Environmental World History Essay

NEO-EUROPES

AGENDA

• Review Columbian Exchange
• Lecture: Neo-Europes
• Analysis:SublimusDei-On theEnslavement and Evangelization ofIndians(1537)
• Sign up for in-class presentations
• Writing time for medium-lengthpaper

1. Marks, pgs. 67-86
2. Reading ComprehensionQuiz #5 due tomorrow night
3. medium-length paper dueThurs at 11:59 pm

REVIEW

• Alfred Crosby’sColumbian Exchange
• Where did these exchanges take place?
• What did people bring?

• Anything unintentional?
• Any differences between the different exchanges

• What effects did these exchanges have on theenvironment?

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/European_Ancestry_Large.svg/853px-European_Ancestry_Large.svg.png

“European Emigrants and their descendants are all over the place, whichrequires explanation. It is more difficult to account for the distribution of thissubdivision of the human species than that of any other.The locations of theothers make an obvious kind of sense. All but a relatively few of themembers of the many varieties of Asians live in Asia. Black Africans live onthree continents, but most of them are concentrated in their originallatitudes, the tropics, facing each other across one ocean. Amerindians, withfew exceptions, live in the Americas, and nearly every last AustralianAborigine dwells in Australia. Eskimos live in the circumpolar lands, andMelanesians, Polynesians, and Micronesians are scattered through the islandsof only one ocean, albeit a large one.All these peoples have expandedgeographically–have committed acts of imperialism, if you will–but theyhave expanded into lands adjacent to or at least near to those in which theyhad already been living, or, in the case of the Pacific peoples, to the nextisland and the to the next after that, however, many kilometers of watermight lie between.Europeans, in contrast, seem to have leapfrogged aroundthe globe.”–Alfred Crosby,Ecological Imperialism

“European Emigrants and their descendants are all over the place, whichrequires explanation. It is more difficult to account for the distribution of thissubdivision of the human species than that of any other.The locations of theothers make an obvious kind of sense. All but a relatively few of themembers of the many varieties of Asians live in Asia. Black Africans live onthree continents, but most of them are concentrated in their originallatitudes, the tropics, facing each other across one ocean. Amerindians, withfew exceptions, live in the Americas, and nearly every last AustralianAborigine dwells in Australia. Eskimos live in the circumpolar lands, andMelanesians, Polynesians, and Micronesians are scattered through the islandsof only one ocean, albeit a large one. All these peoples have expandedgeographically–have committed acts of imperialism, if you will–but theyhave expanded into lands adjacent to or at least near to those in which theyhad already been living, or, in the case of the Pacific peoples, to the nextisland and the to the next after that, however, many kilometers of watermight lie between. Europeans, in contrast, seem to have leapfrogged aroundthe globe.”–AlfreDCrOsby,Ecological Imperialism

“European Emigrants and their descendants are all over the place, whichrequires explanation. It is more difficult to account for the distribution of thissubdivision of the human species than that of any other.The locations of theothers make an obvious kind of sense. All but a relatively few of themembers of the many varieties of Asians live in Asia. Black Africans live onthree continents, but most of them are concentrated in their originallatitudes, the tropics, facing each other across one ocean. Amerindians, withfew exceptions, live in the Americas, and nearly every last AustralianAborigine dwells in Australia. Eskimos live in the circumpolar lands, andMelanesians, Polynesians, and Micronesians are scattered through the islandsof only one ocean, albeit a large one.All these peoples have expandedgeographically–have committed acts of imperialism, if you will–but theyhave expanded into lands adjacent to or at least near to those in which theyhad already been living, or, in the case of the Pacific peoples, to the nextisland and the to the next after that, however, many kilometers of watermight lie between. Europeans, in contrast, seem to have leapfrogged aroundthe globe.”–AlfreDCrOsby,Ecological Imperialism

“European Emigrants and their descendants are all over the place, whichrequires explanation. It is more difficult to account for the distribution of thissubdivision of the human species than that of any other.The locations of theothers make an obvious kind of sense. All but a relatively few of themembers of the many varieties of Asians live in Asia. Black Africans live onthree continents, but most of them are concentrated in their originallatitudes, the tropics, facing each other across one ocean. Amerindians, withfew exceptions, live in the Americas, and nearly every last AustralianAborigine dwells in Australia. Eskimos live in the circumpolar lands, andMelanesians, Polynesians, and Micronesians are scattered through the islandsof only one ocean, albeit a large one.All these peoples have expandedgeographically–have committed acts of imperialism, if you will–but theyhave expanded into lands adjacent to or at least near to those in which theyhad already been living, or, in the case of the Pacific peoples, to the nextisland and the to the next after that, however, many kilometers of watermight lie between.Europeans, in contrast, seem to have leapfrogged aroundthe globe.”–AlfreDCrOsby,Ecological Imperialism

“European Emigrants and their descendants are all over the place, whichrequires explanation. It is more difficult to account for the distribution of thissubdivision of the human species than that of any other.The locations of theothers make an obvious kind of sense. All but a relatively few of themembers of the many varieties of Asians live in Asia. Black Africans live onthree continents, but most of them are concentrated in their originallatitudes, the tropics, facing each other across one ocean. Amerindians, withfew exceptions, live in the Americas, and nearly every last AustralianAborigine dwells in Australia. Eskimos live in the circumpolar lands, andMelanesians, Polynesians, and Micronesians are scattered through the islandsof only one ocean, albeit a large one. All these peoples have expandedgeographically–have committed acts of imperialism, if you will–but theyhave expanded into lands adjacent to or at least near to those in which theyhad already been living, or, in the case of the Pacific peoples, to the nextisland and the to the next after that, however, many kilometers of watermight lie between.Europeans, in contrast, seem to have leapfrogged aroundthe globe.”–Alfred Crosby,Ecological Imperialism

Whichregions havefewer peopleof Europeandescent?

Why not the OldWorld?

• Demographics
• Disease
• Distress

DEMOGRAPHICS

• China, Japan, the OttomanEmpire, and India = complexcivilizations & largepopulations

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Verbotene-Stadt1500.jpg

DEMOGRAPHICS

• China, Japan, the OttomanEmpire, and India = complexcivilizations & largepopulations

• Political, military, culturalcapacity to resist Europeans

• West Africans have diseaseimmunities that Europeansdon’t

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Verbotene-Stadt1500.jpg

DISEASES

• Old World populationsvulnerable to Old Worlddiseases
• Much of Eurasia/Africashare same domesticatedanimals

• same immunities asEuropeans to crowddiseases: smallpox, measles,&influenza

“Sorry Europeans, but your crowddiseases won’t help you here”–theanimals

DISTRESS IN THE TROPICS

What are the challenges?

Turn to partner and list one ortwo challenges that they may haveencountered in the tropicalclimate

Distress

• Africa: cattle/horses died fromdiseases like “sleeping sickness”
• India/SE Asia: climate home tounfamiliar venomous species
• Tropical diseases = mortality rateswell over 50%
• Typical foods didn’t grow in tropicallowlands

Distress

• The heat, sickness, foreignfoods repelled manywomen
• Men frequently tookmistresses/ concubines
• Negative treatment ofmixed-race babies

http://revistamito.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Anonymous.-National-Museum-of-Viceroyalty-Tepotzotl%C3%A1n-Mexico.-Caste-System-in-the-Spanish-Empire.jpg

EUROPEANS’ FAILURE TO SETTLE

• What about Asia and Africa made it difficultto settle there?

• How did climate contribute?
• How did existing population contribute?
• How did disease contribute?
• How did social factors contribute?

WHAT EMPIRES GROW AT THIS TIME?

WHICH COUNTRIES EXPAND?

Spanish

Ottoman

Russian

Mughal

Portuguese

French-British

Dutch|Spanish|Port.|French

Qing

Consolidated Control

MARKS ARGUES…

• Period of globalization (one ‘world’, not just interlockingworlds)
• Empires remain most common political organization
• Smaller, European states remained weak and developedgovernments that borrowed money to raise armies
• Climatic shifts in 17thcentury were especiallydevastating for agricultural empires like India and China

SUBLIMUSDEI-ON THE ENSLAVEMENTAND EVANGELIZATION OF INDIANS

• Use your phones
• What was the document’scontext? (when issued, by whom,was it the first document of its kind? Hint: see alsoPastoraleofficium)
• Who was the intendedaudience?
• Howreliablydoes it tell us about the era’s religious, cultural, orpolitical ideas?
• What was the document’spurpose? Why was it created?

GUIDED READING: WRITE A ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY FOR EACHPARAGRAPH

SUBLIMUSDEI-ON THE ENSLAVEMENTAND EVANGELIZATION OFINDIANS

1.Thesublime God so loved the human race that He created man in suchwisdom that he might not only participate in the good that other creaturesenjoy but endowed him with the capacity to attain the inaccessible andinvisible Supreme Good and behold it face to face. And since man, accordingto the testimony of the sacred scriptures, has been created to enjoy eternallife and happiness, which none may obtain save through faith in our LordJesus Christ, it is necessary that he should possess the nature and facultiesenabling him to receive that faith; and that whoever is thus endowed shouldbe capable of receiving that same faith. Nor is it credible that any one shouldpossess so little understanding as to desire the faith and yet be destitute ofthe most necessary faculty to enable him to receive it. Hence Christ, who isthe Truth itself, that has never failed and can never fail, said to the preachersof the faith whom He chose for that office ‘Go ye and teach all nations.’ Hesaid all, without exception, for all are capable of receiving the doctrines ofthe faith.

SUBLIMUSDEI-ON THE ENSLAVEMENTAND EVANGELIZATION OFINDIANS

2.The enemy of the human race, who opposes all gooddeeds in order to bring men to destruction, beholdingand envying this, invented a means never before heard of,by which he might hinder the preaching of God’s word ofSalvation to the people: he inspired his satellites who, toplease him, have not hesitated to publish abroad that theIndians of the West and the South, and other people ofwhom We have recent knowledge should be treated asdumb brutes created for our service, pretending that theyare incapable of receiving the Catholic Faith.

SUBLIMUSDEI-ON THE ENSLAVEMENTAND EVANGELIZATION OFINDIANS

3.We, who, though unworthy, exercise on earth the power of our Lord andseek with all our might to bring those sheep of His flock who are outsideinto the fold committed to our charge, consider, however, that the Indiansare truly men and that they are not only capable of understanding theCatholic Faith but, according to our information, they desire exceedingly toreceive it. Desiring to provide ample remedy for these evils, We define anddeclare by these Our letters, or by any translation thereof signed by anynotary public and sealed with the seal of any ecclesiastical dignitary, to whichthe same credit shall be given as to the originals, that, notwithstandingwhatever may have been or may be said to the contrary, the said Indians andall other people who may later be discovered by Christians, are by no meansto be deprived of their liberty or the possession of their property, eventhough they be outside the faith of Jesus Christ; and that they may andshould, freely and legitimately, enjoy their liberty and the possession of theirproperty; nor should they be in any way enslaved; should the contraryhappen, it shall be null and have noeffect.

SUBLIMUSDEI-ON THE ENSLAVEMENTAND EVANGELIZATION OFINDIANS

4.By virtue of Our apostolic authority We defineand declare by these present letters, or by anytranslation thereof signed by any notary public andsealed with the seal of any ecclesiastical dignitary,which shall thus command the same obedience asthe originals, that the said Indians and otherpeoples should be converted to the faith of JesusChrist by preaching the word of God and by theexample of good and holy living.

IN-CLASS PRESENTATION: THURS OCT 17TH

• Each group will read theIntroductionANDone chapterfromRossEcologyand Power in the Age of Empire[postedunder: Course UnitsRossPresentations]
• Each group presents chapter for 15 minutes & discusses
• 1.Structure(how is the chapter organized–why is this the organization?Chronological? Thematic? How does this support his argument?)10 pts
• 2.Arguments:What is this chapter about? Why did empires do what they did?What does he say about the environmental impact of this process? How does itrelate to ‘ecology and power?’ Do we see any changes in this process during itshistory? Why or why not?15 pts
• 3.Evidence:what primary and secondary sources does he cite? Give a fewexamples of each and analyze how those sources support or limit his argument?Are they from the perspective of the ‘colonizers’ or ‘colonized’? Are thesecondary sources mostly older (before the 1970s) or newer (after the 1970s)?10 pts
• 4.Class connection:how does this chapter relate to the class generally?Connect to a few lectures and a few readings15 pts

• Write:500-word paper(due Thurs, Sept 26 at 11:59 pm EST):
• How has the movement of people and commodities to different parts of theworld transformed it?

• Discuss the four main categories of (biological) Columbian exchange
• Explain how they affected different regions of the world (Americas, Africa/Asia, the Pacific)differently
• What effect did it have on both the regions where biological entities were extracted and wherethey were brought to?
• How did climate/geography/ideology play a role in these movements?
• Why were their similarities and differences?

• In what way do we understand these exchanges as a result of imperialexpansion?

• Compare Zheng He’s voyages with the European counterparts.
• How did different political, economic, or political structures seem to influence how these empiresexpanded and affected their environments? For example, you could compare European economicdesire for colonial crops and Chinese political desire to change their ‘enemies’ landscapes.

AGENDA

1. Marks, pgs. 67-86
2. Reading Comprehension Quiz #5 duetomorrow night
3. medium-length paper due this Thurs onBlackboard at 11:59 pm