Argumentative Research

Andrew Adams

English Composition II

December 4th, 2021

Topic Comment by Courtney Wooden: Hi, my name is Courtney, and I will be grading your Touchstone!

The Impact of Applying Euthanasia by Healthcare Providers

Research question Comment by Courtney Wooden: This is not the correct assignment. Make sure that you are submitting the correct assignment. This is the essay (not outline) of your paper. Make sure that it is in proper APA formatting (removing all outline headers).

What is the impact of euthanasia application by the HealthCare providers?

Thesis

The application of euthanasia has both positive and negative impacts on its application by healthcare providers.

Detailed outline Comment by Courtney Wooden: work on outline

1. Introduction

1.1. Background information about euthanasia

Euthanasia is where medical providers end life for the patient suffering from pain that has no cure. A physician may need to employ all of the information they have received from medical school to try to save a patient's life, only to fail because the patient's condition is too poor, and no amount of effort or treatment will be able to save them. This is common in healthcare (Clifton, 2021). Despite using alternative medical approaches, doing countless research studies, and consulting with various experts, clinicians have been unable to heal the patients they have treated for years. These people are terminally ill, and no medical breakthrough will be able to save their lives. Terminally sick patients are frequently in agony and take pain medications to alleviate their discomfort because they are unbearably uncomfortable. When people hear the phrases "assisted suicide" or "euthanasia," they frequently try to shift the discussion because they are uncomfortable with the subject or because they believe that these acts are unethical and deadly, respectively. The phrases "euthanasia" and "assisted suicide" are frequently used interchangeably. Before a person has ever experienced terminal illness, either personally or through a family member, they often decide whether or not they support assisted suicide as a viable option. After going through the event, a person's entire viewpoint on the problem shifts completely (Atreya, Khadka, & Kandel, 2021). Comment by Courtney Wooden: work on proper APA formatting

1.2. Objectives Comment by Courtney Wooden: please make sure that you write this in essay format.

The study's objective is to determine whether euthanasia should be supported or discouraged based on the evidence of its advantages and disadvantages.

1.3. Research questions

What is the impact of euthanasia application by the HealthCare providers?

1.4. Thesis statement

The application of euthanasia has both positive and negative impacts on its application by healthcare providers.

2. Body

2.1. Clinical position about euthanasia

Whether euthanasia should be supported or not based on expert opinion and available scientific findings. Nurses are expected to protect life; therefore, killing is against their codes of conduct.

2.2. Nursing ethics and codes related to euthanasia concept

Nursing ethics on saving the life of the patients. According to nursing ethics of conduct, allowing the patient to die because of suffering pain that has no cure is ethically accepted (Köhler et al., 2017). According to the American Medical Association's code of ethics, physicians preserve professional, ethical principles. This also includes being devoted to the patients and respect for the patient self-determination. It is expected of medical professionals to behave in the best interests of their patients and society as a whole, regardless of their cultural, religious, or personal convictions (Quain, 2021). Because euthanasia is prohibited in the United States, doctors may provide the most tender care with their patient's requests. Still, they shouldn't help their patients to terminate their lives, including disclosure of possible information that would impact their decision.

2.3. Arguments for euthanasia

The benefits of practising euthanasia include the prevention of infinite anguish, the ability for the patient to prepare for their deaths, and the alleviation of stress and sadness on the part of family members as a result of the patient's condition. The right-based argument for euthanasia is one of the reasons in favour of the practice. Based on principles like self-determination and autonomy, patients' supporters have argued that patients have the right to make their own decisions about how they wish to die or even the moment at which they want to die (Ten Have & Patrão Neves, 2021). Furthermore, some arguments assert that people have the freedom to make their own decisions and the right to choose a dignified manner of death; these are referred to as human rights by advocates.

Another reason in favour of euthanasia is the principle of beneficence. It is suggested that performing euthanasia on patients who have suffered for an extended period may be beneficial to them rather than harmful; it is an attempt to assist them in alleviating the agony that they are experiencing (Fontalis, Prousali, & Kulkarni, 2018). Comment by Courtney Wooden: work on paragraph structure; min. of four sentences per paragraph

There is yet another reason to contrast the distinctions between passive euthanasia and active euthanasia while making a decision. Euthanasia advocates and supporters, medical treatment withdrawals, and the removal of the leaves all result in the death of those involved. By this statement, active euthanasia is claimed to be permissible and is assumed to be so; this is done by how passive euthanasia is permissible and thought to be so. Comment by Courtney Wooden: work on paragraph structure; min. of four sentences per paragraph

Some proponents of euthanasia, including those who believe in passive and active euthanasia, are well-known proponents of euthanasia, such as James Rachel's. As part of her argument in a helpful discussion, Rachel asserts that there is supposed to be an ethical difference in the way people approach issues where patients are allowed to die versus those where killing is employed. Throughout the process of constructing hypothetical scenarios, he makes arguments after arguments after views. There are two possibilities; in one of the scenarios, Smith is anticipating that if anything happens to his cousin, who is six years old, he will receive an inheritance. In the other scenario, Smith expects that he will not receive an inheritance (Denys, 2018). He gets into his bath and decides to drown him.

Callahan points out that both participants are ethically culpable due to Rachel's use of a hypothetical instance, which contradicts Rachel's position (Denys, 2018). Another point of view is that active euthanasia is more compassionate than passive euthanasia and that active euthanasia is more humane than passive euthanasia. Some say that this is a painless method that may be completed in a short period. Comment by Courtney Wooden: work on paragraph structure; min. of four sentences per paragraph

2.4. Argument against euthanasia

The dignity of life is violated because religious people feel that life is sacred and should be protected. For healthcare practitioners whose primary goal is to save lives, this violates their professional ethics and code of conduct. Suicide and killing, according to the opposition, are both illegal and unethical in both legal and ethical terms. In her piece, Kelly Crocker points out that a moral distinction exists between the persistently ending and the patient's life, including discontinuing care that causes the ending of the patient's life. The "sanctity of life" is an argument used to oppose euthanasia even though it is supported by the evidence (Fontalis, Prousali, & Kulkarni, 2018). There is a religious and secular foundation for this, and both of these groups have a compelling argument against the practice of euthanasia because they believe that life is sacred and should not be taken away from people. These parts of human beings' perspectives must be respected and kept for us to continue living. From the standpoint of Christians, life is viewed as a gift given by God; people are not meant to take this gift away because doing so is considered an offence, and they have no legal authority to do so. Muslims, like Christians, believe that because God is the source of life, He should be the only one who takes it away from us. It is only when an individual is correct that the supreme being is authorized to take their life.

Also, euthanasia is considered an act of euthanasia to be a form of murder, which is supported by the evidence. Killing is unacceptable in society, even though patients have given their consent based on their health situations (Fontalis, Prousali, & Kulkarni, 2018). Callahan demonstrates euthanasia by murdering an adult with permission, even if it is considered a voluntary component of euthanasia. Comment by Courtney Wooden: work on paragraph structure; min. of four sentences per paragraph

Euthanasia is viewed as a violation of human rights as well as a violation of individual autonomy. Even if it is utilized in the advocation of the execution of euthanasia, sovereignty is prominent in the arguments against the practice of euthanasia as well. Individuals' life should not be terminated by the principles of independence, as Mil and Kant feel passionately in their arguments against euthanasia and assisted suicide (Denys, 2018). This practice may be connected with terminally ill people who cannot make sound decisions about their own lives, and they may not be in a sound enough state of mind to do so. The principles of self-determination necessitate the existence of ideal community conditions. According to Callahan's views, this is governed by the community's goods, and it must be regarded as harmful to society and the hazards they are exposed to.

Some of the opponents of euthanasia are concerned with human rights and their rights to life, which they believe are violated. All human beings have the right to life, which is universally recognized; the importance of this right is also emphasized in the declaration (Pesut et al., 2019). According to human rights defenders, there is no such thing as a right to die; in the case of suicide, for example, this is not only possible but even encouraged. Comment by Courtney Wooden: work on paragraph structure; min. of four sentences per paragraph

3. Conclusion and Recommendation

It is evident from the arguments and research presented that euthanasia is a contentious matter. In most nations, such as Austria, it has been classified as a criminal offence, with charges of murder being imposed under common law or criminal legislation across all of the country's states. The criminalization of assisted suicide and the prohibition of euthanasia are frequent and visible in many nations worldwide, and they reflect assisted murder or suicide in Australia's legal standing. In contrast, just a few countries, including the United States, have authorized euthanasia and aided suicide and murder. In this study, the arguments in favour of and against euthanasia are set aside for the time being. The atrocities listed above are only a tiny portion of the ethical discussion and controversy surrounding the broad topic of euthanasia.

References

Atreya, A., Khadka, A., & Kandel, R. A. (2021). Palliative care and euthanasia: A Nepalese scenario. Medico-Legal Journal, 002581722110426. doi:10.1177/00258172211042694 Comment by Courtney Wooden: pretty good formatting on the reference page

Clifton, S. (2021). Disability and the complexity of choice in the ethics of abortion and voluntary euthanasia. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine, 46(4), 431-450. doi:10.1093/jmp/jhab008

Denys, D. (2018). Is euthanasia psychiatric treatment? The struggle with death on request in The Netherlands. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(9), 822-823. doi: 10.1176/app.up.2018.18060725

Fontalis, A., Prousali, E., & Kulkarni, K. (2018). Euthanasia and assisted dying: What is the current position, and what are the key arguments informing the debate? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 111(11), 407-413. doi:10.1177/0141076818803452

Köhler, A., Collymore, C., Finger-Baier, K., Geisler, R., Kaufmann, L., Pounder, K. C., … Schulte-Merker, S. (2017). Report of workshop on euthanasia for Zebrafish—A matter of welfare and science. Zebrafish, 14(6), 547-551. doi:10.1089/zeb.2017.1508

Pesut, B., Greig, M., Thorne, S., Storch, J., Burgess, M., Tishelman, C., … Chambaere, K. (2019). Nursing and euthanasia: A narrative review of the nursing ethics literature. Nursing Ethics, 27(1), 152-167. doi:10.1177/0969733019845127

Quain, A. (2021). The gift: Ethically indicated euthanasia in companion animal practice. Veterinary Sciences, 8(8), 141. doi:10.3390/vetsci8080141

Ten Have, H., & Patrão Neves, M. D. (2021). Euthanasia, general. Dictionary of Global Bioethics, 493-494. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54161-3_242

Reflection questions Comment by Courtney Wooden: nice job answering reflection questions

The most challenging a spect of research

The most challenging part of the research process was getting the final decision from the literature, considering the divergent views by different authors. It was hard to come to one conclusion because the topic had both positive and negative impacts, making it hard to conclude.

Effectiveness of the working thesis

The working thesis is effective because it provides the stand of the discussion by stating that the application of euthanasia has both positive and negative impacts; therefore, both arguments for and against euthanasia are right depending on the school of thought.

Arguments presented in the outline

Practising euthanasia is supported because it helps in relieving patients from endless pain and allows them to plan for their death. Still, on ethical consideration, euthanasia is not supported because life is considered sacred according to religious belief, and it should always be protected. Additionally, its against the ethics of work for medical professionals to leave the patient to die because the primary objective of healthcare professionals is to save a life.

Helpful feedback and specific questions Comment by Courtney Wooden: Start by having a clear argumentative research question and a thesis statement. Make sure you follow the flow of your thesis. That means that you have to go in the same order as mentioned in your thesis. Your essay should be organized/structured like this: Introduction paragraph with thesis (with 3 clearly defined subtopics) Historical or definitive overview of your topic (if you choose to add this paragraph) (A minimum of three body paragraphs containing each of your subtopics. (1) Subtopic 1 (1-2 paragraphs on this subtopic only) (2) Subtopic 2 (1-2 paragraphs on this subtopic only) (3) Subtopic 3 (1-2 paragraphs on this subtopic only) Counterargument paragraph Conclusion (reiterate your thesis) Your thesis dictates the flow of your essay.

The helpful feedback will be how best to ensure that the topic is well covered to provide a single stand on the dilemma created by the opposing argument on euthanasia. Other sectors support the concept while the other industry opposes it.

The specific questions

What is the best way of analyzing obtained data to answer the research question?

How are the results tested to ensure that they are valid?

Touchstone 3.2 Rubric and Feedback
Rubric Category	Feedback	Score (acceptable, needs improvement etc.)
Argument Development and Support	The argument is not developed and/or the composition is not argumentative; details are irrelevant and distract from the argument.	5/40
Research	Cites outside sources, but most are cited improperly; incorporates sources through direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary, but the integration is not smooth and/or the credibility of the sources is unclear.	12/30
Organization	Lacks several or all of the components of an argumentative research paper; sequences ideas and paragraphs such that the connections between ideas (within and between paragraphs) are often unclear and the reader has difficulty following the progression of the argument. You must have an introduction (with three-point thesis), clear body paragraphs to support your claim, a counterargument, and a conclusion that reiterate your thesis. This is not an essay.	0/15
Style	Demonstrates generally effective style choices, but may include occasional redundancies, imprecise language, poor word choice, and/or repetitive sentence structures.	3/5
Conventions	There are consistent significant errors in grammar, punctuation, spelling, capitalization, formatting, and usage.	1/5
Reflection	Demonstrates thoughtful reflection; consistently includes insights, observations, and/or examples in all responses, following or exceeding response length guidelines.	5/5
Overall Score and Feedback: 26/100 Please complete your rough draft per requirements before resubmitting it. In addition, your thesis statement must be argumentative: you are arguing that something must be done, and the details in your paper should reflect that. Follow the flow of your thesis. That means that you have to go in the same order as mentioned in your thesis. It should flow like this: I. Introduction paragraph with thesis (with 3 clearly defined subtopics) II. Historical or definitive overview of your topic (if you choose to add this paragraph) III. (A minimum of three body paragraphs containing each of your subtopics. (1) Subtopic 1 (1-2 paragraphs on this subtopic only) (2) Subtopic 2 (1-2 paragraphs on this subtopic only) (3) Subtopic 3 (1-2 paragraphs on this subtopic only) IV. Counterargument paragraph V. Conclusion (reiterate your thesis) Your thesis dictates the flow of your essay. Best regards, CW!