2-3pages essay book review
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9.UrbanRebellions-PunkandRiotsWinter2020.pptx.zip9. Urban Rebellions - Punk and Riots Winter 2020.pptx
Migrant City
4. Hostility
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From Local to National: Anti-Immigrant Hostility
Fast Demographic Change
Conservative Community and Republican Primaries
Local and State Political Entrepreneurs
National Organizations and Intellectuals
National Politicians
National Media
4. Hostility in Receiving Cities
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4. Hostility in Receiving Cities
1. Fast Demographic Change
Gateway Cities
New Destinations
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4. Hostility in Receiving Cities
2. Conservative Community and Republican Primaries
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4. Hostility in Receiving Cities
3. Local Political Entrepreneurs – Transform Troubles into Existential Threat
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4. Hostility in Receiving Cities
4. National Organizations and Intellectuals
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National Organizations and Intellectuals
“In this new era, the single most immediate and most serious challenge to America's traditional identity comes from the immense and continuing immigration from Latin America, especially from Mexico ….[T]hey [Americans] have overlooked the unique characteristics and problems posed by contemporary Hispanic immigration. The extent and nature of this immigration differ fundamentally from those of previous immigration, and the assimilation successes of the past are unlikely to be duplicated with the contemporary flood of immigrants from Latin America. This reality poses a fundamental question: Will the United States remain a country with a single national language and a core Anglo-Protestant culture? By ignoring this question, Americans acquiesce to their eventual transformation into two peoples with two cultures (Anglo and Hispanic) and two languages (English and Spanish).”
Samuel Huntington, Professor of Government, Harvard University, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
4. Hostility in Receiving Cities
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5. National Politicians
4. Hostility in Receiving Cities
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5. National Politicians
4. Hostility in Receiving Cities
“After the Crime Bill passed in 1994, we build a stronger record on crime. The illegal immigration legislation provides that same opportunity; now that the legislation is passed, we can build up a strong administration record on immigration. If we want continued public support for trade and friendly relations with Mexico, we must be vigilant in our effort to curb illegal trade (e.g. narcotic and immigrants).”
Emanuel, Rahm. 1996. “Memorandum to President Clinton: Domestic Policy.” November 12.
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6. National Media
4. Hostility in Receiving Cities
Massey, D. and K. Pren (2012) “Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Policy: Explaining the Post-1965 Surge from Latin America,” Population and Development Review, p. 7
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From Local to National: The Process of Nativism
Fast Demographic Change
Conservative Community and Republican Primaries
Local and State Political Entrepreneurs
National Organizations and Intellectuals
National Politicians
National Media
4. Hostility in Receiving Cities
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5. From Words to Laws: Centralizing and Localizing Immigration Policy
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Centralizing Government Policy
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History: Braceros (end in 1964)
Government Migration Restrictions:
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986
1990 Immigration Act
Operation Blockade, Operation Gatekeeper, 1993
Illegal Immigration Reform and Responsibility Act, 1996
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDP), 1996
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) , 1996
5. From Words to Laws: Centralizing Power
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9/11 Terrorism and Tightening the Screws
“The nation's defense against terrorism has been seriously eroded by the efforts of open-border advocates, and the innocent victims of today's terrorist attacks have paid the price” (Dan Stein, Federation of American Immigration Reform, NY Times, September 24, 2001)
“I note worries that terrorists would use the Mexico border as a back door to the United States, and there is the need to stop illegal crossings” (Condoleezza Rice, NY Times, March 11, 2005).
Grover Norquist (Americans for Tax Reform, “Immigration reform and border security are not competitors; they are the same thing” (Grover Norquist, NY Times, April 13, 2005).
5. From Words to Laws: Centralizing Power
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2001 USA Patriot Act Created Department of Homeland Security: increased funding for surveillance and deportation of foreigners, and authorized deportation of noncitizens without due process
2004 National Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Protection Act: Funded new equipment, aircraft, Border Patrol agents, immigration investigators, and detention centers for border enforcement
2005 Real ID Act: Sharply increased the data requirements, documentation, and verification procedures for state issuance of drivers licenses
2006 Secure Fence Act: Authorized construction of additional fencing, vehicle barriers, checkpoints, lighting and funding for new cameras, satellites, and unmanned drones for border enforcement
2010 Border Security Act: Funded hiring 3,000 more Border Patrol agents and increased BP budget by $244 million
5. From Words to Laws: Centralizing Power
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Spending Increases
Meissner, D., Kerwin, D.M., Chishti, M., and C. Bergeron, 2013: 12
5. From Words to Laws: Centralizing Power
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Localizing Government Policy
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Federal Partnerships
287 (g)
Secure Communities
Restrictive Local / State Laws
5. From Words to Laws: Localizing Policy
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287g Partnerships: By Region
5. From Words to Laws: Localizing Policy
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Source: http://trac.syr.edu/immigration/reports/349/
Secure Communities
5. From Words to Laws: Localizing Policy
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Local Anti-Immigrant Measures “Spreading like Wildfire”
The Role of the Federation of American Immigration Reform and Kris Kobach
Source: http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/03/anti-immigration-law-database
5. From Words to Laws: Localizing Policy
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5. From Words to Laws: Localizing Policy
Centralizing and Localizing Immigration Policy =
Deportations
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“None of the terrorist attacks involved Mexicans, and none of the terrorists entered through Mexico. Indeed, all came to the United States on legal visas…Mexicans nonetheless bore the brunt of the deportation campaign launched in the name of the war on terrorism, comprising 72% of those removed in 2009” (Massey and Pren 2012: 16, emphasis added).
Massey, D. and K. Pren (2012) “Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Policy: Explaining the Post-1965 Surge from Latin America,” Population and Development Review, p. 7
5. From Words to Laws: Localizing Policy
5. From Words to Laws: Localizing Policy
Local and County Policies: Sanctuary
Los Angeles: Special Order 40 (1979) – Forbids Police to Inquire about Immigration Status
Maricopa County Arizona: Strong Cooperation in 287(g) and Secure Communities
5. From Words to Laws: Localizing Policy
State Sanctuary Policies
California: Trust Act AB4 (2013); Values Act, SB54 (2017)
Arizona: Anti-Immigrant Laws: “Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act” SB1070 (2010)
Unintended Consequences of Restrictions
More Undocumented Migrants
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Unintended Consequences:
Hostile Words
More Borders
Reduces Circular Temporary Migration
Increases Settlement of Unauthorized Migrants
Increases Family Migration
Increases Mixed Family Status
5. From Words to Laws: More Laws, More Undocumented Immigration
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1. Global Migration 2. The Geography of Immigrant Communities 3. Immigrant Communities 4. Hostility in Receiving Cities 5. From Words to Laws
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Urban Rebellions
Part 1: Subversive Culture
Part 2: Urban Rage
Subversive Culture
Part I. Punks in the City
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Disgruntled Youth in the City
Economic Recession
Cultural Dismay
Political Disillusionment
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Subversive Youths Across Cities
New York and London: Centers of Punk
Connecting to Los Angeles
Increasing Numbers in L.A.
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Subversive Youths Across Cities
Sid Vicious and Johnny Ramone
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Consolidating a Core Group of Subversives
Growing Numbers
Institutionalization – Do It Yourself (DIY)
Connecting Places (venues, Canterbury apts)
Literature (fanzines, Slash)
Distribution (Bomp records)
The Masque
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Consolidating a Core Group of Subversives
Social Networks:
Appropriating Abandoned Urban Spaces
Proximity
Multiplex Networking
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Fast Growth and Group Complexity
Group Complexity:
Early Group: Strong Solidarity – Amorphous
More People – More Distinctions: True Punks vs. Poseurs
RODNEY ON KROQ
Fast Growth:
More Bands (X, Go Go’s, …)
More Media (Rodney on the Rock)
More Venues (Elk Lodge, Al’s Bar, Hollywood Clubs)
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Hollywood: The Core Geographical Cluster
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Part II. The Revenge of the
Suburbs: Punk Goes to the Burbs
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Spreading: From City Core to Suburban Periphery
Black Flag
Suicidal Tendencies
Minutemen
TSOL
Social Distortion
Red Kross
Circle Jerks
Descendents
Adolescents
Vandals
Agent Orange
Flipside Fanzine
KSPC
KXLU
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Think Pair Share
Develop a step by step theory for the suburbanization of punk.
Identify the specific steps in the process.
Punk and Post Metropolitan Landscapes
Diffusing out from the Center
Suburban Spinoffs
Blocked from the Center
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Subversive Nodes Connecting across the Region
New Institutions
Connections across Suburbs
KSPC
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Taking Aim: Family Man and Consumer Culture
Classical Punk Message
Taking Aim at the Backbone of Suburban Life
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Punk Challenging Middle Class, Suburban Culture
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Part III. Punk in the Barrio
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Placing Barrio Punk in Context
The Roaring 1980s: Growing Opportunities for Some, But Not for Others
Police Repression
Barrio Punk: Critique of Economic and Racialized System
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New Group Formation – New Cultural Project
Emergence: Friends at School
Innovations: Mixing Different Styles – Creating New Culture
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Rejected by All Sides
Rejected by Minority Community
Rejected by Some in White Punk Community
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Sharpening Boundaries
Safe Space Enables Cultural Support and Identity
Constructing Identity
Constructing Message
Constructing Bonds
Sharpening Cultural Boundaries
Strong Group Identifiers
Distinction Between Insider and Outsider
Attributing Value: Authentic versus Poser
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Connecting to Other Struggles
Connecting to Social Justice Movements in Los Angeles
Connecting to Political Struggles in Latin America
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Space of Empowerment
Institutionalizing Subversive Culture
Strengthening Commitment to Transgressive and Subversive Cultural Politics
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Part IV. Punk Now?
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Spatial Diffusion and Mainstreaming: Punk is Dead
Major Diffusion
Larger Audience
Great Commercial Value
More Difficult to Maintain Subversion
But…Still Inspiring Aggrieved Youths
Backyard Punk: Boyle Heights
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Extra Credit – 5 points
What are the economic and social conditions that shaped the lives of these youths?
How do these youths form groups with one another?
How do they form a common culture?
How do they exchange information?
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Part 2
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Conditions of Urban Rage: United States and France
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1. Systemic Territorial Inequalities
2. Systemic Stigma
3. Systemic Police Repression
4. Contradictory Ideologies: equality and repression
5. Weak Advocacy Organizations
6. Killings and Police Brutality as Triggers
1. Systemic Territorial Inequalities
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Territorial Marginalization
Commonalities with France:
Economic Decline following 1980s
Homogenous Class Structure
Predominance of Minorities
Racism
Differences with the United States:
Suburban Poverty:
Ethnic Heterogeneity:
Strong Presence of Government: School, Transit, Social Programs Keep Connections Alive
Territorial Inequalities
http://www.metropolitiques.eu/Are-socio-spatial-inequalities.html
https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2012/0501/In-France-s-suburban-ghettos-a-struggle-to-be-heard-amid-election-noise
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2. Systemic Stigma
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Territorial Stigmatization
Stigmatizing People in Places
I don’t know how you would characterize the gang leaders who got 13-year-old kids hopped up on crack and sent them out into the street to murder other African American children — maybe you thought they were good citizens. President Bill Clinton 1996
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Territorial Stigmatization
Stigmatizing People in Places
President Sarkozy
President Chirac
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3. Systemic Police Repression
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Systematic Police Repression
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Crime down, Imprisonment soaring
Systematic Police Repression
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Expanding the Punitive Net
Systematic Police Repression
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Systematic Police Repression
Non-Violent, Drug Offenses
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Heavily Biased against Black population
Systematic Police Repression
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Systematic Police Repression
Police shootings racially biased
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Profiting from the Poor: Ferguson
Offset loss in tax shortfall through increasing funds
Number of citations became indicators of activity
City’s second largest source of revenue
Ferguson: Municipal court gross revenue for calendar year 2012 passed the $2 million mark
21,000 warrants warrants for 33,000 offenses in 2013 alone.
Department of Justice Report: ‘Ferguson law enforcement practices are shaped by the city focus on revenue rather than by public safety needs.”
Systematic Police Repression
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Repression increasing in France, but the United States is still in front
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Police Abuse in France
High Racial Profiling
High Rates of Police Brutality
Higher Incarceration
Systematic Police Repression
http://www.prisonstudies.org/highest-to-lowest/prison_population_rate?field_region_taxonomy_tid=All
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Point: Systematic police repression increasing in France, but the United States is still far more repressive
80
4. Contradictory Ideologies: Equality and Discrimination
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Ideal of Equality
United States: Liberty and Justice for All
France: Republicanism
Discriminatory Norms and Practices
United States: White Supremacy and Police Repression
France: Colonialism and Police Repression
Contradictory Ideologies
82
5. Weak Advocacy Organizations
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Role of Advocacy Organizations in Poor Neighborhoods
Transforming Activists into Service Providers
United States: Professionalization (Community Development Corporations)
France: Service Associations
From Protest Function to Pacification Function
Weak Advocacy Organizations
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6. Triggers
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Unjust Act: Representative of Other Unjust Acts (not isolated events)
Outcomes:
France: Death of Three Teenagers in Clichy-sous-Bois
United States: Michael Brown in Ferguson, Freddie Grey in Baltimore, Rodney King in Los Angeles, so on, and so forth…
Triggers
Freddie Grey
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1. Systemic Territorial Inequalities
2. Systemic Stigma
3. Systemic Police Repression
4. Contradictory Ideologies: equality and repression
5. Weak Advocacy Organizations
6. Killings and Police Brutality as Triggers
Summary
|
State-Level Comprehensive Anti-Immigration Laws |
|
|
State |
Passed |
|
Arizona |
April 2010 |
|
Utah |
March 2011 |
|
Georgia |
April 2011 |
|
Indiana |
May 2011 |
|
Alabama |
June 2011 |
|
South Carolina |
June 2011 |
