Noise Calculations assignment

In addition to individual factors, noise pollution is regarded as an environmental factor able to raise the risk for IHD. Noise may contribute to some well-researched risk factors for CVD–increased blood pressure, dyslipidemia, inflammatory processes, promotion of blood-clotting factors, and changes in heart rate variability.[3] It acts as a general stressor for the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, increasing cortisol and catecholamine levels, disrupting normal sleep patterns, leading to vasoconstriction and vascular impairment;[4,5,6] it has deleterious effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.[7] Atherosclerotic changes can be enhanced by noise-related overproduction of cortisol, increased blood cholesterol and triglycerides, and generation of proinflammatory agents and raised interleukin-6 because of higher oxidative stress.[3] Noise may also decrease arterial compliance and lead to vascular hypertonicity and dysregulate the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, which is associated with higher risk of adverse cardiovascular events.[3] Animal models have even shown that chronic noise exposure reduces male testosterone levels, which, on the other hand, might further impair their cardiovascular system.[8]

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Objectives

When you have completed this module, you will be able to:

Identify the major structures of the human ear given a diagram,

Describe the functions of the major structures of the human ear, and

Describe the conduction of sound through the ear.

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