u l l y c o n s i d e r e n v i r o n m e n t a l as w e l l a s n o i s e and l a n d u s e c o n s e q u e n c e s i n d e v e l o p i n g a n a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program.

27 .-29. RESERVED.

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SECTION 3. OVERVIEW

30. NOISE - ITS MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT. It i s assumed t h a t u s e r s of t h i s c i r c u l a r have a g e n e r a l t e c h n i c a l background, b u t a r e n o t p r o f i c i e n t i n n o i s e measurement, p a r t i c u l a r l y a v i a t i o n n o i s e . C h a p t e r 2 i s devoted t o a b a s i c d i s c u s s i o n of a v i a t i o n n o i s e and i t s measurement and a s s e s s m e n t . Care h a s been t a k e n t o a v o i d t e c h n i c a l l a n g u a g e and t h e emphasis h a s been p l a c e d upon p r a c t i c a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g . T h i s s h o u l d e n a b l e t h e t y p i c a l u s e r t o u n d e r s t a n d what i s i n v o l v e d ; t o estimate t h e s i z e of t h e e f f o r t r e q u i r e d ; how t o g a t h e r d a t a f o r t h e I n t e g r a t e d Noise Model ( o r a n FAA approved e q u i v a l e n t ) ; how t o i n t e r p r e t t h e n o i s e c o n t o u r s ; how t o v a l i d a t e n o i s e c o n t o u r s u s i n g n o i s e measurements; and how t o p r e p a r e a n a i r p o r t n o i s e e x p o s u r e map. FAA p e r s o n n e l a r e a v a i l a b l e t o a s s i s t a s n e c e s s a r y .

31. SENSITIVITY OF LAND USES TO NOISE. D i f f e r e n t u s e s of l a n d by people e x h i b i t d i f f e r e n t s e n s i t i v i t i e s t o n o i s e . Schools, r e s i d e n c e s , c h u r c h e s , p u b l i c h e a l t h f a c i l i t i e s , and c o n c e r t halls o f t e n a p p e a r q u i t e s e n s i t i v e t o n o i s e . By c o n t r a s t , f a c t o r i e s , warehouses, s t o r a g e y a r d s , and open farmland a r e r e l a t i v e l y i n s e n s i t i v e t o n o i s e . Other u s e s , such a s o f f i c e s , shopping c e n t e r s , r e c r e a t i o n a r e a s , o r h o t e l s , have i n t e r m e d i a t e l e v e l s of n o i s e s e n s i t i v i t y . I n o r d e r t o assist t h e u s e r s i n a s s e s s i n g n o i s e compatibility/noncompatibility i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e i r a i r p o r t s , a t a b l e of l a n d u s e s and t h e i r compatibility/noncompatibility w i t h v a r i o u s l e v e l s of n o i s e i s provided i n Appendix 1. However, t h e d e s i g n a t i o n s i n t h i s t a b l e do n o t c o n s t i t u t e a F e d e r a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t any use of l a n d covered by t h i s program i s a c c e p t a b l e o r u n a c c e p t a b l e under F e d e r a l , s t a t e , o r l o c a l law. The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a c c e p t a b l e and p e r m i s s i b l e l a n d u s e s r e m a i n s w i t h t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s . FllA d e t e r m i n a t i o n s u n d e r P a r t 1 5 0 a r e n o t i n t e n d e d t o s u b s t i t u t e f e d e r a l l y determined l a n d u s e s f o r t h o s e . d e t e r m i n e d t o be a p p r o p r i a t e by l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s i n r e s p o n s e t o l o c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d needs and v a l u e s i n a c h i e v i n g n o i s e c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s . -

32. NOISE EXPOSUKE MAPS. FAR P a r t 1 5 0 , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e ASNA A c t , p r o v i d e s a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a i r p o r t p r o p r i e t o r s t o submit Noise Exposure Maps t o t h e FAA. Each such map i s a s c a l e d g e o g r a p h i c d e p i c t i o n of a n a i r p o r t , i t s n o i s e c o n t o u r s , and s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s . S p e c i f i c a l l y , P a r t 150 r e q u i r e s t h a t e a c h n o i s e e x p o s u r e map s h a l l d e p i c t c o n t i n u o u s Ldn c o n t o u r s f o r l e v e l s of 65, 7 0 , and 75. Within t h e 65 Ldn c o n t o u r , t h e a i r p o r t p r o p r i e t o r i s r e q u i r e d t o i d e n t i f y l a n d u s e s and t o d e t e r m i n e l a n d u s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e s t a n d a r d s and p r o c e d u r e s of Appendix A of FAR P a r t 150. S e c t i o n s 150.21 and A150.101 c o n t a i n o t h e r s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s on t h e form and c o n t e n t s of such maps.

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33. NOISE COMPATIBILITY PROGRAMS. FAR P a r t 150 p r o v i d e s f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n and submission of Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Programs i n a d d i t i o n t o Noise Exposure Maps. The purpose of such a program i s t o s e e k o p t i m a l accommodation of b o t h a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n s and community a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n a c c e p t a b l e s a f e t y , economic and e n v i r o n m e n t a l parameters. That may be accomplished by r e d u c i n g e x i s t i n g noncompatible l a n d u s e s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e a i r p o r t and p r e v e n t i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of new noncompatible l a n d u s e s i n t h e f u t u r e . To t h a t end, t h e a i r p o r t p r o p r i e t o r and o t h e r r e s p o n s i b l e o f f i c i a l s s h o u l d c o n s i d e r a wide r a n g e of f e a s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s of n o i s e c o n t r o l a c t i o n s and l a n d u s e p a t t e r n s . A c h e c k l i s t f o r p r e p a r i n g Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Programs i s c o n t a i n e d i n Appendix 2 .

34. SUBMISSION TO THE FAA. Completed A i r p o r t Noise Exposure Maps and A i r p o r t Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y Programs a r e s u b m i t t e d by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e FAA Regional D i r e c t o r . They w i l l be g i v e n P r e l i m i n a r y Review f o r a c c e p t a n c e f o r e v a l u a t i o n and t h e n be g i v e n a f u l l e v a l u a t i o n . D e t a i l s of t h i s p r o c e d u r e and of a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r o b l i g a t i o n s f o l l o w i n g a n y change i n t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e a i r p o r t which might c r e a t e any s u b s t a n t i a l i n c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n s 150.23 t h r o u g h 150.35 of FAR P a r t 150.

35. WITHDRAWAL OR REVISION. A t any t i m e b e f o r e a p p r o v a l o r d i s a p p r o v a l of a program, i t may be withdrawn o r r e v i s e d . Such a t e r m i n a t i o n s t o p s t h e 180-day a p p r o v a l p e r i o d . A new e v a l u a t i o n i s begun upon r e c e i p t of a r e v i s e d program a n d , u n l e s s t h e FAA f i n d s t h a t t h e r e v i s i o n s can be i n t e g r a t e d w i t h o u t e x c e e d i n g t h e o r i g i n a l a p p r o v a l p e r i o d , a new 180-day a p p r o v a l p e r i o d i s begun.

36. PERIODIC REVIEW AND UPDATING. Growth and t r a n s i t i o n i n urban l o c a t i o n s c r e a t e p r e s s u r e s f o r changes t o zoning and o t h e r c o n t r o l s e s t a b l i s h e d t o a c h i e v e and p r o t e c t c o m p a t i b i l i t y . These s t i m u l i a r e a l s o l i k e l y t o g e n e r a t e g r e a t e r a v i a t i o n a c t i v i t y and a i r p o r t r e q u i r e m e n t s w i t h c o n s e q u e n t changes i n a i r p o r t n o i s e impacts. For t h e s e r e a s o n s , P a r t 150 r e q u i r e s t h e i n c l u s i o n of a s c h e d u l e f o r p e r i o d i c review and u p d a t i n g of a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs. Updating i s a l s o n e c e s s a r y t o r e f l e c t i n c r e a s e d o p e r a t i o n s a n d , w i t h t h e map, c o n t i n u e t h e s a n c t i o n s under S e c t i o n 107 of t h e ASNA Act.

a . A f t e r t h e p l a n i s adopted t h e r e i s a need f o r t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r and t h e l o c a l p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s t o c o n t i n u a l l y e v a l u a t e i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s and t o i d e n t i f y t h o s e a s p e c t s of t h e p l a n which may need improvement. T h i s i n c l u d e s e v a l u a t i o n t o d e t e r m i n e i f proposed implementing a c t i o n s a r e b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t a s scheduled. For i n s t a n c e , i t should i n c l u d e review of l a n d a c q u i s i t i o n o r soundproofing p r o j e c t s and a s c e r t a i n whether t h e y a r e e f f e c t i v e , on s c h e d u l e , o r whether m o d i f i c a t i o n s a r e n e c e s s a r y . Also, o p e r a t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s a d o p t e d a s p a r t of t h e n o i s e c o n t r o l p l a n must b e m o n i t o r e d t o a s s u r e t h a t t h e y a r e b e i n g adhered t o . The r e s p o n s i b l e o r g a n i z a t i o n , e i t h e r t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r , t h e l o c a l p l a n n i n g a u t h o r i t y , o r b o t h , should monitor a l l r e q u e s t s f o r changes i n zoning, v a r i a n c e s , o r s u b d i v i s i o n a c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e s t u d y a r e a .

Chap 1 P a r 33 Page 9

b. P e r i o d i c o r f o r m a l r e v i e w s , at i n t e r v a l s of t h r e e t o f i v e y e a r s o r when t h e n o i s e e x p o s u r e map o r a i r p o r t master p l a n i s u p d a t e d , should be s c h e d u l e d and budgeted by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r a s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e program. I n c l u d e d w i t h i n t h e f o r m a l i z e d r e v i e w s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h o s e problems o r d e f i c i e n c i e s i d e n t i f i e d d u r i n g t h e m o n i t o r i n g p r o c e s s and most n o t a b l y t h o s e p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e performance of t h e p l a n . The r e v i e w w i l l n o r m a l l y n o t be a s e x t e n s i v e a s t h e o r i g i n a l e f f o r t b u t should e s t a b l i s h whether t h e p l a n remains v i a b l e o r what a c t i o n s a r e n e c e s s a r y t o c o r r e c t e x i s t i n g o r f o r e c a s t d e f i c i e n c i e s . The t y p e s of a c t i v i t i e s i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e v i e w s h o u l d be:

( 1 ) A comparison of t h e c u r r e n t c o m p a t i b i l i t y of t h e a i r p o r t and i t s e n v i r o n s t o t h a t o u t l i n e d i n t h e program's g o a l s and o b j e c t i v e s .

( 2 ) A p p r a i s a l of t h e r a t e of growth of b o t h t h e community and a i r p o r t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c u r r e n t and f u t u r e adequacy of t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n .

( 3 ) Review of t h e a i r p o r t n o i s e e x p o s u r e map i n l i g h t of b o t h c u r r e n t and f o r e c a s t o p e r a t i o n s and t h e n o i s e performance l e v e l s of a i r c r a f t .

( 4 ) Review of t h e adequacy of c u r r e n t o p e r a t i o n a l c o n t r o l s i n m a i n t a i n i n g a i r c r a f t n o i s e w i t h i n t h e d e s i g n a t e d n o i s e impact a r e a s .

( 5 ) Review of t h e adequacy of t h e adopted development c o n t r o l s i n p r o t e c t i n g t h e d e s i g n a t e d n o i s e impact a r e a s from encroachment by n o i s e s e n s i t i v e u s e s .

( 6 ) Review of t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n s employed i n r e s o l v i n g e x i s t i n g u n p r o t e c t e d n o i s e s e n s i t i v e u s e s w i t h i n t h e n o i s e i m p a c t a r e a s .

c . Revised Programs. Revised programs should be s u b m i t t e d t o t h e R e g i o n a l D i r e c t o r i n t h e same manner a s t h e o r i g i n a l submission.

37.-199. RESERVED.

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CHAPTER 2. NOISE MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT

SECTION 1. NOISE FUNDAMENTALS

200. SOUND. T h i s s e c t i o n p r o v i d e s a c o n c e p t u a l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e a c o u s t i c a l m e t r i c s which c o m p r i s e t h e FAA approved "system" f o r a i r c r a f t n o i s e measurement. The sound e x p e r i e n c e d i n o u r e v e r y d a y l i v e s i s t h e r e s u l t of o b j e c t s o r b o d i e s b e i n g s e t i n t o v i b r a t i o n . T h i s v i b r a t i o n c a u s e s a m o t i o n i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a i r r e s u l t i n g i n a m i n u t e v a r i a t i o n i n a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e c a l l e d "sound p r e s s u r e . " T h i s sound p r e s s u r e forms t h e b a s i s t o measure sound and is u s u a l l y e x p r e s s e d a s a sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l i n d e c i b e l s which a r e d i m e n s i o n l e s s u n i t s e x p r e s s i n g l o g a r i t h m i c a l l y t h e r a t i o o f two v a l u e s ( i . e . , a measured q u a n t i t y and a r e f e r e n c e d v a l u e ) . Another i m p o r t a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of sound i s i t s " f r e q u e n c y . " The human e a r i s s e n s i t i v e t o f r e q u e n c i e s r a n g i n g from 20 t o 20,000 h e r t z ( c y c l e s p e r s e c o n d ) . The s i m p l e s t of a l l s o u n d s a r e t h o s e composed of a s i n g l e f r e q u e n c y . These s o u n d s are c a l l e d p u r e t o n e s . However, t h e sounds t o which p e o p l e a r e u s u a l l y exposed a r e much more complex, s i n c e t h e y a r e composed of many f r e q u e n c i e s , e a c h o c c u r r i n g s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a t i t s own sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l .

201. DECIBELS. Sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l i s a measure of t h e a m p l i t u d e of t h e s o u n d , w h i l e f r e q u e n c y r e l a t e s t o t h e s o u n d ' s p i t c h . The r a n g e of sound p r e s s u r e s of i n t e r e s t is r e p r e s e n t e d on t h e low end by t h e t h r e s h o l d of h e a r i n g of normal young p e o p l e and on t h e u p p e r end by t h e n o i s e of g u n f i r e a t c l o s e r a n g e . S t a t e d i n p h y s i c a l terms, t h i s sound p r e s s u r e r a n g e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y from 0.00002 t o 2,000 p a s c a l s . It i s c l e a r t h a t t h i s i s a tremendous r a n g e of sound p r e s s u r e s . An a n a l o g o u s problem would be t h a t of m e a s u r i n g l e n g t h s r a n g i n g from one i n c h t o 1575 m i l e s . Because a c o u s t i c s d e a l s w i t h t h e e f f e c t s of s m a l l c h a n g e s n e a r t h e t h r e s h o l d of h e a r i n g a s w e l l as t h e e f f e c t s of s m a l l c h a n g e s n e a r t h e u p p e r end of t h e s c a l e , a p r o p o r t i o n a l s c a l e is more a p p r o p r i a t e t h a n a l i n e a r s c a l e t o h a n d l e t h i s wide v a r i a t i o n i n sound p r e s s u r e . The s i m p l e s t m a t h e m a t i c a l s c a l e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h i s p u r p o s e i s t h e l o g a r i t h m i c o r d e c i b e l s c a l e . A d e c i b e l (dB) i s d e f i n e d a s t e n t i m e s t h e l o g a r i t h m ( t o t h e b a s e 1 0 ) of a power o r i n t e n s i t y r a t i o .

202. SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS. Sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l i s e x p r e s s e d a s 1 0 l o g ( p 2 / p o ~ ) , where Po i s t h e r e f e r e n c e p r e s s u r e and P i s t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e of a sound o v e r t h a t of a m b i e n t p r e s s u r e . T h i s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t w e n t y t i n e s t h e l o g a r i t h m of t h e r a t i o of t h e p r e s s u r e s . It i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t t h e r e f e r e n c e p r e s s u r e h a s been i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y s t a n d a r d i z e d a s 0.00002 p a s c a l s , which i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e t h r e s h o l d of human h e a r i n g . Because of t h e l o g a r i t h m i c n a t u r e of t h e d e c i b e l s c a l e , a sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l of 60 dB c o r r e s p o n d s t o a p r e s s u r e , n o t 60 t i m e s t h e r e f e r e n c e p r e s s u r e , b u t 1 0 0 0 t i m e s t h e r e f e r e n c e p r e s s u r e . Thus, 20 l o g (1000) = 20(3) = 60.

Chap 2 P a r 200 Page 11

203. A-WEIGHTED SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS (LA). Sound i s a p h y s i c a l phenomenon t h a t a f f e c t s many t h i n g s b e s i d e s p e o p l e . ' However, when sound i s

- ~

measured i n o r d e r t o relate^ t o t h e r e a c t i o n s of p e o p l e , it i s n e c e s s a r y t o u s e a measure which r e l a t e s t o t h e way human b e i n g s h e a r sound. It h a s been found t h a t p e o p l e a r e more s e n s i t i v e t o h i g h e r f r e q u e n c i e s ( t r e b l e ) t h a n lower f r e q u e n c i e s ( b a s s ) . That i s , t h e human ear d i s c r i m i n a t e s a g a i n s t lower f r e q u e n c i e s . N a t u r a l l y i f w e want t o measure sound i n a wa; which c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e way p e o p l e h e a r sound we want t o d u p l i c a t e t h e e a r ' s d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . T h i s i s accomplished e l e c t r i c a l l y u s i n g a d e v i c e c a l l e d a " w e i g h t i n g network." Because unweighted sound p r e s s u r e - l e v e l d i d n o t c o r r e l a t e w e l l w i t h human a s s e s s m e n t of t h e l o u d n e s s of sounds, w e i g h t i n g n e t w o r k s were added t o sound l e v e l m e t e r s t o a t t e n u a t e low and h i g h f r e q u e n c y n o i s e t o a p p r o x i m a t e t h e r e s p o n s e of t h e human e a r t o sound. One o f t h e s e w e i g h t i n g networks was d e s i g n a t e d "A" and was o r i g i n a l l y employed f o r sounds less t h a n 55 dB i n l e v e l . Now it is used f o r a l l l e v e l s . It i s measured i n d e c i b e l s which a r e u s u a l l y d e s i g n a t e d LA ( f o r m e r l y dBA). A-Weighted Sound Level h a s been found t o c o r r e l a t e w e l l w i t h p e o p l e ' s s u b j e c t i v e judgment. Its s i m p l i c i t y and s u p e r i o r i t y o v e r unwcighted sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l i n p r e d i c t i n g p e o p l e ' s r e s p o n s e t o n o i s e have made i t t h e most w i d e l y used n e t r i c f o r a s s e s s i n g t h e impact of a i r c r a f t n o i s e and f o r comparing t h a t n o i s e w i t h o t h e r community n o i s e s o u r c e s .

204. MEASUREMENT SYSTEM RESPONSE TIME. While t h e A-weighted sound l e v e l (LA) i s t h e b a s i c u n i t f o r most F e d e r a l , S t a t e , and l o c a l n o i s e s t a n d a r d s , v a r i a t i o n s do e x i s t i n i t s method of measurement. Sound l e v e l m e t e r s and o t h e r n o i s e measuring systems a r e c a p a b l e of o p e r a t i n g i n s e v e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c modes, such a s "slow," " f a s t , " "impulse," and "peak."

. B a s i c a l l y , t h e s e modes d i f f e r i n t h e way i n which t h e o u t p u t v a l u e ( i n d i c a t e d sound l e v e l r e a d i n g ) f o l l o w s r a p i d changes i n t h e i n p u t sound l e v e l . The h i g h e r speed r e s p o n s e s a r e o f t e n u s e f u l i n a r c h i t e c t u r a l , i n d u s t r i a l and r e s e a r c h a c o u s t i c s . However, f o r most community and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n o i s e s o u r c e s t h e "slow" r e s p o n s e i s p r e f e r r e d since. e x p e r i e n c e h a s shown t h a t i t p r o v i d e s t h e most r e p e a t a b l e d a t a . Thus, i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e ASNA Act r e q u i r e m e n t s , t h e FAA u s e s a f a m i l y of r e l a t e d n o i s e u n i t s based on t h e slow r e s p o n s e , A-weighted sound l e v e l (LAS). FAR P a r t 1 5 0 i n c o r p o r a t e d by r e f e r e n c e I n t e r n a t i o n a l E l e c t r o t e c h n i c a l Commission P u b l i c a t i o n No. 1 7 9 , e n t i t l e d " P r e c i s i o n Sound Level M e t e r s , " d a t e d 1973. T h i s document s p e c i f i e s t e c h n i c a l s t a n d a r d s f o r b o t h t h e system r e s p o n s e and t h e A-weighting network.

205.-219. RESERVED.

SECTION 2. NOISE MEASUREMENTS

220. MEASURING SINGLE AIRCRAFT EVENTS. P a r t 1 5 0 s p e c i f i e s u s e of t h e s l o w r e s p o n s e A-weighted sound l e v e l LA^ i n d e c i b e l s f o r measuring s i n g l e e v e n t s . Measurements of a i r c r a f t n o i s e made i n t h i s u n i t can be d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o sound l e v e l s of s u r f a c e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n o i s e s o u r c e s s i n c e s t a n d a r d s f o r t h e measurement of n o i s e from t h e s e o t h e r s o u r c e s a l s o u s e

LAs. Many communities t h r o u g h o u t t h e U.S. have l o c a l n o i s e o r d i n a n c e s which u s e t h i s u n i t . LAS i s a l s o t h e n e t r i c used i n FAA Advisory C i r c u l a r 36-3B, E s t i m a t e d A i r p l a n e Noise L e v e l s i n A-Weighted D e c i b e l s . Host U.S. and f o r e i g n a i r p o r t s w i t h n o i s e m o n i t o r i n g systems p r o v i d e LA^ i n f o r m a t i o n . There i s a l s o a s i n g l e e v e n t i n t e g r a t e d A-weighted sound

Chap 2 Page 1 2 P a r 2 0 3

l e v e l ( L m ) which i s d i f f e r e n t from t h e maximum A-weighted sound l e v e l (LAS) d e s c r i b e d i n p a r a g r a p h s 204 and 220. LAE ( s o m e t i m e s a l s o known a s t h e Sound E x p o s u r e L e v e l ) is t h e l e v e l of a n e q u i v a l e n t one-second d u r a t i o n r e f e r e n c e s i g n a l . T h i s m e t r i c q u a n t i f i e s t h e e f f e c t of b o t h d u r a t i o n and m a g n i t u d e f o r a s i n g l e e v e n t measured above a s p e c i f i e d t h r e s h o l d . The L m i s sometimes b e s t u n d e r s t o o d as t h e d o s e of n o i s e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a s i n g l e e v e n t . A s u r v e y program a t a n a i r p o r t which p r o v i d e s a v e r a g e LAE d a t a f o r s p e c i f i c a i r c r a f t t y p e c a t e g o r i e s c a n be u s e d t o compute Ldn v a l u e s , one method of v a l i d a t i n g computer g e n e r a t e d n o i s e c o n t o u r s .

221. AIRPORT CUMULATIVE NOISE EXPOSURES. While p e o p l e c e r t a i n l y r e s p o n d t o t h e n o i s e of s i n g l e e v e n t s ( p a r t i c u l a r l y t o t h e l o u d e s t s i n g l e e v e n t i n a s e r i e s ) , t h e l o n g - r a n g e e f f e c t s of p r o l o n g e d e x p o s u r e t o n o i s e a p p e a r t o b e s t c o r r e l a t e w i t h c u m u l a t i v e m e t r i c s . Such a u n i t p r o v i d e s a s i n g l e number which is e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e t o t a l n o i s e e x p o s u r e o v e r a s p e c i f i e d t i m e p e r i o d . Thus, c u m u l a t i v e n o i s e u n i t s a r e based on b o t h t i m e and l e v e l . d a y - n i g h t a v e r a g e sound l e v e l ( L ~ , ) s p e c i f i e d as t h e n o i s e m e t r i c f o r c u m u l a t i v e e x p o s u r e u n d e r P a r t 1 5 0 is s u c h a u n i t . S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e Ldn i s t h e y e a r l y a v e r a g e of t h e A-weighted sound l e v e l i n t e g r a t e d o v e r a 24-hour p e r i o d . It a l s o i n c o r p o r a t e s a 1 0 dB s t e p f u n c t i o n w e i g h t i n g a i r c r a f t e v e n t s between 10:OO p.m. and 7:00 a.n. t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e i n c r e a s e d annoyance t o n o i s e d u r i n g t h e n i g h t h o u r s .

The

t o

222. BASIC RECOMMENDED NOISE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM. A recommended b a s i c n o i s e measurement s y s t e m and s u g g e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g i t s u s e and m a i n t e n a n c e i s i n c l u d e d i n Appendix 3 .

223. VALIDATION OF NOISE CONTOURS. One of t h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e s of many n o i s e measurement programs is t o v a l i d a t e computer g e n e r a t e d n o i s e c o n t o u r s . The u n d e r s t a n d i n g of a few i m p o r t a n t c o n c e p t s ( l i s t e d below) p r o v i d e s t h e b a s i s f o r c u m u l a t i v e n o i s e e x p o s u r e e s t i m a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s .

a . . Y e a r l y a v e r a g e a i r p o r t n o i s e e x p o s u r e c o n t o u r s a r e e s t i m a t e s of a c t u a l a v e r a g e a i r p o r t n o i s e e x p o s u r e .

b. A c t u a l a i r p o r t n o i s e e x p o s u r e a t any p o i n t on t h e ground may be a p p r o x i m a t e d by t h e e n e r g y a v e r a g e ( o v e r a y e a r ' s t i m e ) of t h e d a i l y Ldn v a l u e s f o r t h a t p o i n t .

c . The a c t u a l d a i l y Ldn v a l u e f o r any g i v e n l o c a t i o n w i l l v a r y f r o m d a y t o day. A l a r g e set of d a t a a c q u i r e d a t Washington N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t and D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t ( 2 4 l o c a t i o n s o v e r 500 d a y s ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s i n Ldn are g e n e r a l l y 2 dB o r l e s s .

C t t p 2 P a r 220 Page 13

d. For d a i l y Ldn s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s of 2 dB, it can be shown from s i m p l e s t a t i s t i c a l t h e o r y t h a t a sample of 1 0 d a y s (Ldn) w i l l

p r o v i d e a n e s t i m a t e of t h e a c t u a l y e a r l y Ldn a c c u r a t e w i t h i n 1 dB w i t h 90 p e r c e n t c o n f i d e n c e . his "sample of 10"r e q u i r e m e n t i n v o l v e s the a s s u m p t i o n t h a t measurements a r e conducted on days when no b i a s e x i s t s i n t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n . I n o r d e r t o a s s u r e "average" c o n d i t i o n s over t h e 1 0 d a y s , it i s recommended t h a t d a t a be a c q u i r e d f o r each d i r e c t i o n of a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e p r o p e r ( a n n u a l ) p e r c e n t .

e. Thus one way t o e s t i m a t e t h e y e a r l y Ldn v a l u e i s t o conduct 10 random ( r e p r e s e n t a t i v e ) 24 hour measurement s u r v e y s . Measurement equipment i s a v a i l a b l e which, l e f t u n a t t e n d e d , can measure t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e d a i l y Ldn v a l u e s .

f . I n l i e u of c o n d u c t i n g 24 hour c o n t i n u o u s measurements i n o r d e r t o a c q u i r e a days Ldn d a t a , it is p o s s i b l e t o conduct a s h o r t e r sample and t h e n e s t i m a t e t h e Ldn. The method of e x t r a p o l a t i o n must be c a r e f u l l y documented and must d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e s h o r t sample i s " r e p r e s e n t a t i v e " of t h e a v e r a g e o p e r a t i o n d u r i n g t h e day. The r e q u i r e m e n t of 10 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e d a y s remains a r e q u i r e m e n t f o r e s t i m a t i n g t h e y e a r l y a v e r a g e Ldn. Two " s h o r t e r t h a n 24 hour" sampling t e c h n i q u e s a r e a v a i l a b l e . One i n v o l v e s m e a s u r i n g t h e n o i s e d u r i n g a p e r i o d i n which t h e mix of a i r c r a f t and t h e n u ~ b e r of a i r c r a f t a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of d a i l y a v e r a g e v a l u e s . C a l c u l a t i o n s a r e t h e n needed f o r t h e n i g h t t i m e w e i g h t i n g and t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e p r e s e n t n i g h t t i m e o p e r a t i o n s and c u r f e w r e s t r i c t i o n s ( i f a p p l i c a b l e ) t o a r r i v e a t a n e s t i m a t e of Edn f o r t h e day. The second t e c h n i q u e i n v o l v e s q u a n t i f y i n g a v e r a g e s i n g l e e v e n t LAE v a l u e s by a i r c r a f t type. The a v e r a g e LAE d a t a must r e f l e c t y e a r l y a v e r a g e v a r i a b i l i t y f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r a i r c r a f t t y p e . The y e a r l y a v e r a g e Ldn i s t h e n computed from t h e mean LAE d a t a a l o n g w i t h a knowledge of t h e a i r p o r t mix and t h e d a i l y o p e r a t i o n s s c h e d u l e . T h i s t e c h n i q u e however, i n v o l v e s c e r t a i n d i f f i c u l t t o answer q u e s t i o n s :

( 1 ) How many measurements a r e needed f o r each a i r c r a f t t y p e ?

( 2 ) How many measurements on any one day?

( 3 ) How many t o t a l days of sampling?

Because of d i f f i c u l t y i n i d e n t i f y i n g a s t a t i s t i c a l r a t i o n a l e , one nay choose t o u s e t h e f i r s t t e c h n i q u e d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s s u b p a r a g r a p h .

224. VALIDATION NOISE MEASUREMENTS VERSUS MICRO-SAMPLE SURVEY PIEASUREMENTS. I n any measurement program t h e r e is t h e t r a d e o f f t o be c o n s i d e r e d between t h e s i a t i s t i c a l c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l f o r t h e meaasured d a t a and t h e a v a i l a b l e manpower and time. I n s u r v e y work, t h e u s u a l o b j e c t i v e i s t o a c h i e v e a p r a c t i c a l 1 e v e l . o f a c c u r a c y a t many l o c a t i o n s r a t h e r t h a n h i g h l y a c c u r a t e d a t a a t a few. When c o n d u c t i n g a s h o r t s u r v e y which i n c l u d e s numerous m e a s u r e n e n t l o c a t i o n s and a s i n g l e measurement system, one i m p l i c i t l y

Chap 2 Page 1 4 P a r 223

a c c e p t s t h e medium a c c u r a c y c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s u r v e y . These survey-measured l e v e l s a c c u r a t e l y r e p r e s e n t t h e a c o u s t i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t a t t h e t i m e of t h e measurement. S h o r t s a m p l e s o r s u r v e y s remain t h e most e f f e c t i v e means ( g i v e n l i m i t e d t i m e o r r e s o u r c e s ) f o r q u a n t i f y i n g t h e m a g n i t u d e o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l n o i s e problems which a f f e c t l a r g e a r e a s of a m e t r o p o l i s . I f s u r v e y t y p e measurements a r e u t i l i z e d , it i s i m p o r t a n t t o i d e n t i f y them a s s u c h . I n p r e s e n t i n g s i n g l e e v e n t s u r v e y d a t a one s h o u l d i n d i c a t e means, s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s , and sample s i z e s . Care s h o u l d be t a k e n t o a v o i d a s s i g n i n g s t a t i s t i c a l c o n f i d e n c e l i m i t s t o e s t i m a t e d d a i l y Ldn v a l u e s b a s e d on s u r v e y d a t a u n l e s s t h e a n a l y t i c a l and c o m p u t a t i o n a l p r o c e s s i s c l e a r l y s e t f o r t h . T h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n i s even more i m p o r t a n t when e s t a b l i s h i n g a n e s t i m a t e of y e a r l y a v e r a g e Ldn b a s e d on s u r v e y d a t a a l o n e .

225. AIRCRAFT NOISE EXPOSURE PREDICTION REFINEMENT PROCEDURE. The f l o w d i a g r a m shown i n F i g u r e 1 s e t s o u t t h e p r o c e s s by which FAA approved n o i s e c o n t o u r s c a n be r e f i n e d . D e t a i l e d modeling r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e p r o v i d e d i n S e c t i o n 3 a l o n g w i t h FAA a p p r o v e d p r o c e d u r e s and s t a n d a r d s . The key f e a t u r e o f t h i s p r o c e s s i s t h e " f e e d b a c k loop" p r o v i d e d by Ldn d a t a a c q u i r e d e i t h e r from c o n t i n u o u s a i r p o r t n o i s e m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m s o r from l i m i t e d f i e l d measurement programs. T h i s p r e d i c t i o n r e f i n e m e n t p r o c e s s ( F i g u r e 1 ) a l l o w s t h e c o n t o u r a n a l y s t a c h a n c e t o r e e v a l u a t e t h e i n p u t a s s u m p t i o n s and s e e k a r e a s o n a b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r d i f f e r e n c e s ( i f a n y ) between measured and p r e d i c t e d v a l u e s . I f s u i t a b l e j u s t i f i c a t i o n s can be p r o v i d e d , t h e a n a l y s t r e r u n s t h e n o i s e p r e d i c t i o n n o d e l w i t h new o r m o d i f i e d i n p u t s . heo ore tic all^, s e v e r a l i t e r a t i o n s c o u l d be r u n i f j u s t i f i e d on t h e b a s i s of

b e t t e r i n p u t a s s u m p t i o n s .

226. CONTINUOUS AIRPORT NOISE MONITORING SYSTEMS. T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l o p t i o n a l m e a s u r e s which may be u n d e r t a k e n a s p a r t of a n a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program and which c a n enhance i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s . C o n t i n u o u s a i r p o r t n o i s e m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m s f a l l i n t o t h i s c a t e g o r y . Such s y s t e m s can p r o v i d e i m p o r t a n t i n p u t t o t h e p r o c e s s of r e f i n i n g a i r p o r t n o i s e c o n t o u r s . ( C o n t a c t ME-120 f o r s p e c i f i c d e t a i l s ) . I n b r i e f , any FAA a p p r o v e d n o i s e m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m would have t h e f o l l o w i n g minimum c a p a b i l i t i e s :

a . P r o v i d e s c o n t i n u o u s measurement of dBA a t e a c h s i t e .

b: P r o v i d e s h o u r l y Leq d a t a .

c . P r o v i d e s d a i l y Ldn d a t a .

d. P r o v i d e s s i n g l e e v e n t maximum A-weighted sound l e v e l d a t a . D e s i r a b l e b u t n o n e s s e n t i a l c a p a b i l i t i e s i n c l u d e :

Chap 2 Page 15

P a r 224

AIRCRAFT NOISE EXPOSURE PREDICTION

L

Analysis Input Data I ,

I

C

11

FAA Approval

- 12

7 7 1

4 R o p d prediction model input adjustment

A

other FAA approval

Noise Model

I1 __ Initial R w l t (Iterrtlon 1)

Optlorul additional refinement - Compare results

Refined Prediction (I!errtlon 2) 1 1

Noisa Measurement or 1 FAA Approved 1

FIGURE 1

Chap 2 Page 16 P a r 226

( 1 ) A r r c r a f t e v e n t drscrrmrnat ron crbrlrty.

( 2 ) S r n g l e e v e n t LA^ d a t a f o r each a r r c r a f t e v e n t .

( 3 ) D r f Ferent rar ron between ambrent and a r r c r a f t c o n t r l b u t ~ o n s ta h o u r l y Leq and Ldn.

(4) H o n l t o r r n g d a t a can be used t o d e v e l o p a s t a t r s t r c a l d a t a base o f nouse l e v e l s for each a i r c r a f t t y p e c a t e g o r y .

227 .-229. RESERVED.

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P a r 226

SECTION 3. NOISE EXPOSURE .PREDICTION, ..

230. PREDICTION ANALYSIS TOOL. Only a computer-based m a t h e m a t i c a l model i s c a p a b l e of p r e d i c t i n g t h e n o i s e impacb a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e o p e r a t i o n of a complex a i r p o r t and p r o j e c t i n g t h a t i m p a c t t i some f u t u r e pe;iod., FAA a p p r o v a l of a model is c o n d i t i o n a l on t h e c a p a b i l i t y of t h a t model t o p r o d u c e t h e r e q u i r e d p u t p u t and t h e p u b l i c a v a i l a b i l i t y of t h e model t o p r o v i d e i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s ,the o p p o r t u n i t y t o s u b s t a n t i a t e t h e r e s u 1 , t s . Accuracy of a n o i s e p r e d i c t i o n model 1s measured by t h e s t a t i s t i c a l c o m p a r i s o n of t h e n o i s e e x p o s u r e c a l c u l a t i o n s d e r i v e d from t h e d a t a b a s e and o b s e r v a t i o n s of t h e n o i s e e m i t t e d d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n s of similar a i r c r a f t t y p e s . S t a t i s t i c a l l y a d e q u a t e s a m p l e s of o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e o b t a i n e d o v e r p e r i o d s of a y e a r o r more.

231. INTEGRATED NOISE MODEL (INM). The FAA's I n t e g r a t e d N o i s e Model is t h e s t a n d a r d p r e d i c t i o n a n a l y s i s t o o l t o which a l l computer-based a i r p o r t n o i s e e x p o s u r e models a r e compared. The I N M c a l c u l a t e s t h e t o t a l impac; of a i r c r a f t n o i s e a t o r a r o u n d a i r p o r t s . Although t h i s n o i s e e x p o s u r e l e v e l c a n be p r e s e n t e d i n c o n t o u r s of e q u a l n o i s e e x p o s u r e f o r any one of t h e f o l l o w i n g n o i s e m e a s u r e s ; N o i s e Exposure F o r e c a s t ( N E F ), E q u i v a l e n t Sound L e v e l ( L e q ) , Day-Night and Community Noise Average Sound L e v e l ( L ~ ~ ) , E q u i v a l e n t L e v e l (CISEL); o n l y t h e Ldn i s approved f o r u s e w i t h P a r t 150. I n J a n u a r y 1 9 7 8 , t h e FAA r e l e a s e d V e r s i o n 1 of INM t o p r o v i d e a n a n a l y t i c a l t o o l f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s t u d i e s . I n September 1 9 7 9 , t h e FAA r e l e a s e d V e r s i o n 2, a n improvement t o t h e f i r s t v e r s i o n , w i t h a n expanded d a t a b a s e and a d d i t i o n a l i n p u t o p t i o n s . V e r s i o n 3 r e f l e c t s f u r t h e r enhancements i n t h e method of d e t e r m i n i n g n o i s e i m p a c t s and i n t h e d a t a b a s e of i n d i v i d u a l a i r c r a f t n o i s e and performance. FAA h a s s h i p p e d m a g n e t i c t a p e s of t h e INM t o government o f f i c e s , c o n s u l t a n t s and v a r i o u s f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s . Tapes a r e a l s o a l r e a d y i n t h e p o s s e s s i o n of s e v e r a l commercial computer t i m e - s h a r e v e n d o r s , t h u s o f f e r i n g broad a c c e s s i b i l i t y on n a t i o n a l and e v e n i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l s . Wider d i s t r i b u t i o n i s e n v i s i o n e d f o r l a t e r v e r s i o n s which w i l l be more r e a d i l y a d a p t a b l e t o a v a r i e t y of l a r g e c o m p u t e r s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e FAA h a s c o n d u c t e d a n INM v a l i d a t i o n p r o j e c t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a c c u r a c y of b o t h t h e c o m p u t a t i o n a l methods a n d d a t a b a s e of t h e model by comparing t h e model's n o i s e e x p o s u r e c a l c u l a t i o n s w i t h measured l e v e l s . The f i r s t phase of v a l i d a t i o n was a n a n a l y s i s of a i r c a r r i e r f l i g h t s o v e r t h e m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m a t Washington N a t i o n a l and D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t . I n f o r m a t i o n on t h e c o n t i n u i n g v a l i d a t i o n p r o j e c t , a v a i l a b i l i t y of I N M documents and t a p e s can be o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h t h e O f f i c e of Environment and Energy (AEE-120).

232. INPUT REQUIREMENTS. The f i r s t s t e p i n r u n n i n g a n a i r p o r t c a s e s t u d y i s t o g a t h e r t h e n e c e s s a r y d a t a and o r g a n i z e i t i n t h e way which i s r e c o g n i z e d by t h e computer program. While t h e INM and similar models a r e accompanied w i t h s e t s of a i r c r a f t n o i s e and p e r f o r m a n c e i n f o r m a t i o n , i n f o r m a t i o n on ' a i r p o r t g e o m e t r y and a i r c r a f t movements is a l s o n e c e s s a r y .

Chap 2 P a r 230

Page 1 8

The g a t h e r i n g of i n f o r m a t i o n is a t i m e consuming p r o c e s s . Care must be t a k e n i n d e f i n i n g program i n p u t , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s i n which a c l e a r c u t c h o i c e does n o t e x i s t among s i m i l a r i t e m s . There i s a l s o t h e problem of c o n f l i c t i n g e s t i m a t e s of t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n s from t h e a i r p o r t manager, tower c h i e f , a i r l i n e o p e r a t o r s and o t h e r s . The f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n needs t o be o b t a i n e d f o r i n p u t t o INM computer program:

a . A n a p of t h e a i r p o r t and i t s e n v i r o n s a t a n a d e q u a t e l y d e t a i l e d s c a l e n o t l e s s t h a n 1 i n c h t o 8,000 f e e t . It should i n d i c a t e runway l e n g t h , a l i g n m e n t s , l a n d i n g t h r e s h o l d s , t a k e o f f s t a r t - o f - r o l l p o i n t s , and f l i g h t t r a c k s o u t t o a t l e a s t 30,000 f e e t from t h e end of each runway. The l o c a t i o n s of t h e nominal f l i g h t t r a c k s a r e i m p o r t a n t . Exposure t o a i r c r a f t n o i s e i s h i g h e s t d i r e c t l y u n d e r n e a t h t h e f l i g h t p r o f i l e .

b. A i r p o r t a c t i v i t y l e v e l s and o p e r a t i o n a l d a t a which w i l l i n d i c a t e , on an a n n u a l a v e r a g e - d a i l y - b a s i s , t h e number of a i r c r a f t , by t y p e , which u t i l i z e e a c h f l i g h t t r a c k , i n b o t h t h e day t i m e (7:OO a.m. t o 10:OO p.m.) and n i g h t t i m e (10 p.m. t o 7 a.m.) p e r i o d s f o r b o t h l a n d i n g s and t a k e o f f s . The I N M o f f e r s a wide s e l e c t i o n of a i r c r a f t t y p e s from which t o choose. However, t h e model does n o t c o n t a i n e v e r y c o n b i n a t i o n of a i r c r a f t and e n g i n e t y p e s . D e c i s i o n s on e q u i v a l e n t t y p e s must be c a r e f u l l y t h o u g h t o u t with r e s p e c t t o p o s s i b l e r a m i f i c a t i o n s t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of exposure.

c. Landing g l i d e s l o p e s , g l i d e s l o p e i n t e r c e p t a l t i t u d e s , and o t h e r p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n needed t o e s t a b l i s h approach p r o f i l e s , a l o n g w i t h t h e

. e n g i n e power s e t t i n g f o r e a c h a i r c r a f t t y p e t o f l y t h a t approach p r o f i l e .

d. Takeoff f l i g h t p r o f i l e s ( t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of a l t i t u d e t o d i s t a n c e from s t a r t - o f - r o l l and a s s o c i a t e d e n g i n e power s e t t i n g s f o r e a c h a i r c r a f t t y p e t o f l y t h a t t a k e o f f p r o f i l e ) ; t h e s e d a t a must r e f l e c t t h e use of n o i s e abatement d e p a r t u r e p r o c e d u r e s and, i f a p p l i c a b l e , t h e t a k e o f f 'weight of t h e a i r c r a f t o r some proxy f o r weight such a s s t a g e l e n g t h . The I N M d a t a base c o n t a i n s a s e t of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p r o f i l e s f o r each a i r c r a f t t y p e . The I N M p r o f i l e s conform t o a w i d e l y used p r o c e d u r e . However, l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s may p r e c l u d e t h e u s e of t h e s e p r o f i l e s i n f a v o r of a l o c a l s t a n d a r d p r o c e d u r e .

e. Any t o p o g r a p h i c a l o r a i r s p a c e r e s t r i c t i o n s which p r e c l u d e t h e use of a l t e r n a t i v e f l i g h t t r a c k s .

f . Government f u r n i s h e d d a t a d e p i c t i n g a i r c r a f t n o i s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The s t a n d a r d d a t a can be r e f i n e d w i t h o n - s i t e measurements by t h e p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 2 3 4 .

g. A i r p o r t e l e v a t i o n , wind c o n d i t i o n s and a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e .

233. ACCURACY. As i s t h e c a s e w i t h any computer program o r w i t h any p r e d i c t i o n method, t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e o u t p u t of t h e I n t e g r a t e d Noise Model- i s d i r e c t l y dependent upon the- a p p r o p r i a t e ~ e s s , c o m p l e t e n e s s , and a c c u r a c y of t h e i n p u t d a t a . Use a s i n p u t of a v e r a g e f l i g h t t r a c k s , f l i g h t p r o c e d u r e s , a i r c r a f t t y p e s and mix, and t h e s c h e d u l e of o p e r a t i o n s can

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d e g r a d e t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e p r e d i c t e d c o n t o u r s . F u r t h e r , t h e e f f e c t s of l o c a l topography, w e a t h e r , b u i l d i n g s , e t c . , c a u s e v a r i a t i o n s from p o i n t t o p o i n t a l o n g a c o n t o u r . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e INM computer n o i s e p r e d i c t i o n model i n e s t i m a t i n g t h e y e a r l y a v e r a g e Ld, v a l u e a t any s p e c i f i c g e o g r a p h i c a l p o i n t has been e s t i m a t e d t o be Ldn 75 c o n t o u r s + 3- dB and Ldn 65 c o n t o u r s + 5 dB w i t h t h e a v e r a g e e r r o r over a l l p o i n t s a l o n g t h e c o n t o u r t e n d & towards z e r o .

2 3 4 . USE OF EEASUREMENTS INREFINING/vALIDATING PREDICTIONS. On completion of a n o i s e e x p o s u r e map, one may f i n d t h a t t h e n o i s e c o n t o u r s v a r y somewhat from measured c o n d i t i o n s due t o e x t e r n a l i n f l u e n c e s t h a t a r e not &=counted f o r i n t h e INM. T h i s problem i s n o t unexpected f o r a s o p h i s t i c a t e d model s u c h a s I N M , s i n c e i t is v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o compensate and model f o r a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s t h a t i n f l u e n c e t h e n o i s e environment. I f a permanent and c o n t i n u o u s n o i s e m o n i t o r i n g system i s i n p l a c e , t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r may be a b l e t o c a l i b r a t e t h e model s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t h a t a i r p o r t . The d a t a . a c q u i s i t i o n w i l l a s s i s t t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r i n i d e n t i f y i n g s p e c i f i c problem a r e a s based upon o n - s i t e measurements. A n o i s e m o n i t o r i n g system may a l s o a l l o w t h e o p e r a t o r t o f i n e t u n e o r c a l i b r a t e t h e o u t p u t of t h e INM f o r s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n s t h a t c a n n o t o t h e r w i s e be accounted f o r . Thus t h e o p e r a t o r may be a b l e t o improve t h e n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program and t h e n o i s e e x p o s u r e map.

2 3 5 . NOISE COMPATIBILITY PREDICTION. D i f f e r e n t u s e s of t h e l a n d have d i f f e r e n t s e n s i t i v i t i e s t o n o i s e . I n d i v i d u a l s may each have d i f f e r e n t p e r c e p t i o n s of what i s an a c c e p t a b l e o r an i n t r u d i n g l e v e l of n o i s e . The background o r r e s i d u a l n o i s e a g a i n s t which a s p e c i f i c n o i s e i s p e r c e i v e d v a r i e s b o t h by l o c a t i o n and by time of day. Even t h e s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n of t h e r e c e i v e r , s u c h a s o u t d o o r , i n d o o r w i t h windows open o r c l o s e d , a s w e l l a s one's a c t i v i t y of t h e moment a f f e c t t h e p e r c e p t i o n of a n o i s e a s i n t r u d i n g o r n o t i n t r u d i n g . R e g a r d l e s s of t h e human a c t i v i t y , however, t h e a s s o c i a t e d n o i s e s e n s i t i v i t y must be t r a n s l a t e d i n t o a l a n d use c a t e g o r y f o r p l a n n i n g and r e g u l a t o r y p u r p o s e s . The ASNA Act r e q u i r e s t h e FAA t o i d e n t i f y l a n d u s e s t h a t a r e "normally compatible" o r "noncompatible" w i t h v a r i o u s l e v e l s of n o i s e e x p o s u r e by i n d i v i d u a l s . This was done i n P a r t 150 and i s used i n d e v e l o p i n g and r e v i e w i n g a i r p o r t n o i s e exposure maps and a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs. It i s i m p o r t a n t t o r e c o g n i z e , however, t h a t l a n d u s e g u i d e l i n e s ( e v e n t h o s e a d o p t e d by r e g u l a t i o n ) a r e a p l a n n i n g t o o l and a s s u c h p r o v i d e g e n e r a l i n d i c a t i o n s a s t o whether p a r t i c u l a r l a n d u s e s a r e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c e r t a i n measured o r c a l c u l a t e d n o i s e e x p o s u r e l e v e l s .

2 3 6 . BASIS FOR NOISE COMPATIBILITY. The a d v e r s e e f f e c t s of n o i s e e x p o s u r e on people can be grouped i n t o t h r e e g e n e r a l c a t e g o r i e s : d e g r a d a t i o n of h e a l t h , a t t i t u d i n a l r e a c t i o n s , and a c t i v i t y i n t e r f e r e n c e . The f i r s t c a t e g o r y , which i n c l u d e s h e a r i n g l o s s , i s n o t normally e n c o u n t e r e d from a i r c r a f t s o u r c e s a t any p o i n t o u t s i d e t h e a i r p o r t boundary. However, t h e n o i s e l e v e l s d e f i n i n g t h e t h r e s h o l d s of i n t e r f e r e n c e with n o i s e - s e n s i t i v e human a c t i v i t i e s , s u c h a s s l e e p and speech t h r e s h o l d s , a r e lower and a i r p o r t n o i s e can a f f e c t c o m p a t i b i l i t y o r n o n c o m p a t i b i l i t y .

a . I n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h human a c t i v i t y . These may g e n e r a l l y be grouped a s s l e e p i n t e r f e r e n c e ; s p e e c h i n t e r f e r e n c e ; i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h s t u d y , c o n c e n t r a t i o n , o r c r i t i c a l t a s k s ; i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h t h e performing a r t s ; i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h o u t d o o r a c t i v i t i e s ; and i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h warning sounds.

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The g a t h e r i n g of i n f o r m a t i o n is a t i m e consuming p r o c e s s . Care must be t a k e n i n d e f i n i n g program i n p u t , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s i n which a c l e a r c u t c h o i c e does n o t e x i s t among s i m i l a r i t e m s . There is a l s o t h e problem of c o n f l i c t i n g e s t i m a t e s of the a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n s from t h e a i r p o r t manager, tower c h i e f , a i r l i n e o p e r a t o r s and o t h e r s . The f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n needs t o be o b t a i n e d f o r i n p u t t o INM computer program:

a . A n a p of t h e a i r p o r t and i t s e n v i r o n s a t a n a d e q u a t e l y d e t a i l e d s c a l e n o t l e s s t h a n 1 i n c h t o 8,000 f e e t . It should i n d i c a t e runway l e n g t h , a l i g n m e n t s , l a n d i n g t h r e s h o l d s , t a k e o f f s t a r t - o f - r o l l p o i n t s , and f l i g h t t r a c k s o u t t o a t l e a s t 30,000 f e e t from t h e end of each runway. The l o c a t i o n s of t h e nominal f l i g h t t r a c k s a r e i m p o r t a n t . Exposure t o a i r c r a f t n o i s e i s h i g h e s t d i r e c t l y u n d e r n e a t h t h e f l i g h t p r o f i l e .

b. A i r p o r t a c t i v i t y l e v e l s and o p e r a t i o n a l d a t a which w i l l i n d i c a t e , on a n a n n u a l a v e r a g e - d a i l y - b a s i s , t h e number of a i r c r a f t , by t y p e , which u t i l i z e e a c h f l i g h t t r a c k , i n b o t h t h e day t i m e (7:OO a.m. t o 10:OO p.m.) and n i g h t t i m e ( 1 0 p.m. t o 7 a.m.) p e r i o d s f o r b o t h l a n d i n g s and t a k e o f f s . The INM o f f e r s a wide s e l e c t i o n of a i r c r a f t t y p e s from which t o choose. However, t h e model does n o t c o n t a i n e v e r y combination of a i r c r a f t and e n g i n e t y p e s . D e c i s i o n s on e q u i v a l e n t t y p e s must be c a r e f u l l y t h o u g h t o u t with r e s p e c t t o p o s s i b l e r a m i f i c a t i o n s t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of exposure.

c. Landing g l i d e s l o p e s , g l i d e s l o p e i n t e r c e p t a l t i t u d e s , and o t h e r p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n needed t o e s t a b l i s h approach p r o f i l e s , a l o n g w i t h t h e e n g i n e power s e t t i n g f o r e a c h a i r c r a f t t y p e t o f l y t h a t approach p r o f i l e .

d. Takeoff f l i g h t p r o f i l e s ( t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of a l t i t u d e t o d i s t a n c e from s t a r t - o f - r o l l and a s s o c i a t e d e n g i n e power s e t t i n g s f o r each a i r c r a f t t y p e t o f l y t h a t t a k e o f f p r o f i l e ) ; t h e s e d a t a must r e f l e c t t h e use of n o i s e abatement d e p a r t u r e p r o c e d u r e s and, i f a p p l i c a b l e , t h e t a k e o f f weight of t h e a i r c r a f t o r some proxy f o r weight such a s s t a g e l e n g t h . The I N M d a t a base c o n t a i n s a set of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p r o f i l e s f o r each a i r c r a f t t y p e . The INM p r o f i l e s conform t o a w i d e l y used p r o c e d u r e . However, l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s may p r e c l u d e t h e u s e of t h e s e p r o f i l e s i n f a v o r of a l o c a l s t a n d a r d p r o c e d u r e .

e. Any t o p o g r a p h i c a l o r a i r s p a c e r e s t r i c t i o n s which p r e c l u d e t h e use of a l t e r n a t i v e f l i g h t t r a c k s .

f . Government f u r n i s h e d d a t a d e p i c t i n g a i r c r a f t n o i s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The s t a n d a r d d a t a can be r e f i n e d w i t h o n - s i t e measurements by t h e p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 234.

g. A i r p o r t e l e v a t i o n , wind c o n d i t i o n s and a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e .

2 3 3 - ACCURACY. A s i s t h e c a s e w i t h any computer program o r w i t h any p r e d i c t i o n method, t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e o u t p u t of t h e I n t e g r a t e d Noise Model i s d i r e c t l y dependent upon t h e a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s , c o m p l e t e n e s s , and a c c u r a c y of t h e i n p u t d a t a . Use a s i n p u t of a v e r a g e f l i g h t t r a c k s , f l i g h t p r o c e d u r e s , a i r c r a f t t y p e s and mix, and t h e s c h e d u l e of o p e r a t i o n s can

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P a r 232 Page 1 9

d e g r a d e t h e a c c u r a c y of $he p r e d i c t e d c o n t o u r s . F u r t h e r , t h e e f f e c t s of l o c a l topography, w e a t h e r , b u i l d i n g s , etc., c a u s e v a r i a t i o n s from p o i n t t o p o i n t a l o n g a c o n t o u r . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e a c c u r a c y of t h e I N M computer n o i s e p r e d i c t i o n model i n e s t i m a t i n g t h e y e a r l y a v e r a g e Ldn v a l u e a t any s p e c i f i c g e o g r a p h i c a l p o i n t has been e s t i m a t e d t o be Ldn 75 c o n t o u r s + 3- dB and Ldn 65 c o n t o u r s + 5 dB w i t h t h e a v e r a g e e r r o r o v e r a l l p o i n t s a l o n g t h e c o n t o u r t e n d & towards z e r o .

2 3 4 . USE OF IIEASUREMENTS I N REFINING9VALIDATING PREDICTIONS. On completion of a n o i s e e x p o s u r e map, one may f i n d t h a t t h e n o i s e c o n t o u r s v a r y somewhat from measured c o n d i t i o n s due t o e x t e r n a l i n f l u e n c e s t h a t a r e not accounted f o r i n t h e INM. T h i s problem i s n o t unexpected f o r a s o p h i s t i c a t e d model s u c h a s I N M , s i n c e i t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o compensate and model f o r a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s t h a t i n f l u e n c e t h e n o i s e environment. I f a permanent and c o n t i n u o u s n o i s e m o n i t o r i n g system is i n p l a c e , t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r may be a b l e t o c a l i b r a t e t h e model s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r t h a t a i r p o r t . The d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n w i l l a s s i s t t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r i n i d e n t i f y i n g s p e c i f i c problem a r e a s based upon o n - s i t e measurements. A n o i s e m o n i t o r i n g system may a l s o a l l o w t h e o p e r a t o r t o f i n e t u n e o r c a l i b r a t e t h e o u t p u t of t h e INM f o r s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n s t h a t c a n n o t o t h e r w i s e be accounted f o r . Thus t h e o p e r a t o r may be a b l e t o improve t h e n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program and t h e n o i s e e x p o s u r e map.

2 3 5 . NOISE COMPATIBILITY PREDICTION. D i f f e r e n t u s e s of t h e l a n d have d i f f e r e n t s e n s i t i v i t i e s t o n o i s e . I n d i v i d u a l s may each have d i f f e r e n t p e r c e p t i o n s of what is an a c c e p t a b l e o r an i n t r u d i n g l e v e l of n o i s e . The background o r r e s i d u a l n o i s e a g a i n s t which a s p e c i f i c n o i s e is p e r c e i v e d v a r i e s b o t h by l o c a t i o n and by t i m e of day. Even t h e s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n of t h e r e c e i v e r , s u c h a s o u t d o o r , i n d o o r w i t h windows open o r c l o s e d , a s w e l l a s o n e ' s a c t i v i t y of t h e moment a f f e c t t h e p e r c e p t i o n of a n o i s e a s i n t r u d i n g o r n o t i n t r u d i n g . R e g a r d l e s s of t h e human a c t i v i t y , however, t h e a s s o c i a t e d n o i s e s e n s i t i v i t y must be t r a n s l a t e d i n t o a l a n d use c a t e g o r y f o r p l a n n i n g and r e g u l a t o r y p u r p o s e s . The ASNA Act r e q u i r e s t h e FAA t o i d e n t i f y l a n d u s e s t h a t a r e "normally compatible" o r w i t h v a r i o u s " n o n ~ o m p a t i b l e ~ ~ l e v e l s of n o i s e e x p o s u r e by i n d i v i d u a l s . T h i s was done i n P a r t 150 and i s used i n d e v e l o p i n g and r e v i e w i n g a i r p o r t n o i s e exposure maps and a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs. It i s i m p o r t a n t t o r e c o g n i z e , however, t h a t l a n d u s e g u i d e l i n e s ( e v e n t h o s e a d o p t e d by r e g u l a t i o n ) a r e a p l a n n i n g t o o l and a s s u c h p r o v i d e g e n e r a l i n d i c a t i o n s a s t o whether p a r t i c u l a r l a n d u s e s a r e a p p r o p r i a t e f o r c e r t a i n measured o r c a l c u l a t e d n o i s e e x p o s u r e l e v e l s .

2 3 6 . BASIS FOR NOISE COMPATIBILITY. The a d v e r s e e f f e c t s of n o i s e e x p o s u r e on people can be grouped i n t o t h r e e g e n e r a l c a t e g o r i e s : d e g r a d a t i o n of h e a l t h , a t t i t u d i n a l r e a c t i o n s , and a c t i v i t y i n t e r f e r e n c e . The f i r s t c a t e g o r y , which i n c l u d e s h e a r i n g l o s s , is n o t normally e n c o u n t e r e d from a i r c r a f t s o u r c e s a t any p o i n t o u t s i d e t h e a i r p o r t boundary. However, t h e n o i s e l e v e l s d e f i n i n g t h e t h r e s h o l d s of i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h n o i s e - s e n s i t i v e human a c t i v i t i e s , s u c h a s s l e e p and speech t h r e s h o l d s , a r e lower and a i r p o r t n o i s e can a f f e c t c o m p a t i b i l i t y o r n o n c o m p a t i b i l i t y .

a . I n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h human a c t i v i t y . These may g e n e r a l l y be grouped a s s l e e p i n t e r f e r e n c e ; s p e e c h i n t e r f e r e n c e ; i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h s t u d y , c o n c e n t r a t i o n , o r c r i t i c a l t a s k s ; i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h t h e performing a r t s ; i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h o u t d o o r a c t i v i t i e s ; and i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h warning sounds.

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( 1 ) S l e e p I n t e r f e r e n c e . I n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h s l e e p a c t i v i t y i s c r i t i c a l i n h o s p i t a l s , n u r s i n g homes, and c e r t a i n o t h e r h e a l t h f a c i l i t i e s , and i s i m p o r t a n t i n i n d i v i d u a l homes. The z e r o i n t e r f e r e n c e t h r e s h o l d i n s i d e s u c h h e a l t h f a c i l i t i e s i s 40 dBA ( R e p o r t No. DOT-FAA-AEQ-77-9, S t u d y of S o u n d p r o o f i n g P u b l i c B u i l d i n g s Near A i r p o r t s , A p r i l 1 9 7 7 ) . T e s t s have shown t h a t a b o u t 1 0 p e r c e n t of p e o p l e s l e e p i n g i n a l a b o r a t o r y e n v i r o n m e n t who were e x p o s e d t o a n o i s e l e v e l of 5 0 dBA were awakened. Most r e s i d e n c e s h a v e a m b i e n t n o i s e l e v e l s t h a t a r e h i g h e r t h a n m i g h t be e x p e c t e d i n a l a b o r a t o r y . Due t o t h i s h i g h e r background n o i s e l e v e l , fewer t h a n 10 p e r c e n t of t h o s e exposed t o 50-55 dBA of i n t e r i o r n o i s e from a i r c r a f t would be e x p e c t e d t o be awakened ( M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington A i r p o r t P o l i c y , Supplement t o t h e August 1 9 8 0 E n v i r o n m e n t a l Impact S t a t e m e n t , F i n a l , September 1 9 8 1 ) .

( 2 ) Speech I n t e r f e r e n c e . I n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h s p e e c h i s most c r i t i c a l i n l e a r n i n g e n v i r o n m e n t s s u c h a s c l a s s r o o m s . It h a s been d e t e r m i n e d t o be somewhat l e s s c r i t i c a l i n o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s where speech communications a r e i m p o r t a n t . A t sound l e v e l s g r e a t e r t h a n 45 dBA s p e e c h i n t e r f e r e n c e c a n b e g i n t o o c c u r ( a t d i s t a n c e s of a b o u t 25 t o 30 f e e t ) i n a c l a s s r o o m . ( S t u d y of S o u n d p r o o f i n g P u b l i c B u i l d i n g s , e t . a l ) .

( 3 ) S t u d y , C o n c e n t r a t i o n , and C r i t i c a l T a s k s . These t h r e s h o l d s a r e more d i f f i c u l t t o i d e n t i f y t h a n a r e t h o s e f o r s l e e p o r s p e e c h i n t e r f e r e n c e and a r e e v e n more s u b j e c t i v e . To a c o n s i d e r a b l e d e g r e e , t h e s e t h r e s h o l d s a r e d e p e n d e n t upon t h e i n d i v i d u a l r e c i p i e n t , t h e t a s k a t hand, t h e background n o i s e t h r o u g h which t h e s p e c i f i c n o i s e i n t r u d e s , and t h e i m p u l s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e n o i s e . The a b s e n c e of r e c o g n i z e d s t a n d a r d s s h o u l d n o t , however, p r e v e n t a d e q u a t e c o n s i d e r a t i o n b e i n g g i v e n t o t h e s e s e n s i t i v e t a s k s whenever it i s a p p r o p r i a t e .

b. R e l a t i o n s h i p t o S e l f - G e n e r a t e d Noise. P a r t 150 d i r e c t s t h a t no u s e o r a c t i v i t y s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d t o be n o n c o m p a t i b l e a s a r e s u l t of a i r p o r t n o i s e i f i t s own s e l f - g e n e r a t e d n o i s e e q u a l s o r e x c e e d s t h e a i r p o r t n o i s e .

c . R e l a t i o n s h i p t o Background Noise. S t e a d y s t a t e background ( a m b i e n t ) n o i s e which e q u a l s o r e x c e e d s t h e maximum n o i s e r e s u l t i n g from - i n d i v i d u a l a i r c r a f t e v e n t s e f f e c t i v e l y masks u s e s i n t h e immediate l o c a l e from a i r c r a f t n o i s e i m p a c t . Hence, P a r t 1 5 0 d i r e c t s t h a t no u s e s i n s u c h a n a r e a s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d t o be i n c o m p a t i b l e . However, s u c h c a s e s c a n be d e t e r m i n e d o n l y by a n a l y z i n g t h e a v e r a g e 24 hour p a t t e r n of a m b i e n t n o i s e and comparing i t w i t h t h e t i m e of day d i s t r i b u t i o n of a i r c r a f t e v e n t s .

d. Noise A t t e n u a t i o n . A t t e n u a t i o n of n o i s e , o r o u t d o o r t o i n d o o r N o i s e L e v e l R e d u c t i o n (NLR) t h r o u g h b l o c k i n g of n o i s e p a t h s o r s o u n d p r o o f i n g m e a s u r e s c a n r e d u c e t h e i n t r u s i v e - i m p a c t s of n o i s e . Where a p p r o p r i a t e , NLR may be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y of i n d o o r u s e s o r a c t i v i t i e s . Inasmuch a s t h i s i m p l i e s t h a t windows and d o o r s must be c l o s e d a n d t h a t a i r conditioning o r a r t i f i c i a l v e n t i l a t i o n must be u s e d , due c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o t h e l i v i n g e n v i r o n m e n t and q u a l i t y of l i f e b e f o r e u s i n g NLR t o p l a c e i n d i v i d u a l r e s i d e n c e s o r s c h o o l s i n t o a " c o m p a t i b l e " d e s i g n a t i o n . C o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d a l s o be g i v e n t o t h e p o s s i b l e i m p a c t s upon o u t d o o r and i n d o o r - o u t d o o r l i v i n g and a c t i v i t i e s .

Chap 2 ' P a r 236 Page 21

2 3 7 . LAND USE COMPATIBILITY TABLE. FAR P a r t 150 c o n t a i n s a t a b l e , l a n d Use C o m p a t i b i l i t y With Y e a r l y Day-night Average Sound L e v e l s , i d e n t i f y i n g l a n d u s e s t h a t a r e " n o r m a l l y c o m p a t i b l e " o r "noncompatible" w i t h v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f n o i s e exposure. Appendix 1 c o n t a i n s t h a t t a b l e , b u t expands t h e l i s t of u s e s under most c a t e g o r i e s i n o r d e r t o be more u s e f u l . The expanded l a n d u s e d e s c r i p t i o n s are based upon t h e S t a n d a r d Land Use Coding Manual (SLUCM) p u b l i s h e d by t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and t h e Department of Housing and Urban Development i n 1965. The l e v e l s of n o i s e e x p o s u r e , i n y e a r l y day-night a v e r a g e sound l e v e l s (Ldn) c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e c o n t o u r s r e q u i r e d t o be shown on A i r p o r t Noise Exposure Maps. The t a b l e i n d i c a t e s c o m p a t i b i l i t y of t h e l a n d u s e s w i t h t h e o u t d o o r n o i s e environment. By comparing t h e p r e d i c t e d o r measured y e a r l y Ldn l e v e l a t a p a r t i c u l a r s i t e w i t h t h e v a l u e s g i v e n i n t h e t a b l e t h e r a n g e of c o m p a t i b l e u s e s may b e d e t e r m i n e d . I n u s i n g t h e l a n d u s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y t a b l e , t h e f o l l o w i n g c a u t i o n s s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d :

a . Ldn c o n t o u r s i n d i c a t e t h e b o u n d a r i e s l i n e s between a r e a s of a c c e p t a b l e o r u n a c c e p t a b l e n o i s e e x p o s u r e s f o r t h e v a r i o u s l a n d u s e s i n Appendix I. The c o n t o u r s do i n d i c a t e t h e t r e n d i n r e l a t i v e n o i s e l e v e l s . However, v e g e t a t i o n , l a n d c o n t o u r s , and t h e p o s i t i o n of b u i l d i n g s o r w a l l s may o f t e n a f f e c t t h e impact of n o i s e on t h e human u s e r s a t a s p e c i f i c s i t e .

b. Ldn l e v e l s may v a r y somewhat above o r below t h e p r e d i c t e d l e v e l s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r l o c a t i o n , depending upon l o c a l topography and v e g e t a t i o n , and upon f i n a l a i r c r a f t l o a d i n g s and o p e r a t i o n s .

c. Although a l l l a n d u s e s may be c o n s i d e r e d a s n o r m a l l y c o m p a t i b l e w i t h n o i s e l e v e l s l e s s t h a n 65 Ldn, l o c a l n e e d s and v a l u e s may d i c t a t e f u r t h e r d e l i n e a t i o n based on s p e c i f i c l o c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a s w e l l a s low ambient l e v e l s .

d. When a p p r o p r i a t e , n o i s e l e v e l r e d u c t i o n may be a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h i n c o r p o r a t i o n of sound a t t e n u a t i o n i n t o t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of a s t r u c t u r e t o a c h i e v e c o m p a t i b i l i t y . However, more s p e c i f i c n o i s e measurement and a n a l y s i s i s g e n e r a l l y a d v i s a b l e p r i o r t o i n c u r r i n g t h e e x p e n s e of s u c h sound t r e a t m e n t . The c a u t i o n s mentioned i n p a r a g r a p h 236d s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d when a p p l y i n g Noise L e v e l Reduction (NLR) t o r e s i d e n t i a l u s e s o r o t h e r u s e s where indoor-outdoor a c t i v i t i e s a r e i m p o r t a n t .

e. Other l o c a l n o i s e s o u r c e s may o f t e n c o n t r i b u t e a s much a s o r more t h a n a i r c r a f t t o t h e t o t a l n o i s e e x p o s u r e a t a s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n .

f . C o m p a t i b i l i t y d e s i g n a t i o n s i n t h e t a b l e g e n e r a l l y r e f e r t o t h e major u s e of t h e site. I f o t h e r u s e s w i t h g r e a t e r s e n s i t i v i t y t o n o i s e a r e p e r m i t t e d a t a s i t e , t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s based upon t h e u s e which i s n o s t a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d by n o i s e .

Chap 2 Page 22 P a r 237

g. D e s i g n a t i o n s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e t a b l e do n o t c o n s t i t u t e a F e d e r a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t a n y u s e of l a n d c o v e r e d by t h e program i s a c c e p t a b l e o r u n a c c e p t a b l e under F e d e r a l , S t a t e , o r l o c a l l a w . The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a c c e p t a b i l i t y and p e r m i s s i b l e l a n d u s e s r e m a i n s w i t h t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s .

h. A l t h o u g h T a b l e 2 o f FAR P a r t 1 5 0 d e f i n e s t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y o r n o n c o m p a t i b i l i t y of v a r i o u s l a n d u s e s f o r t h e p u r p o s e s of F e d e r a l a i d , programs, o r s a n c t i o n s under t h e ASNA Act, a d j u s t m e n t s o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s of t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e l a n d u s e c a t e g o r i e s may be d e s i r a b l e a f t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n of s p e c i f i c l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s .

238. INTERPRETATION OF NOISE EXPOSURE MAPS. Note t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e p r o c e s s o f p l o t t i n g n o i s e c o n t o u r s o n t o l o c a l l y g e n e r a t e d l a n d u s e maps may i n t r o d u c e a d e g r e e of c h a r t i n g i m p r e c i s i o n , e s p e c i a l l y r e l a t i v e t o p r o p e r t y l i n e s o n t h e l a n d u s e map. For t h e p u r p o s e of S e c t i o n 1 0 7 of t h e ASNA Act, as amended, q u e s t i o n s may a r i s e c o n c e r n i n g t h e p r e c i s e r e l a t i o n s h i p of s p e c i f i c p r o p e r t i e s t o n o i s e e x p o s u r e c o n t o u r s d e p i c t e d on a n o i s e e x p o s u r e map s u b m i t t e d under S e c t i o n 1 0 3 o f t h a t Act. The FAA i s n o t i n v o l v e d i n a n y way i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e r e l a t i v e l o c a t i o n s of s p e c i f i c p r o p e r t i e s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e d e p i c t e d n o i s e c o n t o u r s , o r i n i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e n o i s e e x p o s u r e map t o r e s o l v e q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g which p r o p e r t i e s s h o u l d be c o v e r e d by t h e p r o v i s i o n s of S e c t i o n 107. These f u n c t i o n s a r e i n s e p a r a b l e from t h e u l t i m a t e l a n d u s e c o n t r o l and p l a n n i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f l o c a l government. T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e d e t a i l e d o v e r l a y i n g o f n o i s e e x p o s u r e c o n t o u r s o n t o t h e map of s u b j a c e n t p r o p e r t i e s o n t h e s u r f a c e r e s t s e x c l u s i v e l y w i t h t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r which s u b m i t t e d t h o s e maps, a n d / o r w i t h t h o s e p u b l i c a g e n c i e s and p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s w i t h which c o n s u l t a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d under S e c t i o n 1 0 3 o f t h e Act. I n i t s d e c i s i o n s t o a c c e p t n o i s e e x p o s u r e maps, t h e FAA r e l i e s on t h e c e r t i f i c a t i o n s , by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r t h a t t h i s s t a t u t o r i l y . r e q u i r e d c o n s u l t a t i o n h a s been a c c o m p l i s h e d .

239.-299. RESERVED.

Chap 2 P a r 237 Page 23 and 24

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CHAPTER 3 . AIRPORT NOISE COMPATIBILITY PLAXTING

SECTION 1. ELEMENTS OF AIRPORT NOISE PLANNING

300. GENERAL. T h i s c h a p t e r d i s c u s s e s t h e a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s and forms t h e p r i m a r y background f o r p r e p a r i n g a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs u n d e r FAR P a r t 150. I n a d d i t i o n , n o i s e c o n t r o l and n o i s e i m p a c t a b a t e m e n t a c t i o n s a v a i l a b l e t o b o t h a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r and n e i g h b o r i n g c o r n u n i t i e s a r e d i s c u s s e d . Equal e m p h a s i s i s p l a c e d upon u r b a n p l a n n i n g a n d a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n a l s o l u t i o n s . Throughout t h e c h a p t e r , e m p h a s i s w i l l be p l a c e d upon r e d u c t i o n of a i r p o r t n o i s e ( p r e s e n t and f u t u r e ) t o t h e p r a c t i c a l minimum; long-term p r o t e c t i o n of t h e agreed-upon n o i s e i m p a c t a r e a s from development w i t h n o n c o m p a t i b l e u s e s ; a n d a c t i o n s t o r e d u c e t h e n o n c o m p a t i b i l i t i e s r e m a i n i n g w i t h i n t h o s e n o i s e i m p a c t a r e a s t o a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l s .

301. NOISE COMPATIBILITY PLANNING. A i r p o r t Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n i n g i s a j o i n t p l a n n i n g e f f o r t which e x a n i n e s and weighs b o t h a v i a t i o n and u r b a n p l a n n i n g s t r a t e g i e s i n s e e k i n g long-term s o l u t i o n s t o e x i s t i n g and o r f u t u r e n o i s e c o n f l i c t s a r o u n d a n a i r p o r t . L o c a l c o n s u l t a t i o n and c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n a r e key e l e m e n t s of t h e p r o c e s s . T h i s i n c l u d e s t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of a i r p o r t u s e r s , a f f e c t e d l o c a l governments and a i r p o r t n e i g h b o r s , as w e l l as t h e a i r p o r t 1 s o p e r a t o r . S e c t i o n 1 0 3 o f t h e ASNA Act r e q u i r e s t h a t n o i s e e x p o s u r e maps be p r e p a r e d i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h p u b l i c a g e n c i e s and p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s i n a r e a s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e a i r p o r t . FAR P a r t 1 5 0 r e q u i r e s c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e u s e r s and t h e a g e n c i e s w i t h l a n d u s e c o n t r o l j u r i s d i c t i o n o r p l a n n i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s l y i n g w i t h i n t h e a i r p o r t ' s 6 5 Ldn c o n t o u r . C i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e p l a n n i n g and d e c i s i o n m a k i n g p r o c e s s e s which a f f e c t t h e i r l i v e s and p r o p e r t y i s now r e c o g n i z e d a s a c o r n e r s t o n e of p l a n n i n g and s h o u l d be i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h a t p r o c e s s . See FAA Advisory C i r c u l a r 150/5050-4, C i t i z e n P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n A i r p o r t P l a n n i n g , and R e p o r t No. FAA-EE-79-06, Community Involvement Manual, f o r more d e t a i l on t h i s s u b j e c t .

302. SCOPE OF THE PLANNING EFFORT. The s c o p e of t h e p l a n n i n g e f f o r t w i l l , o f c o u r s e , v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y , d e p e n d i n g upon t h e e x t e n t and c o m p l e x i t y of t h e n o i s e problems a t a a i r p o r t . However, t h e p l a n n i n g e f f o r t s h o u l d be s u f f i c i e n t t o i d e n t i f y t h e most v i a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e of t h o s e which m i g h t be p r o p o s e d , t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t i t i s e q u i t a b l e t o t h o s e a f f e c t e d , and t h a t i s f u l l y i m p l e m e n t a b l e . T h i s p l a n n i n g s h o u l d be i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e e x i s t i n g o r ongoing comprehensive p l a n n i n g f o r t h e r e g i o n i n v o l v e d and s h o u l d be r e a l i s t i c i n i t s r e g a r d f o r m o n e t a r y c o s t s and i t s a b i l i t y t o g e n e r a t e t h e l o c a l p l a n n i n g and l a n d u s e c o n t r o l a c t i o n s n e c e s s a r y f o r i t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n and l o n g e v i t y . FAA d o e s n o t r e g u l a t e o r d i r e c t t h e c o n s u l t a t i v e p r o c e s s of l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s , b u t w i l l r e l y on t h e c e r t i f i c a t i o n by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r , u n d e r S e c t i o n 150.21 o f P a r t 1 5 0 , c o n c e r n i n g s u c h c o n s u l t a t i o n .

Chap 3 P a r 300 P a g e 2 5

303. THE CONTEXT OF AIRPORT NOISE PLANS. The A i r p o r t Noise C o m p a t i b i l i t y P l a n n i n g Program s h o u l d be viewed as a more d e t a i l e d segment of - t h e o v e r a l l c o m p r e h e n s i v e p l a n n i n g f o r t h e a r e a . It s h o u l d f i r s t d e t e r m i n e t h e e x t e n t o f e x i s t i n g p r o b l e m s ( i f a n y ) and t h e e f f e c t s o f a i r p o r t and a i r t r a f f i c g r o w t h t r e n d s , and t h e n d e t e r m i n e t h e n e e d s and v a l u e s of b o t h t h e a i r p o r t u s e r s a n d t h o s e i m p a c t e d by t h e a i r p o r t . The p l a n n i n g program must e x p l o r e w i t h e q u a l v i g o r b o t h a v i a t i o n and u r b a n p l a n n i n g s o l u t i o n s t o t h e problems. Each v i a b l e s o l u t i o n o r c o m b i n a t i o n o f s o l u t i o n s i s t h e n t e s t e d a g a i n s t t h e r e a l i t i e s of t h e s o c i a l , economic, and e n v i r o n m e n t a l n e e d s of t h e community(s) s e r v e d and of t h e S t a t e and t h e N a t i o n . It s h o u l d a l s o b e r e c a l l e d t h a t a v i a t i o n g r o w t h i s n o t o n l y a f u n c t i o n of community growth b u t a l s o t h e p e r c a p i t a u s a g e of a v i a t i o n .

304. THE OBJECTIVES OF PART 1 5 0 PLANNING. The o b j e c t i v e of t h e p l a n n i n g e f f o r t i s t o f i n d r e a s o n a b l e s o l u t i o n s t o t h e n o i s e problems and t o p r e s e n t s o l u t i o n s t h a t c a n be implemented. A l t h o u g h FAA e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s e s s m e n t of t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program i s n o t r e q u i r e d p r i o r t o FAA a p p r o v a l o r d i s a p p r o v a l w i t h i n t h e 1 8 0 d a y r e v i e w p e r i o d , e a c h e l e m e n t o r c o m b i n a t i o n of e l e m e n t s g o i n g i n t o t h e program s h o u l d be c a p a b l e o f p a s s i n g s u c h a test p r i o r t o i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . F a i l u r e t o do s o may s e r i o u s l y d e l a y FAA f u n d i n g o f p r o j e c t s t o c a r r y o u t approved programs i f , t h r o u g h t h e s p o n s o r ' s f a i l u r e t o a d e q u a t e l y a s s e s s t h o s e i m p a c t s , t h e FAA i s f o r c e d t o d e a l w i t h t h e s e i m p a c t s w i t h o u t a d e q u a t e e n v i r o n n e n t a l d a t a a t t h e f u n d i n g s t a g e . FAR P a r t 1 5 0 a l s o r e q u i r e s t h a t a d e q u a t e p r o v i s i o n be i n c l u d e d f o r p e r i o d i c r e v i e w a n d u p d a t i n g of t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program t o a c c o u n t f o r c h a n g e s i n a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n s .

305. USE OF LOCAL OR STATE STANDARDS. The l a n d u s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y c h a r t (Appendix 1 ) i s d e r i v e d from FAR P a r t 1 5 0 and c o n t a i n s l a n d u s e s t h a t h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d a s " n o r m a l l y c o m p a t i b l e " w i t h v a r i o u s l e v e l s of n o i s e . The v a l u e s f o r r e s i d e n t i a l u s e s a r e b a s e d upon s t u d i e s o f n o i s e - i n d u c e d annoyance. For o t h e r l a n d u s e s , t h e v a l u e s a r e b a s e d p r i m a r i l y upon n o i s e - i n d u c e d i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h s p e e c h c o m n u n i c a t i o n o r upon i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h t h e c r i t i c a l a c t i v i t y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e use. However, i n a p p l y i n g t h e t a b l e , i t s h o u l d be k e p t i n mind t h a t no two communities a r e l i k e l y t o h a v e s i t u a t i o n s o r v a l u e s y s t e m s t h a t a r e i d e n t i c a l . ' A d j u s t m e n t s t o t h e l a n d - u s e c a t e g o r i e s and n o i s e l e v e l s may be n e c e s s a r y i n c o n s i d e r i n g s p e c i f i c l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s . These d e c i s i o n s s h o u l d be made e a r l y i n t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s . C i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h i s key e l e m e n t o f t h e p l a n n i n g i s a d v i s a b l e .

306. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES. Development o f r e a s o n a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s i s t h e n u c l e u s of t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s . The o b j e c t i v e i s t o e x p l o r e a wide r a n g e of f e a s i b l e o p t i o n s and a l t e r n a t i v e c o m p o s t i o n s of l a n d u s e p a t t e r n s , n o i s e c o n t r o l a c t i o n s , and n o i s e impact p a t t e r n s , s e e k i n g optimum accommodation of b o t h a i r p o r t u s e r s and a i r p o r t n e i g h b o r s w i t h i n a c c e p t a b l e s a f e t y , economic, a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p a r a m e t e r s . C o n s i d e r a t i o n of a l t e r n a t i v e s s h o u l d a d d r e s s b o t h p h y s i c a l p l a n n i n g and t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a s p e c t s of proposed s o l u t i o n s . It i s , however, u n l i k e l y t h a t any s i n g l e o p t i o n , by i t s e l f , w i l l be c a p a b l e of t o t a l l y s o l v i n g t h e p r o b l e m ( s ) w i t h o u t h a v i n g o b j e c t i o n a l i m p a c t s of i t s own. Some of t h e o p t i o n s may have l i t t l e or no v a l u e i n t h e s i t u a t i o n ,

Chap 3 P a g e 26 P a r 303

e s p e c i a l l y i f u s e d a l o n e . R e a l i s t i c a l t e r n a t i v e s , t h e n , w i l l n o r m a l l y c o n s i s t o f c o m b i n a t i o n s o f t h e v a r i o u s o p t i o n s i n ' m y s which o f f e r more c o m p l e t e s o l u t i o n s w i t h more a c c e p t a b l e i m p a c t s o r c o s t s . Each a l t e r n a t i v e c o n s i d e r e d s h o u l d : have t h e p o t e n t i a l o f r e s o l v i n g t h e p r o b l e m ( s ) ; be i m p l e m e n t a b l e w i t h i n a c c e p t a b l e economic, e n v i r o n m e n t a l , and s o c i a l c o s t s ; a n d b e l e g a l l y i m p l e m e n t a b l e w i t h i n e x i s t i n g S t a t e l F e d e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n a n d / o r r e g u l a t i o n . B r i e f summations o r e s t i m a t e s i n d i c a t i n g how t h e s e c r i t e r i a a r e t o be met s h o u l d be p r e p a r e d f o r e a c h a l t e r n a t i v e . A s u f f i c i e n t l y wide r a n g e of a l t e r n a t i v e s s h o u l d be d e v e l o p e d t o a s s u r e t h a t a l l r e a s o n a b l e r o u t e s t o t h e u l t i m a t e s o l u t i o n have b e e n e x p l o r e d and t h a t t h e r e i s a s u f f i c i e n t l y b r o a d r a n g e of c h o i c e s a v a i l a b l e t o g i v e c r e d i b i l i t y t o t h e s t u d i e s . The m a t r i x o f n o i s e c o n t r o l a c t i o n s shown i n F i g u r e 2 o n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e , w h i l e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y e x h a u s t i v e , i l l u s t r a t e s a n a r r a y of o p t i o n s o r p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n s t o a c r o s s s e c t i o n o f n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p r o b l e m s .

RESERVED.

SECTION 2. AIRPORT PROPRIETOR OPTIONS

320. DENIAL OF USE TO AIRCRAFT NOT MEETING FEDERAL NOISE STANDARDS. T h i s s t r a t e g y may b e implemented by l i m i t i n g a c c e s s t o t h e a i r p o r t t o a i r c r a f t t h a t c o n f o r m w i t h c e r t a i n FAR P a r t 36 s t a n d a r d s . Most t u r b o j e t s and o t h e r l a r g e a i r c r a f t produced a f t e r 1974 a l r e a d y meet t h o s e s t a n d a r d s ; s o do most p r o p e l l e r - d r i v e n l i g h t a i r p l a n e s . I n a d d i t i o n , o l d e r t u r b o j e t s o v e r 75,000 l b s . maximum g r o s s w e i g h t must ( u n d e r FAR P a r t 91) be e i t h e r r e t r o f i t t e d w i t h q u i e t e n g i n e s o r b e r e p l a c e d by c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c d a t e s . The ASNA Act a l s o d i r e c t s t h a t c e r t a i n c l a s s e s of a i r c r a f t be exempt from c o m p l i a n c e w i t h FAA n o i s e s t a n d a r d s u n t i l c e r t a i n d a t e s . D e n i a l o f t h e u s e o f a n a i r p o r t t o s u c h a i r c r a f t p r i o r t o t h e P a r t 9 1 o r ASNA Act p r e s c r i b e d r e t i r e m e n t d a t e s n i g h t f o r c e some owners t o r e t r o f i t o r r e p l a c e t h e a i r c r a f t t o m e e t P a r t 36 s t a n d a r d s i n o r d e r t o c o n t i n u e t o o p e r a t e a t t h e a i r p o r t d u r i n g t h e i n t e r i m p e r i o d . .To t h i s e x t e n t , s u c h l o c a l r u l e s a r e i n c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e F e d e r a l scheme and s h o u l d be a v o i d e d .

321. CAPACITY LIMITS BASED ON NOISE. A i r p o r t u s e r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e s o m e t i m e s b a s e d upon n o i s e l i m i t s . However, s u c h r e s t r i c t i o n s o f t e n h a v e uneven economic c o n s e q u e n c e s and s h o u l d be employed o n l y a f t e r c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e s and a f t e r t h o r o u g h c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e a f f e c t e d p a r t i e s . Some of t h e f o r m s t h a t s u c h r e s t r i c t i o n s might t a k e a r e a s f o l l o w s :

a . R e s t r i c t i o n s b a s e d on c u m u l a t i v e i m p a c t . Under t h i s s t r a t e g y , a maximum c u m u l a t i v e i m p a c t ( s u c h a s t h e t o t a l a r e a w i t h i n t h e Ldn 75 c o n t o u r ) i s e s t a b l i s h e d and t h e n t h e a i r p o r t ' s o p e r a t i o n s a r e a d j u s t e d o r l i m i t e d s o as t o n o t e x c e e d t h a t maximum. T h i s i s done t h r o u g h " c a p a c i t y l i m i t a t i o n s , " e.g., l i m i t i n g e i t h e r t h e a i r c r a f t t y p e s based upon t h e i r n o i s i n e s s , o r t h e numbers and mix of a i r c r a f t s o a s t o r e s p e c t t h e e s t a b l i s h e d c u m u l a t i v e n o i s e e x p o s u r e r e s t r i c t i o n .

Chap 3 P a r 306 P a g e 27 and 28

FIGURE 2

MATRIX OF NOISE CONTROL ACTIONS

AIRPORT AND

MANAGEMENT Establish Citizen Complaint Mechanism .......Establish Community Participation 23 b Program

* These are examples of restrictions that involve FAA's responsibility for safe implementation. They should not be accomplished unilaterly by the airport operator.

Chap 3 Par321 . Page 29

b. R e s t r i c t i o n s b a s e d upon c e r t i f i c a t e d n o i s e l e v e l s . Most a i r c r a f t t y p e s i n g e n e r a l s e r v i c e t o d a y have been c e r t i f i c a t e d f o r n o i s e by t h e FAA. C o n s e q u e n t l y , i t p o s s i b l e t o d e v i s e l i m i t a t i o n s b a s e d upon t h o s e c e r t i f i c a t e d d a t a . Such l i m i t a t i o n s m i g h t t a k e t h e form o f t h r e s h o l d n o i s e l e v e l s ' f o r t h e a i r p o r t o r d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s f o r day and n i g h t a t t h e a i r p o r t .

c . R e s t r i c t i o n s b a s e d upon e s t i m a t e d s i n g l e e v e n t n o i s e l e v e l s . S i n c e a i r c r a f t n o i s e l e v e l s v a r y w i d e l y w i t h c h a n g e s i n o p e r a t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s , i t may be p o s s i b l e t o s e t i i m i t s on e s t i m a t e d - s i n g l e e v e n t a o i s e l e v e l s . However, i t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t t h i s d o e s n o t mean t h a t t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r o r community c a n s e t up a microphone and a n o i s e l e v e l l i m i t a n d c h a l l e n g e t h e p i l o t s t o " b e a t t h e box." The FAA c o n s i d e r s t h i s t o be u n s a f e and h a s n e v e r approved s u c h a scheme. I n s t e a d , a t a r g e t n o i s e l e v e l l i m i t o r t h r e s h o l d i s d i s c u s s e d i n a d v a n c e w i t h t h e FAA and t h e a i r c r a f t o p e r a t o r s and a n a p p r o p r i a t e l e v e l i s s e l e c t e d , b a l a n c i n g t h e n e e d s o f a v i a t i o n and t h e n o i s e i m p a c t s on t h e community. FAA A d v i s o r y C i r c u l a r 36-3B, E s t i m a t e d A i r p l a n e N o i s e L e v e l s i n A-Weighted D e c i b e l s i s u s e f u l w i t h t h i s o p t i o n .

322. NOISE ABATEMENT TAKEOFF OR APPROACH PROCEDURES. A b a s i c n o i s e m i t i g a t i o n s t r a t e g y i s t h e u s e of n o i s e a b a t e m e n t t a k e o f f and l a r i d i n g p r o c e d u r e s . T h e r e a r e a number of a l t e r n a t i v e s w i t h i n t h i s s t r a t e g y , i n c l u d i n g runway s e l e c t i o n , t a k e o f f and l a n d i n g p r o f i l e s and power s e t t i n g s , a n d a p p r o a c h o r d e p a r t u r e p a t h s . Runway s e l e c t i o n h a s a n o b v i o u s r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h wind v e c t o r s , runway l e n g t h s , a i r c r a f t peformance and t o l e r a n c e f o r c r o s s w i n d s , and s a f e t y . W i t h i n t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s , however, t h e r e i s o f t e n a s i g n i f i c a n t r a n g e o f a c c e p t a b l e o p t i o n s . Some of t h e s e o p t i o n s may w e l l o f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t r e l i e f t o t h e a i r p o r t ' s n o i s e i m p a c t p r o b l e m s , e s p e c i a l l y when l i n k e d w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e l a n d i n g and t a k e o f f p r o f i l e s and a p p r o a c h - d e p a r t u r e p a t h s . Takeoff and l a n d i n g p r o f i l e s and t h e i r a t t e n d e n t power and f l a p s e t t i n g s c a n be a d j u s t e d s o as t o o f f e r r e l i e f t o e i t h e r c l o s e - i n o r more d i s t a n t n o i s e s e n s i t i v e a r e a s . These o p t i o n s a r e c o v e r e d i n more d e t a i l i n o t h e r FAA documents s u c h as A d v i s o r y C i r c u l a r 91-53. S i m i l a r l y , t h e r e a r e a l s o o f t e n a number of v i a b l e c h o i c e s f o r a p p r o a c h and d e p a r t u r e p a t h s . Some o f t h e s e o p t i o n s may o n l y be a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g v i s u a l f l i g h t r e f e r e n c e c o n d i t i o n s , w h i l e o t h e r s may be u n a v a i l a b l e t o c e r t a i n a i r c r a f t . The o b j e c t i v e i s t o a c h i e v e t h e g r e a t e s t n o i s e r e l i e f w i t h i n t h e p a r a m e t e r s of s a f e t y and economics and i n c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h t h e c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s t r a t e g i e s b e i n g d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e a i r p o r t ' s n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs. S i n c e FAA a p p r o v a l of t h e s e p r o c e d u r e s i s r e q u i r e d , t h e r e s h o u l d be d i s c u s s i o n w i t h t h e FAA r e g i o n e a r l y i n program development.

Chap 3 Page 30 P a r 321

323. LANDING FEES BASED ON NOISE. T h i s s t r a t e g y b a s e s a l l o r a p o r t i o n o f t h e l a n d i n g f e e upon t h e n o i s i n e s s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l a i r c r a f t , t h u s a p p o r t i o n i n g t h e f e e s t o t h e r e l a t i v e n o i s e " c o s t " of t h e o p e r a t i o n t o t h e a i r p o r t ' s p r o p r i e t o r . The s t r a t e g y e n c o u r a g e s t h e u s e of q u i e t e r a i r c r a f t w h i l e p r o d u c i n g a d d i t i o n a l r e v e n u e t o o f f s e t n o i s e i n d u c e d e x p e n s e s . For maximum b e n e f i t , n o i s e f e e s s h o u l d be u s e d i n c o n c e r t w i t h o t h e r n o i s e a b a t e e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s . A s t e e p l y s l o p e d - n o i s e f e e c u r v e would o f f e r a d d i t i o n a l d i s i n c e n t i v e t o c o n t i n u e d u s e of t h e n o i s i e s t a i r c r a f t . N o i s e f e e s c o u l d a l s o be u s e d d i f f e r e n t i a l l y t o h e l p s h i f t n o i s i e r a i r c r a f t from a c l o s e - i n , u r b a n i m p a c t e d a i r p o r t t o a n o u t l y i n g a i r p o r t w i t h g r e a t e r n o i s e c a p a c i t y . To a v o i d d i s c r i m i n a t i o n t h e n o i s e f e e f o r e a c h a i r c r a f t s h o u l d be b a s e d upon s t a n d a r d s i n g l e e v e n t n o i s e r a t i n g s f o r t h e a i r c r a f t , s u c h as t h o s e p u b l i s h e d by t h e FAA i n A d v i s o r y C i r c u l a r 36-3B ( s u b j e c t t o t h e l i m i t a t i o n s c o n t a i n e d i n i t s p r e a m b l e ) . The r e v e r s e s t r a t e g y c a n a l s o b e a p p l i e d . I n s t e a d o f a s s e s s i n g a f e e , a n a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r c a n reward a i r c a r r i e r s who go t o e x t r a l e n g t h s t o r e d u c e n o i s e g e n e r a t e d by t h e i r a i r c r a f t by p r o v i d i n g a d i s c o u n t o r a r e d u c t i o n i n l a n d i n g f e e s . T h i s might a l s o a c t as a n i n c e n t i v e f o r a i r c a r r i e r s t o u s e one a i r p o r t o v e r a n o t h e r i n s p e c i a l c i r c u n s t a n c e s .

324. NOISE BARRIERS (SHIELDING). Ground-level n o i s e s o u r c e s on a n a i r p o r t i n c l u d e run-up and m a i n t e n a n c e a r e a s , t a x i w a y s and f r e i g h t warehouse a r e a s . Because t h e n o i s e i s g e n e r a t e d on t h e g r o u n d , t h e i m p a c t i s u s u a l l y c o n f i n e d t o t h o s e a r e a s i m m e d i a t e l y a d j a c e n t t o t h e s o u r c e . An e f f e c t i v e method of m i t i g a t i n g t h i s t y p e o f n o i s e i m p a c t i s t h r o u g h u s e of sound b a r r i e r s o r berms. "Ilush h o u s e s " may be a p p r o p r i a t e i n e n g i n e m a i n t e n a n c e a r e a s . S t r a t e g i c p l a c e m e n t of new h a n g a r o r t e r m i n a l s t r u c t u r e s on t h e a i r p o r t may a l s o b e u s e d . These w i l s h i e l d a d j a c e n t n e i g h b o r h o o d s by a b s o r b i n g and t h i r d method i s t h e movement of run-up and m a i n t e n a n c e o p e r a t i o n s t o a n a r e a o f t h e a i r p o r t away from t h e community. One common m i s c o n c e p t i o n i s t h a t t r e e s o r b u s h e s w i l l p r o v i d e s u b s t a n t i a l a t t e n u a t i o n of sound.. T h i s i s n o t t r u e e x c e p t when bands s e v e r a l hundred f e e t wide a r e used and when t h e y a r e p l a n t e d t h i c k l y w i t h b o t h t r e e s and u n d e r b r u s h .

325. ACQUISITION OF LAND AND INTEREST THEREIN. P u r c h a s e of s u f f i c i e n t l a n d a r e a t o t o t a l l y c o n t a i n t h e s i g n i f i c a n t n o i s e i m p a c t s of an a i r p o r t i s u s u a l l y i m p r a c t i c a l . Not o n l y i s i t v e r y c o s t l y , b u t i t removes t o o much p o t e n t i a l l y v a l u a b l e l a n d from l o c a l t a x r o l l s . However, c e r t a i n l a n d a r e a s a r e o f t e n much more c r i t i c a l t o a c h i e v i n g o r m a i n t a i n i n g a n a i r p o r t ' s n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y t h a n a r e o t h e r s . P u r c h a s e of f u l l o r p a r t i a l i n t e r e s t i n s u c h l a n d s may be t h e o n l y way t h e a i r p o r t c a n be a s s u r e d o f long-term p r o t e c t i o n . A c q u i s i t i o n by t h e a i r p o r t of development r i g h t s f o r a l l b u t n o i s e t o l e r a n t development v i a easement i n t h e s e c r i t i c a l a r e a s may o f t e n be a c c o m p l i s h e d a t much l e s s c o s t t h a n p u r c h a s e i n f e e - s i m p l e . Compatible d e v e l o p m e n t u n d e r s u c h r e s t r i c t i o n s s h o u l d e n h a n c e t h e a i r p o r t a s w e l l a s t h e l o c a l t a x r o l l s .

Chap 3 P a r 323 Page 3 1

326. COMPLETE OR PARTIAL CURFEWS. Curfews a r e a n e f f e c t i v e though c o s t l y method o f c o n t r o l l i n g n o i s e i n t r u s i o n i n t o a r e a s a d j a c e n t o r i n p r o x i m i t y t o a n a i r p o r t . They s h o u l d be r e s e r v e d a s a s t r a t e g y of l a s t r e s o r t , however, when a l l o t h e r o p t i o n s have b e e n shown t o be c l e a r l y i n a d e q u a t e , b e c a u s e of t h e i r d r a s t i c n e g a t i v e i n p a c t s upon b o t h a v i a t i o n and t h e community's b e n e f i t from a v i a t i o n . They c a n t a k e v a r i o u s f o r m s , from r e s t r i c t i o n s upon some o r a l l f l i g h t s d u r i n g c e r t a i n p e r i o d s of t h e d a y t h r o u g h r e s t r i c t i o n s b a s e d upon n o i s e t h r e s h o l d and c e r t i f i c a t e d a i r c r a f t n o i s e l e v e l s ( s e e AC 36-3B). S i n c e unwanted n o i s e i n t r u s i o n s a r e most pronounced i n t h e l a t e e v e n i n g o r e a r l y morning h o u r s , curfew:; a r e u s u a l l y implemefited t o r e s t r i c t o p e r a t i o n s t h a t o c c u r d u r i n g t h o s e p e r i o d s . The p e r i o d of 2200 h o u r s t o 0700 h o u r s i s when most p e o p l e a r e r e s t i n g and a r e most s e n s i t i v e t o n o i s e i n t r u s i o n s . However, it s h o u l d be p o i n t e d o u t t h a t c u r f e w s have economic i m p a c t s upon a i r p o r t u s e r s , upon t h o s e p r o v i d i n g a i r p o r t - r e l a t e d s e r v i c e s , and upon t h e community a s a whole. O t h e r communities may a l s o be impacted t h r o u g h c u r t a i l m e n t of s e r v i c e . Thus undue b u r d e n on i n t e r s t a t e o r f o r e i g n commerce i s a s p e c i f i c c o n c e r n of t h e ASNA A c t . T h e r e f o r e , c u r f e w s s h o u l d o n l y be c o n s i d e r e e a f t e r c a r e f u l t o c s i d e r a t i o n of o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e s and a f t e r t h o r o u g h c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e a f f e c t e d p a r t i e s .

327 .-329. RESERVED.

Chap 3 P a g e 32 P a r 326

SECTION 3. STATE/LOCAL GOVERNMENT OPTIONS (STRATEGIESTO PREVENT NEW NONCOMPATIBLE DEVELOPMENT)

330. DEVELOPMENT CONTROL. Land u s e and development c o n t r o l s b a s e d upon a w e l l worked o u t c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e p l a n i s among t h e most p o t e n t and a f f o r d a b l e o f a l l t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y s t r a t e g i e s . his is p a r t i c u l a r l y so i n s t i l l d e v e l o p i n g a r e a s . The e x e r c i s e of t h e s e l a n d u s e and development c o n t r o l s i s u s u a l l y w i t h i n t h e a u t h o r i t y of l o c a l o r c o u n t y governments r a t h e r t h a n i n t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r . Even when t h e a i r p o r t i s o p e r a t e d b y t h e same g o v e r n m e n t a l body which e x e r c i s e s t h e s e c o n t r o l s t h e r e i s o f t e n ' l i t t l e r e c o g n i t i o n o r a c t i o n b a s e d on t h e n e e d s i n t h e s e c r i t i c a l a r e a s . T h i s e m p h a s i z e s t h e need f o r a c o m p r e h e n s i v e a p p r o a c h t o d e v e l o p i n g a n a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program. A number of d i f f e r e n t c o n t r o l s are n o r m a l l y a v a i l a b l e t o l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s a n d / o r t o a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s t o p r e v e n t i n t r u s i o n o f n o n c o m p a t i b l e development. The c o n t r o l s which a r e g e n e r a l l y most u s e f u l f o r m i t i g a t i n g n o i s e i n t r u s i o n s o r a c h i e v i n g c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e w i t h i n p r o x i m i t y t o t h e a i r p o r t a r e : z o n i n g , e a s e m e n t s , t r a n s f e r of development r i g h t s , l a n d p u r c h a s e ( f o r c o m p a t i b l e p u b l i c u s e ) , and c a p i t a l improvements. I n a d d i t i o n , l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s c a n c o n s i d e r e s t a b l i s h i n g minimum a c o u s t i c a l i n s u l a t i o n s t a n d a r d s , e x p r e s s e d as Sound T r a n s m i s s i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s (STC) f o r new r e s i d e n t i a l d w e l l i n g s w i t h i n h i g h n o i s e i m p a c t c o n t o u r s . A p p r o r p i a t e e x p e r t i s e s h o u l d be c o n s u l t e d i n d e v e l o p i n g s u c h a code.

331. Z O N I N G . The most common l a n d u s e c o n t r o l i s zoning. Zoning i s a n e x e r c i s e of t h e p o l i c e powers of a s t a t e o r l o c a l government which e n a b l e s t h a t government t o d e s i g n a t e t h e u s e s t h a t a r e p e r m i t t e d f o r e a c h p a r c e l of l a n d . It n o r m a l l y c o n s i s t s of a z o n i n g o r d i n a n c e which s p e c i f i e s l a n d development and u s e c o n s t r a i n t s . One of t h e p r i m a r y a d v a n t a g e s of z o n i n g i s t h a t i t may be used t o promote l a n d u s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y w h i l e l e a v i n g t h e l a n d i n p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p , on t h e t a x r o l l s , and e c o n o m i c a l l y p r o d u c t i v e . Although most c i t i e s and l a r g e r towns have z o n i n g a u t h o r i t y , i t s h o u l d b e remembered t h a t r u r a l a r e a s o f t e n a r e n o t s u b j e c t t o t h i s remedy, s i n c e i n many s t a t e s c o u n t i e s have o n l y l i m i t e d ( o r n o ) z o n i n g a u t h o r i t y .

a. Use o f Zoning. I n o r d e r f o r z o n i n g t o work e f f e c t i v e l y i t s h o u l d b e b a s e d upon a c o m p r e h e n s i v e p l a n . T h i s p l a n must c o n s i d e r t h e t o t a l n e e d s o f t h e c o & u n i t y a l o n g w i t h t h e s p e c i f i c n e e d s of t h e a i r p o r t . A c o m p r e h e n s i v e p l a n d e f i n e s t h e g o a l s a n d o b j e c t i v e s of a community a n d z o n i n g i s one o f t h e t o o l s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e community f o r implementing t h a t p l a n . Zoning c a n and s h o u l d be used c o n s t r u c t i v e l y t o i n c r e a s e t h e v a l u e and p r o d u c t i v i t y of t h e a f f e c t e d l a n d . For z o n i n g t o be v i a b l e , t h e r e s h o u l d be a r e a s o n a b l e p r e s e n t o r f u t u r e need f o r e a c h d e s i g n a t e d u s e . W i t h i n i t s l i m i t a t i o n s , z o n i n g i s a p r e f e r r e d method of c o n t r o l l i n g l a n d use i n n o i s e i m p a c t e d a r e a s .

b. L i m i t a t i o n s o f Zoning. Zoning h a s a number of l i m i t a t i o n s which must be c o n s i d e r e d when u s i n g i t a s a c o m p a t i b i l i t y i m p l e m e n t a t i o n t o o l :

(1) Zoning i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y permanent. In most j u r i s d i c t i o n s , t h e c u r r e n t l e g i s l a t i v e body i s n o t bound by p r i o r z o n i n g a c t i o n s and i t may c h a n g e t h a t zoning. C o n s e q u e n t l y , z o n i n g which a c h i e v e s c o m p a t i b i l i t y i s s u b j e c t t o c o n t i n u a l p r e s s u r e f o r c h a n g e from b o t h u r b a n e x p a n s i o n and t h o s e

Chap 3 P a r 330 Page 33

who m i g h t p r o f i t from such changes. Also, from time t o time t h e e n t i r e zoning o r d i n a n c e f o r a j u r i s d i c t i o n w i l l be updated t o accommodate i n c r e a s e d g r o w t h o r i n c o r p o r a t e new l a n d u s e c o n c e p t s .

( 2 ) Cumulative zoning c a n p e r m i t n o n c o n p a t i b l e development. A number of communities s t i l l have " c c m u l a t i v e " t y p e zoning d i s t r i c t s which p e r m i t a l l " h i g h e r " u s e s ( s u c h a s r e s i d e n t i a l ) i n "lower" u s e d i s t r i c t s ( s u c h a s commercial o r i n d u s t r i a l ) , t h u s p e r m i t t i n g development t h a t may be i n c o m p a t i b l e . I n t h e s e i n s t a n c e s i t would be n e c e s s a r y t o p r e p a r e and a d o p t new o r a d d i t i o n a l zoning u s e d i s t r i c t s of t h e " e x c l u s i v e " t y p e which c l e a r l y s p e c i f y t h e u s e s p e r m i t t e d and e x c l u d e a l l o t h e r u s e s .

( 3 ) Zoning i s u s u a l l y n o t r e t r o a c t i v e . Changing zoning p r i m a r i l y f o r t h e purpose of p r o h i b i t i n g a u s e which i s a l r e a d y i n e x i s t e n c e i s n o r m a l l y n o t p o s s i b l e . I n some j u r i s d i c t i o n s , any zoning o r r e z o n i n g t h a t a f f e c t s c u r r e n t l a n d u s e s may n o t p a s s s t a t e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l t e s t s . However, i f s u c h zoning i s p e r m i s s a b l e and i s accomplished, t h e u s e may be p e r m i t t e d t o remain a s a " n o n c o n f o m i n g " u s e u n t i l s u c h t i m e a s i t i s changed v o l u n t a r i l y t o a conforming u s e o r u n t i l t h e owner h a s had ample o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e c o u p h i s j h e r i n v e s t m e n t .

( 4 ) Zoning c o n t r o l s a r e n o r m a l l y a p p l i c a b l e t o t h o s e a r e a s w i t h i n t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e zoning j u r i s d i c t i o n . Noise i m p a c t s w i t h a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n , however, o f t e n span more than one such j u r i s d i c t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , e f f e c t i v e zoning r e q u i r e s t h e c o o r d i n a t e d e f f o r t s of a l l t h e i n v o l v e d j u r i s d i c t i o n s . Zoning which implements a l a n d use c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n w i l l o f t e n be a c o m p o s i t i o n of e x i s t i n g and new zoning d i s t r i c t s w i t h i n each of t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n s covered by t h e p l a n . O f t e n , e a c h j u r i s d i c t i o n w i l l have a d i f f e r e n t zoning o r d i n a n c e w i t h d i s t r i c t s having d i f f e r e n t a p p l i c a b i l i t y f o r implementing t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n .

332. EASEMENTS. An easement i s a r i g h t h e l d by one person t o make use of t h e l a n d of a n o t h e r f o r a l i m i t e d purpose. I n t h e c o n t e x t of a i r p o r t n o i s e ' c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n n i n g , two g e n e r a l t y p e s of easements a r e p s s i b i e : p o s i t i v e e a s e m e n t s t o a l l o w someone t o make n o i s e o v e r t h e l a n d and n e g a t i v e e a s e m e n t s t o p r e v e n t t h e c r e a t i o n o r c o n t i n u a t i o n of u n p r o t e c t e d n o i s e s e n s i t i v e u s e s on t h e p r o p e r t y . Easements can be a n e f f e c t i v e s t r a t e g y f o r a s s u r i n g c o m p a t i b l e development around a i r p o r t s . A m a j o r a d v a n t a g e of e a s e m e n t s f o r c o n t r o l l i n g l a n d u s e around a i r p o r t s i s t h a t t h e y can be permanent, whereas zoning may be e a s i l y changed. P d d i t i o n a l l y , easements o f t e n may be a c q u i r e d f o r a f r a c t i o n of t h e t o t a l v a l u e of t h e l a n d and t h u s be less e x p e n s i v e t h a n o u t r i g h t purchase. A c q u i s i t i o n of easements does n o t r e d u c e t h e n o i s e i m p a c t s on p e o p l e o r by and of i t s e l f change noncompatible l a n d u s e s t o c o m p a t i b l e u s e s . However, t h e p u r c h a s e of p r i c e can and should b e d e d i c a t e d t o t h e s o u n d p r o o f i n g and o r u s e change n e c e s s a r y t o a c h i e v e c o m p a t i b i l i t y . The most i m p o r t a n t a d v a n t a g e of easements o v e r f u l l a c q u i s i t i o n i s t h a t t h e l a n d i s l e f t on t h e t a x r o l l s and remains f r e e f o r c o m p a t i b l e development by i t s owner(s).

a. O b t a i n i n g Easements. Easements may be o b t a i n e d i n a number of ways i n c l u d i n g p u r c h a s e , condemnation, and d e d i c a t i o n . For e a c h easement a c q u i r e d , c o n s i d e r a t i o n nay be g i v e n t o i n c l u d i n g a l e g a l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e n o i s e t h a t may be c r e a t e d o v e r t h e p r o p e r t y , d e s c r i b i n g c l a s s e s of u s e s which may be e s t a b l i s h e d o r m a i n t a i n e d w i t h and w i t h o u t s o u n d p r o o f i n g , and, where a p p l i c a b l e , g r a n t i n g a n a v i g a t i o n easement. Chap 3

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b. Purchase. Easements nay be purchased v i a n e g o t i a t i o n w i t h t h e p r i c e based upon t h e v a l u e t o t h e owner of t h e r i g h t s s u r r e n d e r e d . Timing c a n have a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t upon t h e p r i c e p a i d ; once t h e s u b j e c t l a n d has g o t t e n i n t o t h e a r e n a of s p e c u l a t i o n , p r i c e s t e n d t o r i s e q u i c k l y .

c. Condemnation. Easements, may a l s o be o b t a i n e d by condemnation, i n a manner s i m i l i a r t o f u l l r i g h t s condemnation. The c o s t , w h i l e s t i l l l i k e l y t o be l e s s t h a n t h a t of o u t r i g h t a c q u i s i t i o n ( f e e s i m p l e ) of t h e l a n d , i s l i k e l y t o be s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n s i m i l a r r i g h t s o b t a i n e d v i a n e g o t i a t i o n because of t h e time and c o u r t c o s t s involved. Also, t h e c o s t of any ill w i l l g e n e r a t e d by a condemnation a c t i o n , w h i l e d i f f i c u l t t o measure, c a n be s i g n i f i c a n t .

d. D e d i c a t i o n . D e d i c a t i o n i s a n o t h e r way t o o b t a i n easements. S u b d i v i s i o n r e g u l a t i o n s governing t h e development of l a n d f o r i n d u s t r i a l o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s c a n i n c l u d e p r o v i s i o n f o r d e d i c a t i n g p r i v a t e l a n d o r e a s e m e n t s upon p r i v a t e l a n d f o r p u b l i c purposes. When easements f o r a i r p o r t - e n v i r o n s c o m p a t i b i l i t y a r e c o n s i d e r e d n e c e s s a r y and when t h e y a r e d e t e r m i n e d t o be c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e i n t e n d e d u s e of t h e l a n d , t h e need f o r s u c h easements may be r e q u i r e d by l o c a l a g e n c i e s i n t h e a p p r o v a l of s u b d i v i s i o n d e d i c a t i o n s .

3 3 3 . TRANSFER OF DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS (TDR). TDR i n v o l v e s s e p a r a t e ownership and u s e of t h e v a r i o u s " r i g h t s " a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a p a r c e l of r e a 1 , e s t a t e . Under t h e TDR c o n c e p t , some of t h e p r o p e r t y ' s development r i g h t s a r e t r a n s f e r r e d t o a remote l o c a t i o n where t h e y may be used t o i n t e n s i f y a l l o w a b l e development. With TDR, f o r example, l a n d s w i t h i n a n a i r p o r t ' s n o i s e impact a r e a c o u l d be k e p t i n open s p a c e o r a g r i c u l t u r a l u s e s and t h e i r development r i g h t s f o r r e s i d e n t i a l u s e s t r a n s f e r r e d t o l o c a t i o n s o u t s i d e t h e a r e a . Landowners c o u l d be compensated f o r t h e t r a n s f e r r e d r i g h t s by t h e i r s a l e a t t h e new l o c a t i o n s o r t h e r i g h t s could be purchased by t h e a i r p o r t . Depending upon market c o n d i t i o n s a n d / o r l e g a l r e q u i r e m e n t s , t h e a i r p o r t c o u l d e i t h e r hold o r r e s e l l t h e r i g h t s . The TDR a p p r o a c h must be f u l l y c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h t h e community's p l a n n i n g and zoning. It may be n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e zoning o r d i n a n c e t o be amended i n o r d e r t o permit TDR's. Also, such t r a n s f e r s must u s u a l l y be c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n s i n g l e zoning j u r i s d i c t i o n s .

334. PURCHASE. There a r e o f t e n l o c a t i o n s o r c i r c u m s t a n c e s w i t h i n t h e n o i s e impact a r e a s which l e a v e l i t t l e c h o i c e o t h e r t h a n d i r e c t a c q u i s i t i o n of f u l l o r p a r t i a l i n t e r e s t i n t h e impacted l a n d by e i t h e r t h e a i r p o r t sponsor o r , p e r h a p s , by s t a t e o r l o c a l l e v e l s of government. Purchase of n o i s e impacted l a n d i s t h e most d i r e c t (and u s u a l l y t h e most e x p e n s i v e ) of a l l forms of l a n d u s e c o n t r o l . However, when combined w i t h e i t h e r r e s a l e f o r c o m p a t i b l e

Chap 3 P a r 332 Page 35

p u r p o s e s c a n c o n s i d e r a b l y e n h a n c e c o m p a t i b i l i t y . P r o v i s i o n s of t h e Uniform R e l o c a t i o n A s s i s t a n c e and Real P r o p e r t y A c q u i s i t i o n P o l i c i e s Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-646) a r e a p p l i c a b l e whenever F e d e r a l o r f e d e r a l l y - a s s i s t e d programs a r e i n v o l v e d i n s u c h p u r c h a s e s .

3 3 5 . - 3 3 9 . RESERVED.

SECTION 4. STATEILOCAL GOVERNMENT OPTIONS (ACTIONS TO REDUCE EXISTING NONCOMPATIBLE USES)

340. REMEDIAL ACTIONS. I n c a s e s where t h e r e a r e a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g c o n f l i c t s between l a n d - u s e and a i r p o r t n o i s e , r e m e d i a l o r c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n s may be a p p r o p r i a t e . The d e g r e e of r e m e d i a l a c t i o n all be d e p e n d e n t upon t h e d e g r e e o f u r b a n i z a t i o n a r o u n d t h e a i r p o r t . Where t h e n o i s e i m p a c t s f a l l o n p r e d o m i n a t e l y r u r a l l a n d o r , where a new a i r p o r t i s b u i l t i n an undeveloped a r e a , t h e r e may be o n l y a few s c a t t e r e d n o n c o m p a t i b l e u s e s t o be r e s o l v e d . I n u r b a n i z e d a r e a s , however, r e m e d i a l a c t i o n s a r e complex and' may be d i f f i c u l t t o implement. Change t o n o i s e c o m p a t i b l e u s a g e s , s o u n d p r o o f i n g , a n d a c q u i s i t i o n of f u l l o r p a r t i a l i n t e r e s t i n t h e l a n d a r e examples of p o s s i b l e a c t i o n s t h a t c a n be used t o m i t i g a t e n o i s e i m p a c t s . Changes i n t h e u s e of n o i s e i m p a c t e d l a n d o r c h a n g e s i n occupancy t o u s e s o r o c c u p a t i o n s l e s s s e n s i t i v e t o n o i s e a r e o b v i o u s and p r a c t i c a l s t r a t e g i e s f o r r e s o l v i n g c o n f l i c t s .

341. ENCOURAGEMENT OF EXISTING FAVORABLE TRENDS. Land u s e i n u r b a n a r e a s i s i n a c o n t i n u a l s t a t e of c h a n g e and t r a n s i t i o n . Many of t h e s e c h a n g e s t e n d t o f a v o r a t u r n o v e r i n l a n d u s e from n o n c o m p a t i b l e t o c o m p a t i b l e . A t y p i c a l example would be t h e t r a n s i t i o n of o l d e r r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s i n t o r e t a i l , c o m m e r c i a l , o r o f f i c e u s e s . Encouragement and p r o m o t i o n of t h e s e t r e n d s c a n be t h r o u g h t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of p u b l i c p o l i c y and l o c a l p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s e s .

3 4 2 . CONSTRUCTIVE USE OF PLANNING AND Z O N I N G . D e t a i l e d p l a n n i n g of l a n d w i t h i n n o i s e i m p a c t a r e a s by l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s and c o n s t r u c t i v e u s e s of z o n i n g c h a n g e s c a n o f t e n improve b o t h c o m p a t i b i l i t y and l a n d v a l u e s . Noise s e n s i t i v e u s e s c a n n o t n o r m a l l y be f o r c e d t o move by s i m p l y c h a n g i n g t h e i r z o n i n g t o a u s e d i s t r i c t t h a t is c o m p a t i b l e . The e x i s t i n g u s e s must be p e r m i t t e d t o c o n t i n u e u n d e r t h e new z o n i n g as " L e g a l Nonconforming Uses" a s l o n g as t h e u s e is c o n t i n u o u s and unchanged o r u n t i l t h e owner h a s had an o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e c e i v e a f a i r v a l u e from t h e u s e . T h i s s t r a t e g y t h e n f i n d s p r o d u c t i v e and c o m p a t i b l e u s e s f o r t h e l a n d which w i l l g i v e t h e p r e s e n t l a n d owner a f a i r r e t u r n on h i s i n v e s t m e n t i n a d d i t i o n t o c o v e r i n g h i s r e l o c a t i o n e x p e n s e s . The l a n d s h o u l d t h e n be r e z o n e d a c c o r d i n g l y .

Chap 3

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3 4 3 . CONSTRUCTIVE USE OF PUBLIC CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS. L o c a t i n g and programming of p u b l i c works p r o j e c t s c a n e x e r t s t r o n g i n f l u e n c e s o v e r l a n d u s e t r e n d s and demands. These i n c l u d e r o a d c o n s t r u c t i o n and w i d e n i n g s , t r a n s i t s e r v i c e , s c h o o l s , p a r k s o r r e c r e a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , w a t e r and s e w e r l i n e s , and f l o o d c o n t r o l p r o j e c t s . E x e r c i s e d j u d i c i o u s l y as a n i m p l e m e n t a t i o n t o o l f o r p r o m o t i n g c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s u c h c a p i t a l i m p r o v e n e n t s c a n be a p o w e r f u l t o o l .

3 4 4 . PURCIIASE ASSURANCE PROGRAMS. P u r c h a s e g u a r a n t e e s c a n be a p p l i e d t o r e s i d e n t i a l p r o p e r t i e s w i t h i n l i g h t l y o r s h o r t - t e r m n o i s e i m p a c t e d a r e a s t o h e l p a s s u r e t h e i r s a l e a b i l i t y . Such s a l e s s h o u l d t h e n be t o i n d i v i d u a l s n o t as s e n s i t i v e t o t h e n o i s e i m p a c t s o r who have t r a d e o f f v a l u e s f o r r e s i d i n g i n t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r a r e a s . S a l e s a g r e e m e n t s s h o u l d a s s u r e t h a t a l l f u t u r e p u r c h a s e r s are c o g n i z a n t of t h e n o i s e l e v e l s and s i g n a p p r o p r i a t e r e l e a s e s o r e a s e m e n t s . The a d v a n t a g e s of t h i s s t r a t e g y a r e i t s r e l a t i v e l y low c o s t s and i t s r e t e n t i o n of o t h e r w i s e v i a b l e r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s .

3 4 5 . SOUNDPROOFING. S o u n d p r o o f i n g c o n s i s t s of i n c r e a s i n g t h e e x t e r i o r t o i n t e r i o r sound t r a n s m i s s i o n l o s s e s o f a b u i l d i n g by i d e n t i f y i n g t h o s e s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s p r o v i d i n g t r a n s m i s s i o n p a t h s and a p p l y i n g a p p r o p r i a t e m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o improve n o i s e a t t e n u a t i o n .

a. M e t r i c s . The a i r p o r t c u m u l a t i v e n o i s e m e t r i c (Ldn) i s u s e f u l as a n i n d i c a t o r t h a t s o u n d p r o o f i n g may be r e q u i r e d i n a p a r t i c u l a r area. However, when c o n s i d e r i n g a n y s p e c i f i c b u i l d i n g s i t e w i t h i n a c u m u l a t i v e n o i s e e x p o s u r e c o n t o u r ( r e p r e s e n t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t n o i s e i m p a c t ) i t i s recommended t h a t a d d i t i o n a l a n a l y s i s v i a s i n g l e e v e n t maximum sound l e v e l a n d / o r sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l v e r s u s f r e q u e n c y d a t a be used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e n e c e s s i t y ( a n d / o r e l i g i b i l i t y ) f o r s o u n d p r o o f i n g . While LAS i s u t i l i z e d t o a s s e s s e l i g i b i l i t y , t h e sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l s i n e a c h of t h e o n e - t h i r d o c t a v e bands a r e r e q u i r e d t o d e s i g n and implement s o u n d p r o o f i n g measures. The A-weighted sound l e v e l i s more u t i l i t a r i a n t h a n o t h e r s i n g l e e v e n t m e t r i c s i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e need f o r s o u n d p r o o f i n g a s many of t h e s l e e p , s p e e c h and a c t i v i t y i n t e r f e r e n c e c r i t e r i a have been d e v e l o p e d u s i n g LAS l e v e l s.

b. S e a l i n g E x i s t i n g Leaks. I n s o u n d p r o o f i n g most s t r u c t u r e s , t h e f i r s t f i v e d e c i b e l s of a d d i t i o n a l sound i n s u l a t i o n u s u a l l y c a n be o b t a i n e d by s e a l i n g e x i s t i n g l e a k s . A v e r y s m a l l g a p o r i m p e r f e c t s e a l i n a n o t h e r w i s e m a s s i v e w a l l c a n r e s u l t i n o n l y m o d e r a t e sound a t t e n u a t i o n .

c. R e t r o f i t o f E x i s t i n g B u i l d i n g s . For r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s , s o u n d p r o o f i n g m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e : r e p l a c e m e n t of e x i s t i n g windows w i t h windows o f - g r e a t e r sound t r a n s m i s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t ( STC) r a t i n g , o r a d d i n g a second l a y e r o f g l a s s ; u p g r a d i n g d o o r s and seals; a c o u s t i c b a f f l i n g of v e n t s ; a d d i n g i n s u l a t i o n t o w a l l s and a t t i c s p a c e s ; a d d i n g a n o t h e r l a y e r o f w a l l m a t e r i a l t o e x i s t i n g w a l l s , i n e f f e c t c r e a t i n g a two-panel w a l l ; e l i m i n a t i n g windows and f i l l i n g t h e s p a c e t o match e x t e r i o r walls ( o n l y recommended t o a c h i e v e n o i s e r e d u c t i o n commensurate w i t h t h e

Chap 3

P a r 3 4 3 Page 37

p o t e n t i a l c a p a b i l i t y of t h e w a l l ) . Some v e r y e f f e c t i v e s o u n d p r o o f i n g t e c h n i q u e s , s u c h a s s t a g g e r e d s t u d s o r f i b e r b o a r d under p a n e l i n g a r e n o t s u i t a b l e f o r r e t r o f i t because t h e y would i n v o l v e v i r t u a l d e m o l i t i o n of t h e e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e and c o n s t r u c t i o n of a new w a l l .

d . New C o n s t r u c t i o n . For new sound-insulafed c o n s t r u c t i o n , d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f t e n i n c l u d e : u s i n g b r i c k o r c o n c r e t e masonry w a l l s , u s i n g s t a g g e r e d s t u d s , i n s u l a t i o n and f i b e r b o a r d under i n t e r i o r and e x t e r i o r f i n i s h m a t e r i a l s ; i n s t a l l i n g a t t i c s p a c e i n s u l a t i o n ; p r o p e r l y b a f f l i n g v e n t s a v o i d i n g s i n g l e j o i n t roof c o n s t r u c t i o n s where i n t e r i o r and e x t e r i o r m a t e r i a l s a r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e same r a f t e r s ; a v o i d i n g exposed r a f t e r c e i l i n g s w i t h any roof m a t e r i a l o t h e r t h a n t h i c k c o n c r e t e and w i t h no i n t e r i o r f i n i s h c e i l i n g s ; i n s t a l l a t i o n of a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g ; m o r t a r s h o u l d be f r e e of p i n h o l e s ; and a l l j o i n t s should be w e l l s e a l e d .

e. Energy S a v i n g s from Soundproofing. The s o u n d p r o o f i n g of b u i l d i n g s h a s two d i r e c t e n e r g y e f f e c t s - i n c r e a s e d e n e r g y consumption by a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g equipment due t o t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n and r e d u c t i o n i n h e a t l o s s due t o t h e s e a l i n g of w a l l s , windows and o t h e r o p e n i n g s . Energy s a v i n g s r e a l i z e d by r e d u c t i o n of h e a t l o s s , w i l l i n t h e l o n g r u n o u t s t r i p t h e i n c r e a s e d e n e r g y consumption of air c o n d i t i o n i n g . One c a u t i o n i s i n o r d e r however; a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e r m a l e n e r g y t r a n s m i s s i o n does n o t always accompany a r e d u c t i o n i n sound t r a n s m i s s i o n (e.g., c o n c r e t e w a l l ) .

. f . C o s t / R e n e f i e of Soundproofing. While s o u n d p r o o f i n g i s b o t h a f e a s i b l e and p r a c t i c a b l e means of a l l e v i a t i n g t h e impact of e x t e r n a l n o i s e , t h e a n a l y s i s s h o u l d be made on a c a s e by c a s e b a s i s i n c o n c e r t w i t h b o t h a c o u s t i c a l and a r c h i t e c t u r a l e x p e r t i s e . The g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n , a g e and r e p a i r of a s t r u c t u r e n o r m a l l y d i c t a t e t h e d e g r e e of s o u n d p r o o f i n g a p p l i c a t i o n . Also, t h e b u i l d i n g ' s l o c a t i o n and n o i s e e x p o s u r e l e v e l s must be q u a n t i f i e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e t a r g e t " r e d u c t i o n i n n o i s e l e v e l . " Before a s o u n d p r o o f i n g program i s i n i t i a t e d , t r a d e o f f s i n c o s t s and b e n e f i t s s h o u l d be c a r e f u l l y examined. I f some form of c o s t s h a r i n g arrangement between t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r o r a governmental agency and t h e p r o p e r t y owner should be u t i l i z e d , s u i t a b l e agreements o r easements f o r c u r r e n t and f u t u r e a i r c r a f t n o i s e s h o u l d a l s o be o b t a i n e d .

346. ACQUISITION OF IMPACTED LAND. I n some c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e r e may be l o c a t i o n s o r c i r c u m s t a n c e s w i t h i n t h e n o i s e impact a r e a s which l e a v e l i t t l e c h o i c e o t h e r t h a n d i r e c t a c q u i s i t i o n of f u l l o r p a r t i a l i n t e r e s t i n t h e impacted l a n d by e i t h e r t h e a i r p o r t s p o n s o r o r , p e r h a p s , by s t a t e o r l o c a l l e v e l s of government. A s d e s c r i b e d i n p a r a g r a p h 343, c o n s t r u c t i v e use of l a n d p u r c h a s e s f o r o t h e r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s can a l s o enhance c o m p a t i b i l i t y .

Chap 3 Page 38 Par 345

Land o r i n t e r e s t i n l a n d (easement) may be a c q u i r e d by n e g o t i a t i o n , t h r o u g h a v o l u n t a r y program, o r v i a condemnation. I n any c a s e , t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e Uniform R e l o c a t i o n A s s i s t a n c e and R e a l P r o p e r t y A c q u i s i t i o n P o l i c i e s Act o f 1970 (P.L. 91-646) a r e a p p l i c a b l e whenever F e d e r a l o r f e d e r a l l y a s s i s t e d programs a r e i n v o l v e d .

a . Land f o r Other P u b l i c Uses. Noise impacted l a n d can be a c q u i r e d by a p u b l i c o r semi-public agency e i t h e r t o implement t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y p l a n o r i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e p l a n w h i l e f u l f i l l i n g a n o t h e r p u b l i c purpose. T y p i c a l u s e s may i n c l u d e s i t e s f o r equipment maintenance o r s t o r a g e y a r d s , w a t e r o r sewer works, and floodways o r r e s e r v o i r s . Other p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n c l u d e s e l e c t e d p a r k , r e c r e a t i o n , and open s p a c e u s e s which a r e n o i s e t o l e r a n t ( g o l f c o u r s e s , s k e e t r a n g e s , n a t u r e areas, e t c . ) . A l l u s e s should r e s p e c t t h e h e i g h t and hazard r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e a i r p o r t and be t o l e r a n t of f u t u r e a i r p o r t growth.

b. Land f o r Compatible R e s a l e . O c c a s i o n a l l y , s t a t e o r l o c a l governments a r e w i l l i n g t o a c q u i r e l a n d which i s t h e n r e s o l d w i t h c o v e n a n t s o r easements r e t a i n e d t o a s s u r e long-term c o m p a t i b i l i t y . In some c a s e s , i t may be f e a s i b l e t o change such l a n d t o c o m p a t i b l e u s e s w i t h i n e x i s t i n g o r remodeled b u i l d i n g s . I n o t h e r c a s e s , i t would be d e s i r a b l e t o c l e a r and r e d e v e l o p t h e l a n d b e f o r e making i t a v a i l a b l e f o r s a l e . In e i t h e r c a s e , t h e changes should be i n compliance w i t h t h e l a n d use p l a n and be s u p p o r t e d by a p p r o p r i a t e zoning. A p p r o p r i a t e c o v e n a n t s o r easements should be r e t a i n e d t o a s s u r e long-term c o m p a t i b i l i t y . S i n c e t h i s s t r a t e g y a p p r o a c h e s t h e c o m p l e x i t y of urban r e n e w a l , a p p r o p r i a t e e x p e r t i s e should be c o n s u l t e d .

347 .-349. RESERVED.

SECTION 5. CONSULTATIONS

350. CONSULTATIONS UNDER PART 150. I n d e v e l o p i n g a n o i s e exposure map and i d e n t i f y i n g noncompa t i b l e l a n d u s e s t h e a i r p o r t p r o p r i e t o r should i d e n t i f y t h e g e o g r a p h i c a r e a s of j u r i s d i c t i o n of e a c h p u b l i c agency and p l a n n i n g agency which a r e e i t h e r wholly o r p a r t i a l l y c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n t h e 65 hn c o n t o u r and meet w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e o f f i c i a l s t o d i s c u s s means of r e d u c i n g t h e n o i s e impact a s r e q u i r e d by P a r t 150. Methods f o r m i t i g a t i n g a n d / o r r e d u c i n g t h e e f f e c t s of n o i s e t h a t a r e a v a i l a b l e t o l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g w i t h t h e a i r p o r t p r o p r i e t o r a r e d i s c u s s e d i n s e c t i o n s 3 and 4 of t h i s c h a p t e r . P a r t 1 5 0 r e q u i r e s t h a t c o n s u l t a t i o n must i n c l u d e any a i r c a r r i e r s and t o t h e e x t e n t p r a c t i c a b l e , o t h e r a i r c r a f t o p e r a t o r s u s i n g t h e a i r p o r t . P r i o r t o s u b m i s s i o n of t h e n o i s e e x p o s u r e map o r n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program, t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r i s r e q u i r e d by P a r t 150 t o a l l o w i n t e r e s t e d p e r s o n s a d e q u a t e o p p o r t u n i t y t o submit t h e i r views, d a t a , and comments c o n c e r n i n g t h e c o r r e c t n e s s and adequacy of t h e map o r program and p r o j e c t i o n of a i r c r a f t o p e r a t i o n s . FAA w i l l n o t i n j e c t i t s e l f i n t o t h e e s s e n t i a l l y l o c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r c o n s u l t a t i o n imposed d i r e c t l y on t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r by t h e ASNA Act, b u t w i l l r e l y upon t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r ' s c e r t i f i c a t i o n under p e n a l t y of 1 8 U.S.C. 5 1001, t h a t such c o n s u l t a t i o n has o c c u r r e d ( S e e 5 150.21).

351. RESERVED.

Chap 3 P a r 346 Page 39

352. CONSULTATION WITH AVIATION GROUPS. P a r t 1 5 0 r e q u i r e s c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h a v i a t i o n g r o u p s . For a i r c a r r i e r a i r p o r t s , t h i s c o n s u l t a t i o n i n c l u d e s a l l a i r c a r r i e r s a n d , t o t h e e x t e n t p r a c t i c a b l e , o t h e r a i r c r a f t o p e r a t o r s u s i n g t h e a i r p o r t . For o t h e r t h a n a i r c a r r i e r a i r p o r t s , c o n s u l t a t i o n s s h o u l d i n c l u d e t h o s e a i r c r a f t o p e r a t o r s t h a t do u s e t h e a i r p o r t . Thus, (1o p e r a t o r s " may i n c l u d e some o r a l l of t h e f o l l o w i n g g r o u p s : a i r l i n e s ; commuter a i r l i n e s ; a i r t a x i ; a n d commercial; f l i g h t t r a i n i n g and i n s t r u c t i o n ; b a s e d a i r c r a f t o p e r a t o r s ( b u s i n e s s , p r i v a t e , p u b l i c ) ; and f i x e d ; b a s e o p e r a t o r s . These c o n s u l t a t i o n s s h o u l d t a k e p l a c e as e a r l y as p o s s i b l e i n t h e p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s i n o r d e r t h a t t h e v i e w and p e r s p e c t i v e s o b t a i n e d may be f u l l y i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e s t u d y e f f o r t . A d d i t i o n a l c o n s u l t a t i o n s , as may be a p p r o p r i a t e , s h o u l d be c o n d u c t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o g r e s s of t h e s t u d y . I f p r o p o s e d a i r c r a f t o p e r a t i o n a l c h a n g e s a r e n o t c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e p a r t i e s u n t i l t h e end of t h e s t u d y , t h e r e i s p o t e n t i a l f o r r e a l problems t o d e v e l o p .

353. PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT.

a. The a i r p o r t and t h e community have a number of i m p o r t a n t i n f l u e n c e s upon e a c h o t h e r , i n c l u d i n g economic, s o c i a l , and e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . The a i r p o r t a c t s as a n e n t r y p o i n t f o r a i r t r a v e l i n g v a c a t i o n e r s and b u s i n e s s p e r s o n s and f r e i g h t movement. S i n c e t h e a i r p o r t c a n a c t as a m a j o r f o c a l p o i n t f o r g r o w t h , i t s h o u l d be i n t e g r a t e d i n t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s f o r t h e community and r e g i o n . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o r e c e i v e p u b l i c r e s p o n s e t o any new p r o p o s e d a c t i o n s f o r a i r p o r t development t h a t would i n f l u e n c e t h e p u b l i c .

b. Community i n v o l v e m e n t and p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n a r e o f t e n d e t e r m i n i n g f a c t o r s i n s u c c e s s f u l l y a s s e s s i n g t h e compatibility/noncompatibility of v a r i o u s l a n d u s e s f o r i n d i v i d u a l c o m m u n i t i e s . The g o a l s , v a l u e s and d e v e l o p m e n t a l n e e d s of t h e communities s h o u l d a l w a y s be c o n s i d e r e d from t h e e a r l y ( p l a n n i n g ) s t a g e s of l a n d u s e e v a l u a t i o n . See FAA A d v i s o r y C i r c u l a r 150/5050-4, C i t i z e n P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n A i r p o r t P l a n n i n g , f o r g u i d a n c e i n d e v e l o p i n g c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n and community i n v o l v e m e n t programs.

c. When o r g a n i z i n g a community i n v o l v e m e n t program, i t i s f i r s t n e c e s s a r y t o i d e n t i f y t h e i s s u e s and t o d e t e r m i n e :

( 1 ) What i n f o r m a t i o n must be communicated t o t h e p u b l i c ; ( 2 ) Which g r o u p s must r e c e i v e t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n ; ( 3 ) What . i n f o r m a t i o n must be r e c e i v e d from t h e p u b l i c ; ( 4 ) From which g r o u p s t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n can be o b t a i n e d .

d. S p e c i f i c community i n v o l v e m e n t t e c h n i q u e s can t h e n be e v a l u a t e d a n d a s e q u e n c e of a c t i v i t i e s d e v e l o p e d , i n c l u d i n g f o r m u l a t i o n of a l t e r n a t i v e s , a n a l y s i s and e v a l u a t i o n of a l t e r n a t i v e s , and t h e f i n a l d e c i s i o n m a k i n g p r o c e s s . A d d i t i o n a l g u i d a n c e t h a t may be u s e f u l on a v i a t i o n i s s u e s may be found i n F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ' s Connunity I n v o l v e m e n t Manual. T h i s m y be o b t a i n e d from t h e O f f i c e of Environment and Energy, Noise Abatement D i v i s i o n , AEE-100, Washington, D . C . , 20591.

Chap 3 P a r 352

- - -

354. DOCUMENTATION. I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h P a r t 1 5 0 , t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r i s t o p r o v i d e d o c u m e n t a t i o n summarizing t h e p u b l i c p r o c e d u r e and i n p u t t o t h e program. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e o p e r a t o r i s t o p r o v i d e d o c u m e n t a t i o n of c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h o f f i c i a l s o f p u b l i c a g e n c i e s , p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s , FAA r e q u i r e d , and o t h e r F e d e r a l o f f i c i a l s which may be a f f e c t e d by t h e proposed a c t i o n . T h i s d o c u m e n t a t i o n may c o n s i s t of summaries o f communications between t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n d i c a t i n g t h e i s s u e s and d e p t h of r e v i e w o r i t may c o n s i s t of a summary o f comments and r e p l i e s t o t h e p l a n o r l e t t e r s of a p p r o v a l a d o p t i n g t h e proposed a c t i o n .

355 .-359. RESERVED.

SECTION 6. ANALYSIS OF COSTS AND BENEFITS AND SELECTION OF AN ALTERNATIVE

360. GENERAL. The c o s t s and b e n e f i t s of e a c h r e a s o n a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s h o u l d be i d e n t i f i e d and a s s e s s e d i n o r d e r t o form a l o g i c a l b a s i s f o r d e c i s i o n m a k i n g . D e t a i l e d a l t e r n a t i v e s most c l o s e l y a p p r o a c h i n g a n optimum s o l u t i o n t o t h e n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y problems of t h e p a r t i c u l a r a i r p o r t s h o u l d be i d e n t i f i e d . C o s t s may be g e n e r a l l y grouped as p o s s i b l e c o n s t r a i n t s upon i n t e r s t a t e o r f o r e i g n commerce, o r as e n v i r o n m e n t a l , economic, and s o c i a l i m p a c t s . O b v i o u s l y , s o l u t i o n s ( a l t e r n a t i v e s ) w i l l n o t o n l y d i f f e r i n t h e i r c o s t s and b e n e f i t s ; c o s t s and b e n e f i t s may a l s o a c c r u e t o d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s , i n d u s t r i e s , g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a s , o r p e r s o n s .

361. CONSTRAINTS UPON INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN COMMERCE. A s t i p u l a t i o n of t h e ASNA Act and of FAR P a r t 150 i s t h a t a n approved a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program n o t c r e a t e a n undue b u r d e n on i n t e r s t a t e o r f o r e i g n commerce. Such a n undue burden i s o f t e n d i f f i c u l t t o i d e n t i f y and i s based upon a number o f t r a d e - o f f s , which go beyond t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of t h e l o c a l a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r . For example, a r e s t r i c t i o n upon t h e o p e r a t i o n s of a i r c r a f t e x c e e d i n g a g i v e n n o i s e l e v e l between 1 0 p.m. a n d 7 a.m. c o u l d c r e a t e t o o small a "window" f o r c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a n o t h e r a i r p o r t 2,000 m i l e s away. F u l l c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e FAA, t h e a i r c a r r i e r u s e r s of t h e a i r p o r t , a n d w i t h o t h e r u s e r s w i l l i d e n t i f y c o n s t r a i n t s i n t h i s a r e a and h e l p g e n e r a t e m u t u a l l y a c c e p t a b l e compromises.

362. ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS. Each a c t i o n proposed by a n a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program may have e n v i r o n n e n t a l c o s t s a n d / o r b e n e f i t s t o b e t r a d e d o f f a g a i n s t i t s economic and s o c i a l c o s t s and b e n e f i t s . The e n v i r o n m e n t a l i n p a c t s may a l s o have t o be a s s e s s e d u n d e r F e d e r a l o r s t a t e g u i d e l i n e s p r i o r t o i m p l e m e n t i n g t h e a c t i o n . The a n a l y s i s a t t h i s p r e l i m i n a r y s t a g e s h o u l d be s u f f i c i e n t t o r e a s o n a b l y a s s u r e t h a t f u t u r e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n w i l l be b o t h p o s s i b l e and w i t h i n t h e c o n s t r a i n t s of economic a n d s o c i a l c o s t s . I f a p a r t i c u l a r a c t i o n i s c r i t i c a l t o t h e s u c c e s s of t h e a l t e r n a t i v e , t h e n a more t h o r o u g h a n a l y s i s may be i n o r d e r . FAA O r d e r s 1050.1C, P o l i c i e s a n d P r o c e d u r e s f o r C o n s i d e r i n g E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t s , a n d 5050.4, A i r p o r t E n v i r o n m e n t a l Handbook, g i v e d e t a i l e d i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r c o n d u c t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s e s when a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s e s s m e n t i s r e q u i r e d f o r F e d e r a l a p p r o v a l of c e r t a i n a c t i o n s . Although FAA a c c e p t a n c e of n o i s e e x p o s u r e maps and a p p r o v a l of n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs a r e b o t h c a t e g o r i c a l e x c l u s i o n s , any a p p l i c a t i o n f o r F e d e r a l f u n d i n g of a n y p o r t i o n o f n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y program may i n v o l v e t h e need f o r a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s e s s m e n t b e f o r e s u c h f u n d i n g d e c i s i o n s c a n be made.

Chap 3 P a r 354 Page 4 1

3 6 3 . ECONOMIC COSTS. The economic c o s t s o r b e n e f i t s of a n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y a l t e r n a t i v e may be b o t h d i r e c t and i n d i r e c t . It i s t h e t o c a l o f t h e s e c o s t s which s h o u l d be a s s e s s e d and c o n s i d e r e d a g a i n s t s o c i a l and e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o s t s . The d i r e c t c o s t s a r e u s u a l l y o b v i o u s and e a s i l y q u a n t i f i a b l e . They i n c l u d e s u c h t h i n g s as c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s , a c q u i s i t i o n c o s t s , t h e c o s t of e x t r a f u e l used i n n o i s e a b a t e m e n t o p e r a t i o n s , and t h e c o s t s of a i r c r a f t i d l e d by n o i s e c u r f e w s . B e n e f i t s may i n c l u d e t h e ' i n c r e a s e i n v a l u e o f n o n c o m p a t i b l e u s e s a f t e r t h e c r i t i c a l n o i s e e n v i r o n m e n t i s removed. I n d i r e c t c o s t s and b e n e f i t s c a n be more d i f f i c u l t t o i d e n t i f y and q u a n t i f y . They c a n i n c l u d e i n d u c e d development r e s u l t i n g from a i r p o r t c o n s t r u c t i o n o r from t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of n o i s e t o l e r a n t i n d u s t r i a l u s e s i n t o t h e a r e a . They may a l s o i n c l u d e l o s t o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r development when t h e r e a r e more a c r e s of n o i s e i m p a c t e d l a n d t h a n w i l l be needed f o r n o i s e c o m p a t i b l e u s e s . Also, h o u s i n g removed from n o i s e i m p a c t e d a r e a s must be r e p l a c e d w i t h new h o u s i n g i n a n o t h e r l o c a t i o n . O t h e r c o s t s and b e n e f i t s may be more s u b t l e b u t j u s t as r e a l as a r e t h e s e .

3 6 4 . SOCIAL COSTS. E v a l u a t i o n of t h e s o c i a l c o s t s and b e n e f i t s of t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s i s o f e q u a l i m p o r t a n c e w i t h t h o s e of economics and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . S o c i a l c o s t s c a n i n c l u d e s u c h i m p a c t s as t h e d i s r u p t i o n of e s t a b l i s h e d n e i g h b o r h o o d s o r s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s t h r o u g h removal of n o i s e i m p a c t e d h o u s i n g , a l t e r e d s u r f a c e t r a n s p o r a t i o n p a t t e r n s , d i s r u p t i o n of o r d e r l y p l a n n e d d e v e l o p m e n t , o r t h e c r e a t i o n of a p p r e c i a b l e c h a n g e s i n employment. The o f t e n improved s e n s e of s a f e t y w i t h t h e d i m i n i s h m e n t of a i r c r a f t n o i s e may a l s o be a s i g n i f i c a n t b e n e f i t . I f p r e p a r a t i o n of a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s e s s m e n t becomes n e c e s s a r y p r i o r t o a p p r o v a l of F e d e r a l f u n d i n g f o r a program e l e m e n t , s o c i a l c o s t s a r e o n e ' o f t h e prime i m p a c t s which must be a s s e s s e d .

3 6 5 . SELECTION OF AN ALTERNATIVE. The s e l e c t i o n of one o r a c o m b i n a t i o n of t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s e x p l o r e d i s t h e f o c a l p o i n t of t h e whole p l a n n i n g and e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e s s . - It i s a l s o a common p o i n t of f a i l u r e of t h e p r o c e s s , e i t h e r i m m e d i a t e l y o r l a t e r , d u r i n g t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s t a g e s . Although t h e f i n a l d e c i s i o n must remain w i t h t h e d u l y e l e c t e d o r a p p o i n t e d d e c i s i o n m a k e r ( s ) , a n a p p r o p r i a t e d e g r e e of i n v o l v e m e n t by t h o s e a f f e c t e d by t h a t u l t i m a t e d e c i s i o n d u r i n g t h e d e l i b e r a t i o n s and e l i m i n a t i o n s l e a d i n g up t o a f i n a l recommendation i s . l i k e l y t o p r o d u c e more w o r k a b l e and s a t i s f y i n g r e s u l t s . It i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t p r i o r t o t h i s p o i n t i n t h e p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s a l o g i c a l and f a i r d e c i s i o n m a k i n g p r o c e s s be a g r e e d upon and e s t a b l i s h e d . Such a p r o c e s s m i g h t t a k e t h e f o l l o w i n g form:

a . A d e c i s i o n t r e e . i n d i c a t i n g t h e d e c i s i o n s t o be made, who i s t o make them, and t h e i r s e q u e n c e and t i m i n g .

b. A m a t r i x which d i s p l a y s t h e c o s t s and b e n e f i t s of e a c h a l t e r n a t i v e a n d a r r a y s them a g a i n s t t h e c o s t s and b e n e f i t s of t h e o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e s .

c . A n o u t l i n e o f , t h e p o s s i b l e d e c i s i o n c o m b i n a t i o n s (some d e c i s i o n s a u t o n a t i c a l l y p r e c l u d e o t h e r d e c i s i o n s o r c o m b i n a t i o n s ) .

d. A d r a f t of a l o g i c a l and p r o b a b l e s c e n a r i o of f u t u r e e v e n t s based upon e a c h d e c i s i o n c o m b i n a t i o n .

Chap 3 P a g e 42 P a r 363

e. Review and discussion of the issues in each of the alternatives by the reviewers and/or decisionmakers, following the sequences and format noted above, to make the evaluations and trade-offs leading to recommendations or decisions. A two-step selection process may be appropriate for multiple or complex alternatives.

366. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELECTED ALTERNATIVE INTO A DRAFT COMPATIBILITY PROGRAM. Once an alternative has been selected, it should be fully developed into a complete airport noise compatibility program. This consists, essentially, of treating the alternative as an accepted preliminary scheme, then making the more vigorous investigations into its viability and developing the details of the plan and its implementation. The recommended steps include:

a. Stringent investigation of the alternative's assets and liabilities to assure that it will stand the tests of reality.

b. Detailed development of the plan, giving particular attention to fully coordinating it with existing local planning, community growth trends and the local agencies which will be responsible for its implementation.

c. Development of the specific implementation actions necessary to fully implement the plan.

d. Assign to and get written agreement from the agencies (or officials) who will be responsible for each of the implementing actions.

e. Development of the implementation schedules and any documents required for adoption and full implementation. these could include resoltuions for adoption as well as new or revised zoning districts designed to be added to existing local zoning ordinances.

367.-399. RESERVED.

Chap 3 Par 365 Page 43

AC 150/5020-1 Appendix 1

1. LAND USE COMPATIBILITY TABLE. FAR P a r t 150 c o n t a i n s a t a b l e , Land Use C o m p a t i b i l i t y With Y e a r l y Day-night Sound L e v e l s , i d e n t i f y i n g l a n d~ v e r a ~ e u s e s t h a t a r e "normally c o m p a t i b l e " o r "noncompatible" w i t h v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f n o i s e exposure. This a p p e n d i x c o n t a i n s t h a t t a b l e , b u t expands t h e l i s t of u s e s under most c a t e g o r i e s i n o r d e r t o be more u s e f u l . The expanded l a n d u s e d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e based upon t h e S t a n d a r d Land Use Coding Manual (SLUCM) p u b l i s h e d by t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and t h e Department of Housing and Urban Development i n 1965. The l e v e l s of n o i s e e x p o s u r e , i n y e a r l y day-night a v e r a g e sound l e v e l s ( L ~ , ) c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e c o n t o u r s r e q u i r e d t o be shown on A i r p o r t Noise Exposure Maps. The t a b l e i n d i c a t e s c o m p a t i b i l i t y of t h e l a n d u s e s w i t h t h e o u t d o o r n o i s e environment. By comparing t h e p r e d i c t e d o r measured y e a r l y Ldn l e v e l a t a p a r t i c u l a r s i t e w i t h t h e v a l u e s g i v e n i n t h e t a b l e t h e r a n g e of c o m p a t i b l e u s e s may be d e t e r m i n e d . I n u s i n g t h e l a n d u s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y t a b l e , t h e f o l l o w i n g c a u t i o n s s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d :

a . Ldn c o n t o u r s i n d i c a t e t h e b o u n d a r i e s l i n e s between a r e a s of a c c e p t a b l e o r u n a c c e p t a b l e n o i s e e x p o s u r e s f o r t h e v a r i o u s l a n d u s e s i n Appendix I. The c o n t o u r s do i n d i c a t e t h e t r e n d i n r e l a t i v e n o i s e l e v e l s . However, v e g e t a t i o n , l a n d c o n t o u r s , and t h e p o s i t i o n of b u i l d i n g s o r w a l l s may o f t e n a f f e c t t h e impact of n o i s e on t h e human u s e r s a t a s p e c i f i c s i t e .

, . .

b. Ldn l e v e l s may v a r y somewhat above o r below t h e p r e d i c t e d l e v e l s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r l o c a t i o n , depending upon l o c a l topography and v e g e t a t i o n , and upon f i n a l a i r c r a f t l o a d i n g s and o p e r a t i o n s .

c . Although a l l l a n d u s e s may be c o n s i d e r e d a s normally c o m p a t i b l e w i t h n o i s e l e v e l s l e s s t h a n 65 Ldn, l o c a l needs and v a l u e s may d i c t a t e f u r t h e r d e l i n e a t i o n based on s p e c i f i c l o c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a s w e l l a s low ambient l e v e l s .

d. When a p p r o p r i a t e , n o i s e l e v e l r e d u c t i o n may be a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h i n c o r p o r a t i o n of sound a t t e n u a t i o n i n t o t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of a s t r u c t u r e t o a c h i e v e c o m p a t i b i l i t y . However, more s p e c i f i c n o i s e measurement and a n a l y s i s i s g e n e r a l l y a d v i s a b l e p r i o r t o i n c u r r i n g t h e e x p e n s e of such sound t r e a t m e n t . The c a u t i o n s mentioned i n p a r a g r a p h 236d s h o u l d be observed when a p p l y i n g Noise L e v e l Reduction (NLR) t o r e s i d e n t i a l u s e s o r o t h e r u s e s where indoor-outdoor a c t i v i t i e s a r e i m p o r t a n t .

e. Other l o c a l n o i s e s o u r c e s may o f t e n c o n t r i b u t e a s much as o r more t h a n a i r c r a f t t o t h e t o t a l n o i s e e x p o s u r e a t a s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n .

f . C o m p a t i b i l i t y d e s i g n a t i o n s i n t h e t a b l e g e n e r a l l y r e f e r t o t h e m a j o r u s e of t h e s i t e . I f o t h e r u s e s w i t h g r e a t e r s e n s i t i v i t y t o n o i s e a r e p e r m i t t e d a t a s i t e , t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s based upon t h e u s e which i s most a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d by n o i s e .

Page 1

AC 1 5 0 / 5 0 2 0 - 1

Appendix 1

LAND USES NORMALLY COMPATIBLE WITH VARIOUS NOISE LEVELS

-~~ - -

L . e ~ d r m c t a l . e t h e r than d r l a L u e nl trms*henc 1 . 4 1 y e I0u*.*.ld un1cm. (11) t ~ a s t am ~ t e- d a c e c h d ( 1 I . l l ) Bragla uascr - u ~ d . c a c h d (11.12) 8urh r t c e - a c c . c W ra (11.13) l a r m l t e - r J . - b t r & d a ( l l . 1 1 ) I u m r c e -m &.a r)u M h a r (11.11) . 4 a r t r n t e - n l k up (11.11) A p a r t m c e - a l a v a c n (ll.J2) C r w ) w a r t e r a (12) 1.eld.ntlal bt.1. (13) Other ra.bdanclal (19)

PUBLIC U U 1 1choole. Loepltala. nl ur.,., w e

U u c a c r o u l oarv~ca. (HI Y s a r ~ c a l e , u r a l r a Lor. (65.1) .0.16)

aurcha.. a d ~ t o r ~ u . . ul corncar6 h l l e C u l c u r a l r c r r r c l e e ( t w l u d & n ( c h u r c h a ) (71) A d ~ c e r r a . eomect b a l l e (72.1)

Page 2

AC 150/5020-1 Appendix 1

*The d e s i g n a t i o n s c o n t a i n e d i n t h i s t a b l e do not c o n s t i t u t e a F e d e r a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t any u s e of l a n d covered by t h e program is a c c e p t a b l e o r u n a c c e p t a b l e under F e d e r a l , S t a t e , o r l o c a l law. The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a c c e p t a b l e and p e r m i s s i b l e l a n d u s e s remains w i t h t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s . FAA d e t e r m i n a t i o n s under P a r t 150 a r e not i n t e n d e d t o s u b s t i t u t e f e d e r a l l y d e t e r m i n e d l a n d u s e s f o r t h o s e d e t e r m i n e d t o be a p p r o p r i a t e by l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s i n r e s p o n s e t o l o c a l l y determined needs and v a l u e s i n a c h i e v i n g n o i s e c o m p a t i b l e l a n d u s e s .

KEY TO TABLE

Number i n ( ) S t a n d a r d Land Use Coding Manual (SLUCM) . Y (Yes) Land Use and r e l a t e d s t r u c t u r e s c o m p a t i b l e

w i t h o u t r e s t r i c t i o n s .

Land Use and r e l a t e d s t r u c t u r e s a r e not c o m p a t i b l e and s h o u l d be p r o h i b i t e d .

Land u s e and r e l a t e d s t r u c t u r e s g e n e r a l l y c o m p a t i b l e ; measures t o a c h i e v e Noise L e v e l Reduction (NLR), outdoor t o i n d o o r , of 25, 30, o r 35 must be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of s t r u c t u r e .

NOTES FOR TABLE

1. Where t h e community d e t e r m i n e s t h a t r e s i d e n t i a l u s e s must be a l l o w e d , measures t o a c h i e v e o u t d o o r t o i n d o o r Noise Level Reduction (NLR) of a t l e a s t 25 dB and 30 dB should be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o b u i l d i n g codes and be c o n s i d e r e d i n i n d i v i d u a l a p p r o v a l s . Normal c o n s t r u c t i o n can be e x p e c t e d t o p r o v i d e a NLR o f 20 dB, t h u s , t h e r e d u c t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e o f t e n s t a t e d a s 5 , 1 0 o r 1 5 dB o v e r s t a n d a r d c o n s t r u c t i o n and n o r m a l l y assume m e c h a n i c a l v e n t i l a t i o n and c l o s e d windows y e a r round. However, t h e u s e of NLR c r i t e r i a w i l l n o t e l i m i n a t e o u t d o o r n o i s e problems.

2. Compatible where measures t o a c h i e v e NLR o f 25 a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of p o r t i o n s of t h e s e b u i l d i n g s where t h e p u b l i c i s r e c e i v e d , o f f i c e a r e a s , n o i s e s e n s i t i v e a r e a s o r where t h e normal n o i s e l e v e l i s low.

3 . Compatible where measures t o a c h i e v e NLR o f 30 a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of p o r t i o n s of t h e s e b u i l d i n g s where t h e p u b l i c i s r e c e i v e d , o f f i c e a r e a s , n o i s e s e n s i t i v e a r e a s o r where t h e normal n o i s e l e v e l i s low.

Page 3

AC 1501 5020-1

Appendix 1

4. Compatible where measures t o a c h i e v e NLR o f 35 a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of p o r t i o n s o f t h e s e b u i l d i n g s where t h e p u b l i c i s r e c e i v e d , o f f i c e a r e a s , n o i s e s e n s i t i v e a r e a s o r where t h e normal n o i s e l e v e l i s low.

5. Land u s e c o m p a t i b l e p r o v i d e d s p e c i a l sound r e i n f o r c e m e n t systems a r e i n s t a l l e d .

6 . Prime u s e o n l y , any r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s r e q u i r e a n NLR o f 25 t o be c o m p a t i b l e .

7. Prime u s e o n l y any r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s r e q u i r e a n NLR o f 30 t o be c o m p a t i b l e .

8. Prime u s e o n l y , NLR f o r r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s n o t n o r m a l l y f e a s i b l e , and s u c h u s e s should be p r o h i b i t e d .

g. Designations c o n t a i n e d i n t h e t a b l e do n o t c o n s t i t u t e a F e d e r a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t any u s e of l a n d c o v e r e d by t h e program i s a c c e p t a b l e o r u n a c c e p t a b l e under F e d e r a l , S t a t e , o r l o c a l law. The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a c c e p t a b i l i t y and p e r m i s s i b l e l a n d u s e s remains w i t h t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s .

h. Although T a b l e 2 of FAR P a r t 150 d e f i n e s t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y o r n o n c o m p a t i b i l i t y of v a r i o u s l a n d u s e s f o r t h e p u r p o s e s of F e d e r a l a i d , programs, o r s a n c t i o n s under t h e ASNA Act, a d j u s t m e n t s o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s of t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e l a n d u s e c a t e g o r i e s may be d e s i r a b l e a f t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n of s p e c i f i c l o c a l c o n d i t i o n s ,

2. INTERPRETATION OF NOISE EXPOSURE MAPS. Note t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e that t h e p r o c e s s of p l o t t i n g n o i s e c o n t o u r s o n t o l o c a l l y g e n e r a t e d l a n d use maps may i n t r o d u c e a d e g r e e of c h a r t i n g i m p r e c i s i o n , e s p e c i a l l y r e l a t i v e t o p r o p e r t y l i n e s on t h e l a n d u s e map. For t h e purpose of S e c t i o n 107 of t h e ASNA Act, a s amended, q u e s t i o n s may a r i s e c o n c e r n i n g t h e p r e c i s e r e l a t i o n s h i p of s p e c i f i c p r o p e r t i e s t o n o i s e e x p o s u r e c o n t o u r s d e p i c t e d on a n o i s e e x p o s u r e map s u b m i t t e d under S e c t i o n 1 0 3 o f that Act. The FAA i s n o t i n v o l v e d i n any way i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e r e l a t i v e l o c a t i o n s of s p e c i f i c p r o p e r t i e s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e d e p i c t e d n o i s e c o n t o u r s , o r i n i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e n o i s e e x p o s u r e map t o r e s o l v e q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g which p r o p e r t i e s s h o u l d be c o v e r e d by t h e p r o v i s i o n s of S e c t i o n 107. These f u n c t i o n s are i n s e p a r a b l e from t h e u l t i m a t e l a n d u s e c o n t r o l and p l a n n i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of l o c a l government. T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e d e t a i l e d o v e r l a y i n g of n o i s e e x p o s u r e c o n t o u r s o n t o t h e map of s u b j a c e n t p r o p e r t i e s on t h e s u r f a c e rests e x c l u s i v e l y w i t h t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r which s u b m i t t e d t h o s e maps, a n d / o r w i t h t h o s e p u b l i c a g e n c i e s and p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s w i t h which c o n s u l t a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d under S e c t i o n 1 0 3 o f t h e Act. I n i t s d e c i s i o n s t o a c c e p t n o i s e e x p o s u r e maps, t h e FAA relies on t h e c e r t i f i c a t i o n s , by t h e a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r t h a t t h i s s t a t u t o r i l y r e q u i r e d c o n s u l t a t i o n h a s been accomplished.

Page 4

AC 150/5020-1 Appendix 2

APPENDIX 2. CHECKLISTS FOR NOISE EXPOSURE MAPS AND NOISE COMPATIBILITY PROGRAMS.

The two c h e c k l i s t s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s a p p e n d i x a r e i n t e n d e d a s a n a i d t o b o t h d e v e l o p i n g and r e v i e w i n g n o i s e e x p o s u r e maps and n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs. They should n o t , however, be c o n s i d e r e d a s d e f i n i t i v e o r as r e p l a c i n g i n any way t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of FAR P a r t 150. R e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r compliance w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n s of P a r t 150 r e m a i n s w i t h t h e p r e p a r e r s and r e v i e w e r s .

Page 1

A i r p o r t :

CHECKLIST FOR NOISE EXPOSURE MAPS

REFERENCE -YES 1. Base Map developed u s i n g INM o r approved e q u i v a l e n t . A150.103(a) -

a . Land u s e s i d e n t i f i e d .

b. S c a l e n o t less t h a n 1 i n c h = 8000 f e e t . A1500 103(b) ( 1 ) - c . Runway L o c a t i o n s and a l i g n m e n t s . A150.101(e) & A150.103 (b) (1)-

d. A i r p o r t b o u n d a r i e s . AlSO.lOl(e) - e . F l i g h t t r a c k s . A150.101(e) -

2. Continuous n o i s e f o r Ldn 65, 70, and 75. A150.101(a&e) - a . E s t i m a t e s o f numbers of p e o p l e r e s i d i n g w i t h i n e a c h c o n t o u r . A150.101(e) - b . D e p i c t e d on l a n d u s e map of s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l and q u a l i t y t o A150.101(e) -

d i s c e r n s t r e e t s and o t h e r i d e n t i f i a b l e g e o g r a p h i c a l f e a t u r e s .

3 . D e p i c t i o n and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f e a c h p u b l i c a n d / o r p l a n n i n g agency h a v i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n w i t h i n t l i e Ldn 65 c o n t o u r . A150.105(a) -

4 . B r i e f a n a l y s i s o f t h e t y p e s of l a n d u s e c o n t r o l s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e i d e n t i f i e d a g e n c i e s .

5 . Noncompatible l a n d u s e s i d e n t i f i e d w i t h i n t h e Ldn 65 c o n t o u r s u s i n g T a b l e 2 of P a r t 150 and based on s e l f g e n e r a t e d n o i s e ( a m b i e n t ) A150.101(a&b) -

6. L o c a t i o n of n o i s e s e n s i t i v e p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s ( s c h o o l s , h o s p i t a l s , e t c . ) . A150.101(e) - 7. L o c a t i o n s of any n o i s e m o n i t o r i n g s i t e s . A150.101(e) - 8 . P r o j e c t e d a i r c r a f t o p e r a t i o n s f o r s u b m i s s i o n d a t e and f o r f i f t h c a l e n d a r

y e a r a f t e r s u b m i s s i o n d a t e . 150.21(a) - 9 . C o n s u l t a t i o n s w i t h p u b l i c , u s e r s , and o t h e r a g e n c i e s 150.21(b) -

10. C e r t i f i e d a s t r u e and complete

CHECKLIST FOR NOISE COMPATIBILITY PROGRAMS

1. C u r r e n t FAA a c c e p t e d n o i s e e x p o s u r e map i n c l u d e d .

' 2. C o n s u l t a t i o n s w i t h p u b l i c a n d / o r p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s w i t h i n Ldn 65.

3. C o n s u l t a t i o n s w i t h a i r c a r r i e r s and o t h e r a i r p o r t u s e r s .

4. O p p o r t u n i t y a f f o r d e d p u b l i c t o s u b m i t v i e w s , d a t a and comments.

5. D e s c r i p t i o n (summary) of t h e c o n s u l t a t i o n s c o n d u c t e d .

6. A l t e r n a t i v e s c o n s i d e r e d and p r e s e n t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s :

a. Those w i t h i n a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r ' s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a u t h o r i t y .

b. Those w i t h i n a u t h o r i t y of a n o t h e r l o c a l a g e n c y o r s t a t e / l o c a l g o v e r n i n g body.

c . Those u n d e r F e d e r a l a u t h o r i t y .

7. A t a minimum h a v e t h e s e a l t e r n a t i v e s been c o n s i d e r e d :

a . P r e f e r e n t i a l runway system.

b. R e s t r i c t i o n s on u s e of a i r p o r t based on n o i s e :

( 1 ) R e s t r i c t i o n s o n a i r c r a f t n o t m e e t i n g FAA n o i s e s t a n d a r d .

(2) C a p a c i t y l i m i t a t i o n s b a s e d on r e l a t i v e n o i s i n e s s .

( 3 ) R e q u i r e d u s e o f n o i s e a b a t e m e n t t a k e o f f / a p p r o a c h p r o c e d u r e s .

( 4 ) Landing f e e s b a s e d on n o i s e o r on t i m e of a r r i v a l .

( 5 ) O t h e r a c t i o n s recommended f o r FAA a n a l y s i s .

A i r p o r t

REFERENCE -YES . -NO 1 5 0 . 2 3 ( e ) ( l ) - - 1 5 0 . 2 3 ( ~ ) - -

~ 1 5 0 . 7 ( b )(5) - - B= n

B150.7(b) ( 5 ) - - %= w Z) Ln Z) 0

B 1 5 0 . 7 ( b ) ( 5 ) - - rD \ Et Cn a o r. N

B150.7 ( b ) ( 5 ) - - X 0 I N w

REFERENCE YES- NO- * * c. Noise b a r r i e r s a n d / o r a c o u s t i c a l s h i e l d i n g . B150.7(b)(2) 'd C ]- 'd m I-'

c. d. Soundproofing of p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s . B150.7 ( b ) (2)

3 wl a 0 P a \ X w 0

e . Modified f l i g h t p r o c e d u r e s a n d / o r f l i g h t t r a c k s . B 1 5 0 a 7 ( b ) ( 4 ) I0 h, 0 I I-'

f . Land p u r c h a s e s , a i r r i g h t s , e a s e m e n t s a n d / o r development r i g h t s . B150.7(b)(l)

K. O t h e r a c t i o n s o r i m p a c t on n o i s e .

c o m b i n a t i o n s o f a c t i o n s h a v i n g b e n e f i c i a l B150.7(b)(6)

8 . D e s c r i p t i o n of a l t e r n a t i v e s c o n s i d e r e d and t h e r e a s o n s why any a l t e r n a t i v e s 1 5 0 e 2 3 ( e ) ( 2 ) were r e j e c t e d .

9. S p e c i f i c a l t e r n a t i v e program measures ( a c t i o n s ) proposed and t h e r e l a t i v e 150.23(e)(3) c o n t r i b u t i o n of e a c h t o program e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

10. S t a t e m e n t of t h e a c t u a l o r a n t i c i p a t e d e f f e c t of t h e program on r e d u c i n g 1 5 0 e 2 3 ( e ) ( 5 ) n o i s e t o i n d i v i d u a l s and noncompatible u s e s .

11. Documentation of f e a s i b i l i t y of e a c h proposed measure, i n c l u d i n g :

a . E s s e n t i a l governmental a c t i o n s . 150.23(e)(8)

b. A n t i c i p a t e d f u n d i n g s o u r c e s . 150.23(e)(8)

12. R e l a t i o n s h i p of p r o p o s a l s t o e x i s t i n g FAA approved a i r p o r t l a y o u t p l a n , P50.23(e)(6) m a s t e r p l a n , and s y s t e m p l a n .

13. Summary of t h e comments and m a t e r i a l s r e c e i v e d v i a p u b l i c comment and 1 5 0 . 2 3 ( e ) ( 7 ) d i s p o s i t i o n .

14. Time p e r i o d c o v e r e d by t h e program. 1 5 0 . 2 3 ( e ) ( 8 )

15. Schedule f o r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e program. 1 5 0 . 2 3 ( e ) ( 8 )

16. P e r s o n s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of e a c h program measure. 1 5 0 . 2 3 ( e ) ( 8 ) & B150.7(c)

17. Schedule f o r p e r i o d i c review and u p d a t i n g . 1 5 0 . 2 3 ( e ) ( 9 )

AC 150/5020-1 . Appendix 3

APPENDIX 3

RECOMMENDED BASIC NOISE MEASUREMENT S Y S W

Noise m o n i t o r i n g may be u t i l i z e d by a i r p o r t o p e r a t o r s f o r d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n and d a t a r e f i n e m e n t , b u t is n o t r e q u i r e d by P a r t 150, f o r t h e development o f n o i s e e x p o s u r e maps o r a i r p o r t n o i s e c o m p a t i b i l i t y programs. T h i s Appendix d e s c r i b e s a b a s i c n o i s e measurement system. F i r s t a few words a b o u t t h e p u r c h a s e and maintenance of n o i s e measurement equipment. There a r e a t l e a s t f o u r o r f i v e companies i n t h e U.S. which c a r r y s p e c i a l p r o d u c t l i n e s of n o i s e measurement equipment. The FAA O f f i c e of Environment and Energy, Noise Abatement D i v i s i o n , Noise Technology Branch, (AEE-120) w i l l f u r n i s h a l i s t of v e n d o r s upon r e q u e s t . A t t h e time of p u r c h a s e , two v e r y i m p o r t a n t r e l a t e d needs must be c o n s i d e r e d , ( 1 ) p e r i o d i c maintenance and ( 2 ) p e r i o d i c r e - c a l i b r a t i o n of equipment t r a c e a b l e t o t h e N a t i o n a l Bureau of S t a n d a r d s . I f p o s s i b l e , t r y t o minimize f u t u r e d i f f i c u l t i e s , by a s s u r i n g t h a t l o c a l s e r v i c e is a v a i l a b l e . One should a l s o s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r t h e a d v a n t a g e s of e s t a b l i s h i n g a maintenance s e r v i c e c o n t r a c t . T h i s is e s p e c i a l l y recommended i f l o n g d e l a y s and e x t e n s i v e paperwork a r e r e q u i r e d f o r e a c h i n d i v i d u a l maintenance purchase o r d e r . The f o l l o w i n g l i s t d e t a i l s t h e p r i n c i p l e components of a mobile n o i s e measurement system. The word "system" i s u n d e r l i n e d t o i n d i c a t e t h a t much more t h a n a sound l e v e l meter is r e q u i r e d t o be a b l e t o conduct an e f f i c i e n t multi-purpose n o i s e measurement s u r v e y .

' P a g e 1

Appendix 0

-ITEM Microphone W i n d s c r e e n s

Plicrophones

"Dummy Microphone"

C a l i b r a t o r s

C a l i b r a t o r Inserts

Microphone e x t e n s i o n c a b l e

COMMENT

P u r c h a s e s e v e r a l f o r e a c h microphone. W i n d s c r e e n s have a h a b i t of d i s a p p e a r i n g , blowing away, becoming m i s p l a c e d e t c .

P u r c h a s e a t l e a s t 2 p e r s y s t e m . Microphones a r e e a s i l y damaged making one s p a r e p e r s y s t e m e s s e n t i a l .

T h i s d e v i c e s i m u l a t e s t h e microphone impedence and is u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s y s t e m e l e c t r i c a l n o i s e f l o o r and a s a n a i d i n t r o u b l e s h o o t i n g . One "dummy mike" p e r s y s t e m i s recommende,d.

A t l e a s t one c a l i b r a t o r p e r s y s t e m i s recommended. M u l t i - f r e q u e n c y c a l i b r a t o r s are v e r y u s e f u l f o r c h e c k i n g t h e "A-weighting" f i l t e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , as w e l l as f o r d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e v a r i a t i o n i n human h e a r i n g r e s p o n s e w i t h f r e q u e n c y .

It i s o f t e n a d v a n t a g e o u s t o u s e a s i n g l e c a l i b r a t o r t y p e on d i f f e r e n t t y p e s and s i z e s of m i c r o p h o n e s . P l a s t i c i n s e r t s a r e recommended a s t h e i r low t h e r m a l c o n d u c t i v i t y a v o i d s t h e r m a l l y s h o c k i n g t h e microphone i n c o l d w e a t h e r , a problem e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h m e t a l i n s e r t s . One s e t is needed f o r e a c h c a l i b r a t o r .

One t r i p o d p e r s y s t e m i s n e c e s s a r y t o remove t h e microphone 50 t o 100 f e e t from t h e o b s e r v e r and any v e r t i c a l r e f l e c t i v e s u r f a c e .

P u r c h a s e a t l e a s t one p e r system. The e x t e n s i o n c a b l e p e r m i t s t h e microphone t o be s e p a r a t e d from t h e m e t e r , as m e n t i o n e d above. C a u t i o n : When o r d e r i n g e x t e n s i o n c a b l e be s u r e t h e m e t e r ( w i t h b u i l t i n preamp) h a s enough power t o h a n d l e t h e c a b l e l e n g t h .

Page 2

AC 150/5020-1 Appendix 3

COMMENT

P r e c r s Lon I n t e g r a t l n g The PLSLM 1s a h r g h l y v e r s r t l l e Sound L e v e l M e t e r (PIsLM) r n s t r u m e n t , p a r t sound l e v e l m e t e r - p a r t

c o m p u t e r , c a p a b l e o f p r o v rd rng s l n g l e e v e n t m e t r r c s LA^, and LAE a s w e l l as a c u m u l a t r v e m e t r l c . T h l s m e t e r c a n be used b o t h f o r a s s e s s m e n t o f a l r p o r t u s e r e s t r l c t l o n s a s w e l l as f o r n o l s e c o n t o u r v a l l d a t l o n . Some PLSLMs c a n a l s o p r o v l d e o c t a v e band a n a l y s l s c a p a b l l r t l e s . The PISLM "DC o u t p u t " c a n be ~ n p u t t o a g r a p h l c l e v e l r e c o r d e r p r o v ~ d r n g A-welghted t l m e h r s t o r r e s .

Sound L e v e l Meter (SLM) Most SLMs c a n p r o v l d e maxlmum LA^ a s w e l l a s a c o n t r n u o u s r e a d o u t . The "DC o u t p u t " of most SLM's c a n a l s o be r n p u t l n t o g r a p h LC l e v e l r e c o r d e r s p r o v ~ d l n g A-welghted trme h l s t o r r e s . The t y p r c a l SLM can be used t o a s s e s s a r r p o r t use r e s t r l c t r o n s b u t 1s d l f f r c u l t t o u s e l n e v a l u a t l n g a l r p o r t n o l s e c o n t o u r s . Many SLM's a l s o have t h e c a p a b r l r t y o f a s s e s s r n g o c t a v e band sound p r e s s u r e l e v e l s , u s e f u l I n analyzing s t a t r o n a r y noise s o u r c e p r o b l e m s .

G r a p h l c L e v e l R e c o r d e r The GLR 1s a h r g h l y recommended s y s t e m (GLR) component. Many s r t u a t l o n s a r l s e I n

whlch a g r p a h l c t l m e h l s t o r y " p ~ c t o r l a l " 1s more u n d e r s t a n d a b l e t h a n t a b u l a t e d decibels. Caut on: The GLR must a c c e p t a DC s l g n a l w l t h l n a v o l t a g e r a n g e corresponding t o t h e SLM o r PISLM o u t p u t v o l t a g e . A ~ - A Cs r g n a l GLR c a n n o t be - used I n a manner whlch w l l l p r o v l d e a n a c c u r a t e dBA, s l o w r e s p o n s e t l m e h l s * t o r v . The Dower s u ~ ~ l vof t h e GLR .z a c a n be e ~ t h e r AC o r DC however a DC power o p t r o n 1s h r g h l y recommended f o r f r e l d o p e r a t l o n a l f l e x r b l l r t y .

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-ITEM ( C o n t ' d ) P o r t a b l e A v i a t i o n Frequency ~ a d i o

Walkie-Talkies

Camera

P o r t a b l e s l i n g psychrometer

100 Ft. Tape Measure

Four-foot l o n g r o p e (1.2m)

COMMENT

The p o r t a b l e a v i a t i o n f r e q u e n c y r a d i o , p r e f e r a b l y w i t h r e c h a r g a b l e b a t t e r i e s , i s a v i t a l system component. M o n i t o r i n g t h e Advisory Terminal I n f o r m a t i o n System (ATIS) f r e q u e n g y p r o v i d e s a i r p o r t wind and b a r o m e t r i c p r e s s u r e r e a d i n g s . Monitoring tower, approach and d e p a r t u r e f r e q u e n c i e s p r o v i d e s a i r c r a f t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and most i m p o r t a n t l y warning t h a t an a i r c r a f t o v e r f l i g h t i s imminent.

Communication between n o i s e measurement teams i s o f t e n a r e q u i r e m e n t b o t h f o r a i r c r a f t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a s w e l l a s r e d e p l o y i n g teams i n r e s p o n s e t o a chage i n a i r p o r t o p e r a t i o n a l runways. W a l k i e - t a l k i e s can a l s o be u s e f u l i n e s t i m a t i n g a i r c r a f t speed between two o b s e r v a t i o n p o i n t s .

A camera i s u s e f u l f o r p h o t o - s c a l i n g a i r c r a f t a l t i t u d e s . It i s u s u a l l y n o t n e c e s s a r y t o a c q u i r e a i r c r a f t a l t i t u d e d a t a , however, s p e c i a l programs do a r i s e i n which a l t i t u d e i s r e q u i r e d . The camera i s a l s o used t o document t h e t e s t s i t e e n v i r o n s , equipment set ups, and microphone l o c a t i o n s t o r e s o l v e p o s t t e s t q u e s t i o n s .

The s l i n g psychrometer p r o v i d e s dry-bulb and wet-bulb t e m p e r a t u r e f o r computing r e l a t i v e humidity. Sound a t t e n u a t i o n v a r i e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e and r e l a t i v e humidity and t h e measurement of t h o s e p a r a m e t e r s i s o f t e n n e c e s s a r y .

Useful, i n s i t i n g microphone p o s i t i o n r e l a t i v e t o landmarks a s w e l l a s microphone h e i g h t .

Convenient way t o v e r i f y microphone h e i g h t when a t a p e measure i s not a v a i l a b l e .

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2. RECOMMENDED 1.IEASUREMENT PRACTICES. The f o l l o w i n g l i s t of recommended measurement p r a c t i c e s a r e k e y e l e m e n t s i n p r o v i d i n g a t r a c e a b l e r e c o r d of a n o i s e m o n i t o r i n g program.

a . Conduct measurement w i t h t h e m i c r o p h o n e ( s ) a t a h e i g h t of 4 f e e t (1.2m) a b o v e t h e g r o u n d .

b. O r i e n t t h e microphone p r o p e r l y , a c c o r d i n g t o m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s s p e c i f i c a t i o n s .

c . Avoid m e a s u r i n g a i r c r a f t n o i s e i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o v e r t i c a l r e f l e c t i v e s u r f a c e s ( a t l e a s t 25 f e e t whenever p o s s i b l e ) .

d. Avoid o v e r h e a d o b s t r u c t i o n s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e microphone. I d e a l l y , a c o n e o f f r e e s p a c e , w i t h a h a l f a n g l e o f 7 5 d e g r e e s from v e r t i c a l s h o u l d e x i s t above t h e microphone.

e . Avoid t h e u s e o f two-way r a d i o s i n t h e i m m e d i a t e v i c i n i t y o f m i c r o p h o n e c a b l e s and SLM's w h i l e r e c o r d i n g d a t a . The t r a n s m i s s i o n of e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c e n e r g y o f t e n c a n be p i c k e d up t h r o u g h t h e n o i s e measurement s y s t e m .

f . C a l i b r a t e a l l i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n a t l e a s t once a n hour a s w e l l a s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g and t h e end of e a c h measurement p e r i o d . Take s p e c i a l c a r e w i t h c a l i b r a t o r s . I f a c a l i b r a t o r is d r o p p e d i t must be checked a g a i n s t a n o t h e r c a l i b r a t o r known t o be a c c u r a t e . For t h i s r e a s o n it i s a good i d e a t o k e e p a " l a b o r a t o r y s t a n d a r d 1 ' c a l i b r a t o r i n t h e o f f i c e .

g. Use a w i n d s c r e e n a t a l l t i m e s . Avoid measurements u n d e r windy c o n d i t i o n s ; i f u n a v o i d a b l e , document t h e wind-induced sound . l e v e l . I f maximum sound l e v e l s o f a i r c r a f t o r o t h e r e v e n t s e x c e e d t h e wind n o i s e b y more t h a n 10 dB, t h e sound l e v e l measurement e r r o r w i l l be l e s s t h a n 0.5 dB.

h. Check b a t t e r y e n e r g y l e v e l s a t l e a s t once e v e r y t h i r t y m i n u t e s . I n s t r u m e n t s , u s i n g nickel-cadmium b a t t e r i e s may r e q u i r e more f r e q u e n t c h e c k i n g .

i. M a i n t a i n a c c u r a t e t h o r o u g h d a t a l o g s d u r i n g a measurement program i n c l u d i n g : d a y , d a t a , t i m e ( s ) , c a l i b r a t i o n l e v e l s , n o i s e f l o o r l e v e l s , b a t t e r y c h e c k s and t h e s e l e c t o r and g a i n s e t t i n g s f o r e v e r y component i n t h e measurement s y s t e m . N o i s e e v e n t d a t a s h e e t s s h o u l d a l s o i n c l u d e a i r c r a f t t y p e , c a r r i e r , e l e v a t i o n a n a g l e above t h e h o r i z o n , t i m e , a i r c r a f t o p e r a l t i o n ( t a k e o f f o r l a n d i n g ) , and a s p a c e f o r comments. A l l i n t r u s i v e n o i s e e v e n t s d u r i n g d a t a r e c o r d i n g s h o u l d be n o t e d . When t h e t i m e comes t o w r i t e a r e p o r t on t h e measurement s u r v e y , a l l of t h e l i t t l e d e t a i l s noted d u r i n g t h e t e s t w i l l p r o v e most v a l u a b l e .

j. As f u r t h e r documentary r e c o r d i t i s a l w a y s good t o draw a s c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m o f t h e measurement s e t u p showing e q u i p m e n t , o r i e n t a t i o n , p r i x i m i t y t o o b s t r u c t i o n s , roadways, e t c . P h o t o s of e a c h measurement s i t e a r e a l s o v e r y u s e f u l i n g o i n g b a c k and a d d r e s s i n g q u e s t i o q s c o n c e r n i n g f i e l d p r o c e d u r e o r t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

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k. D u r i n g d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n f o r a n y d e s i r e d e v e n t a v o i d c o n v e r s a t i o n i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e m i c r o p h o n e ( s ) . Keep v o i c e l e v e l s low a t a l l t i m e s . T h i s may seem o b v i o u s b u t i s one of t h e most f r e q u e n t e r r o r s i n p r o c e d u r e made by i n e x p e r i e n c e d p e r s o n s and o b s e r v e r s .

1. The l i s t shown below i d e n t i f i e s c e r t a i n e s s e n t i a l i t e m s e a s i l y o v e r l o o k e d i n p r e p a r i n g t o go o u t and m e a s u r e n o i s e :

(1) p r o p e r l y s i z e d c a l i b r a t i o n s c r e w d r i v e r ( s ) ;

( 2 ) c a l i b r a t e d w a t c h , c l o c k , o r o t h e r " t i m e - p i e c e " ;

( 3 ) e x t r a g r a p h i c l e v e l r e c o r d e r pens and p a p e r ;

( 4 ) s p a r e b a t t e r i e s ;

( 6 ) d a t a s h e e t s , and c l i p b o a r d .

m. Two o f t h e " e a s i e s t e r r o r s t o make" i n sound l e v e l measurement a r e :

(1) M e t e r Response Time s e t i n c o r r e c t l y on f a s t r a t h e r t h a n SLOW.

( 2 ) Meter w e i g h t i n g network on some o t h e r s e t t i n g t h a n -A. n. The s i n g l e b i g g e s t c a t e g o r y of problems e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h n o i s e

measurement e q u i p m e n t i n v o l v e s c o n n e c t i o n s and c a b l e s . Time s p e n t i n c h e c k i n g and c a r i n g f o r t h e s e i t e m s w i l l m i n i m i z e t h e c h a n c e of w a s t i n g a d a y i n t h e f i e l d . void p u l l i n g c o r d s anywhere b u t a t t h e c o n n e c t o r , a v o i d k i n k s i n w i r i n g ( e s p e c i a l l y i n c o l d w e a t h e r ) a n d f r e q u e n t l y t e s t c a b l e s f o r c o n t i n u i t y . . If a c a b l e becomes crimped o r damaged i n a n y way, remove i t from s e r v i c e u n t i l r e p a i r e d .

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APPENDIX 4 . BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOISE MEASUREMENT. ESTIMATION. AND FORECASTING

Bishop, D.E. and Anthony P. Hayes. Handbook for Developing Noise Exposure Contours for General Aviation Airports, 1975. Federal Aviation Administration.

International Electrotechnical Commission. Publication No. 179: Precision Sound Level Meters. 1973.

May, Daryl. Handbook of Noise Assessment. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1978.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. FAA - Integrated Noise Model, Basic.User's Guide, Version 2, 1979.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. Estimated Noise Levels in A-Weighted Decibels. Advisory Circular 36-38, June 11, 1980.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. Terminal Area Forecasts, Fiscal Years 1980-1991, 1979.

CONSULTATION AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. A Manual for Achieving Effective Community Participation in Transportation Planning.

Stein-Hudson, Kathleen. An Introduction to Community Involvement in the Transportation Planning Process. Federal Highway Administration, 1976.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. Community Involvement Manual. Report No. FAA-EE-79-06.

U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. Citizen Participation in Airport Planning. Washington, D.C.: Advisory Circular 150/5050-4, September 26, 1975.

Zelco, Harold P., Successful Conference and Discussion Techniques. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1957.

NOISE ABATEMENT AIRPORT/AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS

Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. A Guidance Document on Airport Noise Control. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Report No. FAA-EE-80-37, August 1980.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of The Secretary and the Federal Aviation Administration. Aviation Noise Abatement Policy. November 18, 1976.

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LAND USE PLANNING AND CONTROLS

B a i r , F r e d e r i c k H., Jr. P l a n n i n g Cities. American P l a n n i n g A s s o c i a t i o n ( F o r m e r l y ASPO), 1970.

C h a p i n , F. S t u a r t , Jr., and Edward J. K a i s e r . Urban Land Use P l a n n i n g . U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s P r e s s , 1979.

t i a a r , C h a r l e s M. Land Use P l a n n i n g : A Casebook o n t h e Use, Misuse and Re-Use o f Urban Land. L i t t l e , Brown a n d Co., 1 9 7 7 , p l u s t h e 1 9 8 0 Supplement.

Hagman, Donald G., and Dean J. M i s c z y n s k i . W i n d f a l l s f o r Wipeouts: Land Value C a p t u r e and Compensation. American P l a n n i n g A s s o c i a t i o n , 1978.

I n s t i t u t e f o r Contemporary S t u d i e s . No Land Is A n I s l a n d . 1975.

L i s t o k i n , David. Land Use C o n t r o l s : P r e s e n t Problems and F u t u r e Reform. C e n t e r f o r Urban P o l i c y R e s e a r c h , 1974.

Mandelker, D a n i e l R. E n v i r o n m e n t a l and Land C o n t r o l s L e g i s l a t i o n , The B o b b s - M e r r i l l Co., I n c . , 1977.

McHarg, I a n L. D e s i g n w i t h N a t u r e . N a t u r a l H i s t o r y P r e s s , 1971.

S i e g a n , Bernard H., P l a n n i n g W i t h o u t P r i c e s L e x i n g t o n Books, D.C. Heath a n d Co., 1977.

So, Frank S., e t . a l . P r a c t i c e o f L o c a l Government P l a n n i n g , Vol. l., I n t e r n a t i o n a l C i t y Manager's A s s o c i a t i o n , 1979.

U.S. Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n R e p r i n t . The S t a n d a r d Land Use Coding Manual. J a n u a r y 1965.

NOISE LEVEL REDUCTION, SOUNDPROOFING/TREATMENT AND SITE PLANNING/TREATMENT

B i s h o p , Dwight E. A B u i l d i n g Code f o r E x t e r i o r Noise I s o l a t i o n w i t h R e s p e c t t o A i r c r a f t Noise. HQ USAF/PREVX, C o n t r a c t No. F49642-74-31392, U.S. Department of D e f e n s e , U.S. Air F o r c e , J u n e 1975.

C l e a r y , G o t t l i e b , S t e e n a n d Hamilton. C e r t a i n L e g a l A s p e c t s o f R e q u i r e d S o u n d p r o o f i n g i n High Noise Areas. T e c h n i c a l supplement t o t h e r e p o r t JFK I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t i n New York. HOD-H-1091 ( T r i - S t a t e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Commission) . F e b r u a r y 1970.

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C l o s e , P a u l D. Sound C o n t r o l and Thermal I n s u l a t i o n o f B u i l d i n g s . Van N o s t r d a d R e i n h o l d Co., 1966.

H a r r i s , C y r i l M. Handbook of N o i s e C o n t r o l . McGraw H i l l , 1979.

Magrab, Edward B. E n v i r o n m e n t a l N o i s e C o n t r o l . W i l e y - I n t e r s c i e n c e , 1975. .

Moore, J. E. D e s i g n f o r Good A c o u s t i c s and Noise C o n t r o l . Scholium I n t l . , 1979.

Ransey, C. G. and H. R. S l e e p e r . A r c h i t e c t u r a l G r a p h i c S t a n d a r d s . W i l e y - I n t e r s c i e n c e , 7 t h E d i t i o n , 1980.

U.S. Department of Commerce, N a t i o n a l Bureau of S t a n d a r d s . D e s i g n Guide f o r Reducing T r a n s p o r t a t i o n N o i s e I n a n d Around B u i l d i n g s . NBS B u i l d i n g S c i e n c e S e r i e s 84. U.S. Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , A p r i l 1978.

U.S. Department of Commerce, N a t i o n a l Bureau of S t a n d a r d s . Highway Noise C r i t e r i a Study: O u t d o o r l I n d o o r N o i s e I s o l a t i o n . NBS T e c h n i c a l Note 1113-2. U.S. Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , August 1980.

U.S. Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . The- A u d i b l e Landscape: A Manual f o r Highway N o i s e and Land Use. November 1 9 7 4 , R e p r i n t e d August 1976.

U.S. Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . I n s u l a t i o n o f B u i l d i n g s A g a i n s t Highway Noise. FHWA-TS-77-202.

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