Sports Science (A+ work, No plagarism, Quality Work)

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Ethics in Youth Sport and Exercise Training

Assignment Instructions

During the past eight weeks, the class put together and conducted a research project. As well, each week you have been preparing your research report on that project. For this assignment, you need to compile the different parts into one paper and submit it for your final grade. Several sections have already been graded, and you have been provided feedback. You can submit what you originally submitted and rewrite the sections incorporating the suggestions of your classmates and the instructor. (Remember, your Turn It In Report will showcase anything that has been cut and pasted. You need to do a heavy edit on anything previously submitted.)

You will add one new section, the discussion and conclusions. For this section, use your review of the literature and annotated bibliography to justify the results of your findings from the survey and to critically support what you found.

This is the final product of what you have been working on for 7 weeks.

The format of your paper is:

Maximum page limits and order	Content
1	Title, Author, and date
1	Abstract
2	Introduction
4	Review of Literature
2	Methods
Unlimited	Results
1-4	Discussion and Conclusions
Unlimited	References

Formatting Guidelines for Research Paper

· Double spaced

· Times New Roman font

· 12 font

· 1" margin all the way around

· Reference list (minimum of five references, APA Format)--remember your references must be from scholarly and/or primary sources (the textbook is considered neither).

Week 2

The first article, “Concussion in Sport: Conceptual and Ethical issues,” McNamee et al. (2015) affirms that sport injuries, particularly, concussions have prompted ethical debates on their management. The issue seems to generate divisive opinions on how concussions are diagnosed and treated in sports which may in turn harm the well-being of athletes. This article is instrumental to the topic because it provides a comprehensive understanding into how professionals and scientists handle the ethics of managing concussions among athletes while prioritizing their health and career dreams.

The second article, “ Ethical Issues Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice Hockey,” Caron and Jeffrey (2015), aim to provide effective solutions to dealing with concussions which endanger their safety as well as managing well the ethical issues that arise from such circumstances. This helps to further add knowledge into the number of cases currently documented as well the outcomes of interventions. Additionally, the authors are referring to previous research which helps to establish any correlations between concussions and the relationships and quality of life of athletes.

The third article, “Moral/Ethical Analysis of Performance Enhancement in Sports,” McCalla and Neil (2014), provide an in depth analysis of the moral and ethical view of performance enhancement drugs in sports. Ethically, the authors apply the Jeremy Bentham theory and Kant’s Deontology theory to help analyze the actions of athletes in this issue. The authors assert that all athletes need to show good faith through showing honesty and integrity. This article is valuable to the topic because it broaches a controversial issue in sports which has led to dearth in the careers of athletes and other officials as well as putting into doubt the achievements made by sporting organizations such as the Olympics.

Ethical issues in sports was entered into the APUS Tefry Library search enginee and peer-viewed was selected as a filter.

References

Caron, Jeffrey, and Bloom, Gordon. (2015). “Ethical Issues Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice Hockey.” Neuroethics 8(1), 5–13. Web.

Mcnamee, Michael, Partridge, Bradley, and Anderson, Lynley.(2015). Concussion in Sport: Conceptual and Ethical Issues. Kinesiology Review 4(2), 190–202. Web.

Mccalla, Sandra, and Shepherd, Neil.(2014). MORAL/ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT IN SPORTS. International Journal of Arts & Sciences 7(4), 371–381. Web.

Annotated Bibliography

Armstrong, Neil et al. “Aerobic Fitness and Its Relationship to Sport, Exercise Training and Habitual Physical Activity During Youth.” British journal of sports medicine 45.11 (2011): 849–858. Web.

The aim of this study was to analyze aerobic fitness and its correlate with sports involvement, habitual physical activity, and exercise training. The study was done through sports computer search of Medline, sports database and personal databases. The results indicate that VO(2) increase with maturity.

Caron, Jeffrey, and Bloom, Gordon. (2015). “Ethical Issues Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice Hockey.” Neuroethics 8.1: 5–13. Web.

The authors of this article investigated ethical issues around concussions in professional sports and players safety among Ice hockey. The results of the study indicate that taken together, concussions impact many people in the sporting community from current and former professional athletes and their families to medical and health professionals and researchers.

Greenfield, Bruce H, West, Charles Robert, and Greenfield, Bruce H. (2012). “Ethical Issues in Sports Medicine: a Review and Justification for Ethical Decision Making and Reasoning.” Sports health 4.6: 475–479. Web.

The authors of this study conducted a study using systematic review of literature to investigate the impact of an ethical issue in sports on healthcare in people working with athletes. The finding of the study indicates that the multiple stakeholders involved in sports teams challenge the traditional notion of confidentiality and autonomy.

Hums, Mary, Barr, Carol, and Gullion, Laurie. (1999). “The Ethical Issues Confronting Managers in the Sport Industry.” Journal of Business Ethics 20.1: 51–66. Web.

The authors in this study focused on understanding the ethical issues that managers in the sports industry face today. The authors of this study revealed that the sports industry is experiencing rapid growth and development, and as it grows, sport managers in the different segments encounter ethical issues, which are often unique to each segment.

Lewandowska, Aleksandra and Leźnicki, Marcin. (2016). “Doping w Sporcie Jako Problem Etyczno-Społeczny = Doping in Sport as a Problem Ethical and Social.” Journal of Education, Health and Sport 6.7: 548–555. Web.

The article presents the issues of doping in sport used in the context of possible social consequences associated with its use, as well as at the level of biomedical related to the rapid development of biomedical technologies in the area of human body enhancement.

Mccalla, Sandra, and Shepherd, Neil. (2014). “Moral/Ethical Analysis of Performance Enhancement in Sports.” International Journal of Arts & Sciences 7.4: 371–381. Web.

The authors of this study focused their study on the impacts of performance enhancement and how they influence the ethics in professional sports. From this ethical perspective, we combine Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarian theory with Kant's Deontology theory to show how a combination of both theories can provide one possible response to the ethical actions of athletes in respect to the use of performance enhancers. The authors recommend for the formation of 'self duty' that all athletes should have to the ethical rules as is applied to honesty and integrity.

Mcnamee, Michael, Partridge, Bradley, and Anderson, Lynley. (2015) “Concussion in Sport: Conceptual and Ethical Issues.” Kinesiology Review 4.2: 190–202. Web.

The authors of this article are of the views that scientists, academia, legal, and professional medics have not been able speak with one voice on how to curb concussion in sports. The authors discuss this issue of concussion from philosophical, bioethical, and sports ethical perspectives.

Polly, D. (2013). Avoiding Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice Settings. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 113.12: n. pag. Web.

The authors of this article are of the views that dietetics practitioners encounter many ethical and legal gray areas in professional practice every day. These issues may include patient-related decisions, appropriate business practices, or relationships with professionals, customers, and employees. It is because of this that the authors are of the views that most of the professionals are facing legal battles in the courts because they violate the ethics in their practices.

Phillips, S. (2012). Carbohydrate Supplementation and Prolonged Intermittent High- Intensity Exercise in Adolescents. Sports Medicine 42.10, 817–828. Web.

The authors of this article are of the idea that there has research in the last decade to investigate the efficacy of carbohydrate supplementation for improving aspects of physical capacity and skill performance during sport-specific exercise in adolescent team games players. However, they assert that the research is still at its youngest stage and there is need to enhance it so that the results can be achieved and used to implement positive policies in youth sports.

References

Caron, Jeffrey, and Bloom, Gordon. (2015). “Ethical Issues Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice Hockey.” Neuroethics 8.1: 5–13. Web.

Hums, Mary, Barr, Carol, and Gullion, Laurie. (1999). “The Ethical Issues Confronting Managers in the Sport Industry.” Journal of Business Ethics 20.1: 51–66. Web.

Mccalla, Sandra, and Shepherd, Neil. (2014). “Moral/Ethical Analysis of Performance Enhancement in Sports.” International Journal of Arts & Sciences 7.4: 371–381. Web.

Mcnamee, Michael, Partridge, Bradley, and Anderson, Lynley. (2015) “Concussion in Sport: Conceptual and Ethical Issues.” Kinesiology Review 4.2: 190–202. Web.

Polly, D. (2013). Avoiding Ethical and Legal Issues in Practice Settings. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 113.12: n. pag. Web.

Phillips, S. (2012). Carbohydrate Supplementation and Prolonged Intermittent High- Intensity Exercise in Adolescents. Sports Medicine 42.10, 817–828. Web.

Week 3

Problem statement: there is a link between concussions and the physical and mental health of children and youth in sports

Hypotheses: a) What is the frequency of concussions among youth and children who play sports and what are the reporting rates? b) How are concussions diagnosed and treated and are they perceived based on the mental and physical health of athletes? c) What are incidence rates of children and youth who suffer concussions in regards to serious physical injury and depressive moods including other mental disorders?

The incidence rates of concussions in sports among children and youth

Most schools and colleges have rolled out sports programs which allow children and youth to participate in varsity games at mostly competitive levels. While some sports such as swimming are less injurious others like rugby, soccer, and hockey can be very aggressive leading to many cases of concussions. This has already caught the attention of parents who are anxious about the type of sports their children should participate in, the safest equipment to use, and when to effectively determine if their child can resume sports after suffering a concussion (Graham et al., 2014). The reports indicate that between 2001 and 2009, the rate of concussions and other non-serious injuries among youth from age 19 years and below increased from 150,000 to 250,000 (Graham et al., 2014). The almost 100% increased incidence rate is definitely a worrying trend for parents, teachers, and coaches.

McNamee et al. (2015) reiterates that concussion in sports has gained global public interest leading to many disagreements and conflicts among educational, legal, and medical professionals and scientists. As a matter of consequence, looking into the type of sports that increase the chances of concussions is important. Pfister et al. (2016) conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the incidence of concussions among youth athletes in 36 out of 698 studies. The author applied the sources in Medline, Embase and SportDiscus based on the criteria of study design of prospective cohort study, relevant sports (rugby, American football and basketball among others), population, and outcome (concussion). This study was definitely encompassing based on the many variables applied and thus helped to reach a definite and solid conclusion. Pfister et al. (2016) concluded that among the 12 sports chosen there are significant and sharp differences in the rates of concussions. The probability is that the authors settled that sports which tend to have an aggressive and tackling style of playing such as rugby, American football, and hockey increases chances of bodily harm including concussions. In addition, athletic exposure which is a measure of concussion rates is expected to be slightly higher among male athletes that female athletes.

The diagnosis and treatment of concussions among children and youth

McNamee et al. (2015), in their study review the similarities and differences of leading consensus statements which provide guidelines for treating of concussion diagnosis and treatment in sports. This appears to be a preliminary action taken by the sports and medical fraternity after possibly witnessing cases on misdiagnosis and poor treatment of athletes who suffer from concussions. This is also matter of emergency because children and youth tend to still be developmental stages and concussions and significantly impact their mental and physical aptitude. The consensus statements according to McNamee et al. (2015) target coaches, trainers, physicians, therapists and other parties which deal with injured athletes. In particular, the children and youth are given focus under the pediatric concussion criteria which look into the symptoms, screening and treatment that is appropriate for their ages to avoid further harmful consequences (McNamee et al., 2015). The subject of concussions definitely requires a close study including of the telltale signs of concussions. McNamee et al. (2015) points out one of the similarities of the consensus statements which involves the definition of a concussion. A concussion in general terms is, “defined as a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces,” (McNamee et al., 2015, pg.191). It is clearly some form of brain injury which can seriously undermine the mental and physical development of children and youth. Greenfield et al. (2012) posits that one of the obstacles faced in attending to sports-related concussions by healthcare professionals including team physician, physical therapist and athletic trainer is ensuing the athlete is in the best condition to get back to playing. This is clearly a sticky issue which generates a myriad of ethical and moral issues. When someone suffers a concussion sometimes they do not show any external injuries except a few minor cuts and scrapes. If the child or youth is sent back to play, the physical activity could easily worsen a hidden brain injury or internal bleeding which was incorrectly undiagnosed and sometimes leading to death. This is undoubtedly a big fear for most parents, teachers and coaches. However, for any keen individual actively engaged in a child’s or youth’s sports career, it is essential to have basic knowledge of the signs and symptoms. Graham et al. (2014) outlines a comprehensive list of such signs and symptoms including a dazed appearance, confusion about assignment, forgetfulness, losing consciousness among others. Parents and teachers also need to pay keen attention to what a child or youth complains of such as a headache or “pressure” in the head, nausea, dizziness, light or noise sensitivity or feeling emotional or nervous among other red flags (Graham et al., 2014).

The impact of concussions on the mental and physical well- being of children and youth in sports

On a broader platform, Caron and Bloom (2015) reveals that professional hockey players exposed how concussions have impacted their professional careers, interpersonal relationships and qualities of life. This revelation sets precedent for what the future could be like in the event that the children and youth would want to pursue sports as a lifelong sports career. This can act as a form of caution for them to protect themselves from life-altering physical injuries and mental disorders in the future. Medically and scientifically, researchers have started to link receptive concussions with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) which is an injury that affects the brain structure indicated by deposits of tau protein in specific parts of the brain. In lay man terms, anyone diagnosed with CTE is a prelude to later having depression, confusion, aggression, suicidal ideation, and memory loss among others. This grim outlook of the eventuality of the life of an individual who repetitively suffers from concussions. Children and youth are not excluded from this type of degenerative brain disease and are more at risk if they play sports such as tackle football which is very violent. It is unfortunate that children as young as 5 are participating in this type of sport and could possibly manifest into serious physical and mental problems in adulthood. Caron and Bloom (2015), concludes that the impacts of concussions are multilevel affecting athletes, their families, medical, and health professionals and researchers. It brings into question whether the parties involved promote fairness and honesty as the foundation of competitive sports (McCalla & Shepherd, 2014). Ethically, the mentors of children and youth in sports must always promote sportsmanship while ensuring they are not harmed in any way. Unfortunately, sometimes the sports played tend to be very combative and competitive and coaches tend to push this group too hard when they should also focus on other areas of their development such as social skills.

References

Caron, J., & Bloom, G. (2015). “Ethical Issues Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice Hockey.” Neuroethics 8(1), 5–13. Web.

Graham,R.,Rivara,F.P., Ford,M.A.,& Spicer,C.M.(2014). Sports-related concussions in youth : Improving science, changing the culture. National Academy of Sciences.

McNamee, M., Partridge, B., & Anderson, L. (2015). Concussion in Sport: Conceptual and Ethical Issues. Kinesiology Review 4(2), 190–202. Web.

McCalla, S., & Shepherd, N.(2014). MORAL/ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT IN SPORTS. International Journal of Arts & Sciences 7(4), 371–381. Web.

Pfister,T, Pfister,K.,Hagel,B.,Ghali,W.A.,& Ronksley,P.E.(2016). The incidence of concussion in youth sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal in Sports Medicine, 50(5), 292-297.

The article I chose is, “Moral/Ethical Analysis of Performance Enhancement in Sports.” I found the article in the APUS TEFRY Library. I picked this article because it touches on the very sensitive and ethical issue of performance enhancement in sports. The authors apply the ethical perspective of utilitarian theory and deontology theory which provide a strong framework on how society views what is right or wrong. Interestingly, the authors also posit the concept of self-duty which can be a form of breakthrough to ensure that all athletes cease from falling under the pressure of performance enhancement to win. I searched the article by inputting keywords, “Ethical issues in sports” and chose the peer reviewed category. This article effectively contributes to the research topic because it discusses the issue of enhancement in sports which a serious ethical matter within the ethical framework and actually integrates real life athletes whose careers have been damaged because of the scandal of performance enhancement. The variables being explored include regulation of use of performance enhancement drugs, use of performance enhancement drugs by athletes and the present ethical frameworks that govern such actions in sports. The hypothesis being tested by the authors is whether there is centrally moral question or not or if it is just a medical or empirical question.

References

McCalla,S., & Shepherd,N.(2014). Moral/Ethical Analysis of Performance Enhancement in Sports. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 7(4), 371-381.Web.

1. The research problem is the link between concussions and the physical and mental heath in youth and children participating in sports.

2. Hypotheses

a) What is the frequency of concussions among youth and children who play sports and what are the reporting rates?

b) How are concussions diagnosed and treated and are they perceived based on the mental and physical health of athletes?

c) What are incidence rates of children and youth who suffer concussions in regards to serious physical injury and depressive moods including other mental disorders?

3. Survey questions

In order to ask the right survey questions and obtain the right answers it is important to first seek the informed consent of some youth and children who are active in sports particularly those keen on seeking sports scholarships to college. This requires the presence of their parents especially for those under the age of 18 years. The survey questions entail:

a) How often are you called regarding your child’s injuries and how often is it treated as a concussion?

b) How long after your child is treated of concussion does he or she resume to play in sports

c) Have you noticed any strange behavior or physical state in your child ever since they were diagnosed and treated of concussion?

Week 4

Week 4 Assignment: Research Paper Introduction

Ethics in Youth Sport and Exercise Training

Just like it is in other organized industries, the sports industry is also regulated with established rules and laws to streamline sporting activities. The number of youths that participate in sports today has increased drastically and it is because of this that there is need to emphasize on the laws, ethics, and rules that regulate youth sports (Armstrong et al, 2011). One of the major areas of focus in youth sports is exercise training where the major issue of concern has been the quality of training that is provided to the youths who are involved in sports. Several studies that have been done on this issue reveal that most of the youth sports programs do not have the required resources to employ professional trainers who understand the rules and regulations that are required to provide not only quality training to the athletes but in an ethical manner (Mccalla & Shepherd, 2014).

Youth sports programs rely on volunteers as trainers and as coaches who may not have the required experience to manage the training and the program as a whole. The volunteer coaches and trainers have also been reported to have been involved in belligerent and violent acts that violate the morals required to be adhered to in managing the youth sports events. Volunteer coaches and trainers are faced with different legal and ethical issues, which make them violate some of the regulations involved in training and put the youths in the sports at risk (Wiersma et al, 2005). The main problem is that the volunteer coaches and trainers are not trained on the link between concussions and the physical and mental health in youth and children participating in sports. Lack of this knowledge among the trainers has put youths in the sports program at risk and threatened their health and wellbeing. This study will focus on identifying some of the ethical issues that are involved in youth sports training and exercising.

References

Mccalla, Sandra, and Shepherd, Neil. “Moral/Ethical Analysis of Performance Enhancement in Sports.” International Journal of Arts & Sciences 7.4 (2014): 371–381. Web.

Wiersma, Lenny D, Sherman, Clay P, and Wiersma, Lenny D. “Volunteer Youth Sports Coaches’ Perspectives of Coaching Education/certification and Parental Codes of Conduct.” Research quarterly for exercise and sport 76.3 (2005): 324–338. Web.

Hook example one

Hook example two

The number of youth sports programs has increased drastically in the recent past (Mccalla & Shepherd, 2014). However, youth sports programs do not have the required funds to employee professional coaches and trainers which put the youth involved at risks of getting injuries during training and exercise.

In both examples, the first sentence raises curiosity in the readers since they leave the readers in a state of dilemma, which will want them to read on and understand issue that is raised by the first sentence. The second sentence in each case grabs the attention of the readers, as most of the readers may be parents whose children are involved in sports programs and will want to read on and understand the risks that are associated with the programs. The two hooks connect to the research as the readers and the research alike will want to explore the study and identify the risks involved in youth sports and how they can be mitigated.

References

Mccalla, Sandra, and Shepherd, Neil. “Moral/Ethical Analysis of Performance Enhancement in Sports.” International Journal of Arts & Sciences 7.4 (2014): 371–381. Web.

The author of this study is of the views that proper aggression and anger measuring scale must exist and should be grounded in valid and reality to measure anger and aggression in sports. This study is a critique of the current Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale that was developed by Maxwell and Moores in 2007. The critique was done through a review of literature that focused on three areas of the Scale such as the definition of aggression that was used in formulating the scale, the one size fits all approach of thinking that was adopted by the developers of the scale and the general nature of Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale relating to anger and aggressiveness. The author is of the views that the approach that was used to develop the current CAAS limits the ability of the scale to measure aggressiveness and anger in sports.

The author concludes that the scale ignores legal and sanctioned aggressive and violent behaviors in sports, which limit its ability to understand aggressiveness and anger in sports. The author divided the study into three sections with each section addressing a single issue that the author was investigating. This was important as it allowed the author thoroughly investigate each element and create a formidable conclusion based on the available literature. Concentrating on a single aspect under investigation in each section allowed the author to effectively deal with the hypothesis. From my own evaluation of the study, I am of the views that the author through his reliance on literature and analysis of data, the author’s conclusion seems to be valid since the conclusion is founded rather supported by strong evidence derived from the analysis of data and literature.

Reference

Kerr, John H. “A Critique of the Development of the Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale.” Psychology of Sport & Exercise 9.6 (2008): 721–728. Web.

Week 5

Survey QuestionS

Ethics in Youth Sport and Exercise Training

Top of Form

Question Title

* 1. How often are you called regarding your child’s injuries and how often is it treated as a concussion? w 0

Question Title

* 2. How long after your child is treated of concussion does he or she resume playing in sports? w 0

1 week

24 hours

Upon Physician or Medical Clearance

Question Title

* 3. Have you noticed any strange behavior or physical state in your child ever since they were diagnosed and treated with a concussion w 0

Yes

Question Title

* 4. Are the coaches required to take a concussion education and training course? w 0

Yes

Selected Article: “Running with a Mask? The Effect of Air Pollution on Marathon Runners’ Performance from the Journal of Sports Economics. Found at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002518822701

Description of Study and Results

Air pollution affects the performance of athletes. It has been determined by existing literature that air pollution has negative effects on short-run labor productivity. To add to this body of literature, Guo and Fu (2017) used a sample of more than 300,000 runners in 55 different races and 37 cities in China during the period 2014-2015 to estimate the causal impact of air pollution on the performance of marathon runners. The focus of the performance evaluation was on the finish time of the runners used in the study. Guo and Fu (2017) estimated the elasticity of air pollution of finish time to be somewhere around 0.0408 seconds. The impact is economically important following the large differences in the quality of air across different cities sampled in China.

The researchers gathered data and information for the mentioned races and marathon runners from the site- from www.runchina.org.cn . The site is under the management and maintenance of the Chinese Athletic Association. The site was resourceful for the study because of its publication of finish time data for athletes for all half-marathon and full-marathon races that have been held in the country over the last five years. The data collected for the study was from 2014 to 2015. The researchers then downloaded the daily air quality index- AQI information from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China at the city level. Guo and Fu (2017) identified the causal effect of the quality of air on the finish time of a marathon runner by relying majorly on the air quality heterogeneity on the day of racing.

The study made some significant results. Firstly, it determined that an increase in the air quality index results in a significant increase in the finish time of the marathon runners. This finding implies that when the quality of air is reduced or minimized, the average time taken by the marathoners to finish their races is increased. For instance, in its cross-sectional results, a one-unit increase in the quality of air index results into the finish time increasing by 2.7 seconds. The overall finding both for the half and full marathon runners is uniform and consistent across all the age groups used in the study- air pollution negatively affects the performance of the runner.

Conclusion of the Study

Guo and Fu (2017) conclude that air pollution has a significant, negative impact on the performance of the runners. The causal identification used in the study which is based on the heterogeneity of the quality of air on the race day of the race helps to make the process random. Using the panel dataset of runners who participated in more than a single race, the estimates used in the study confirm that air pollution negatively affects the performance of runners.

Evaluation and Personal Opinion

This study significantly and positively contributes not only towards understanding the effect of air pollution on exercises and sports, but also short-term productivity. The findings listed and inferences drawn from them remind governments and municipalities that the negative impact of air pollution on performance and the general health of sportsmen and women should be greatly considered when organizing for large scale outdoor sports activities like Olympics. The findings can also inform professional runners or athletes competing in large scale events like soccer, biking and running. The findings can also of great interest and help to employees who work under intensive physical exercise and are exposed to long periods of ambient air pollution.

From a personal standpoint, ambient air pollution affects many aspects of human life- sports and exercises being one of them. The article brings forth an important aspect of organizing mega sports events- that organizers must evaluate the impact of air pollution on the runners. It is true that air pollution has unfavorable effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of humans and therefore exposing athletes to such pollution is dangerous not only to their performance on the track but also general health. For the athletes, the toxicity of the pollutants can damage their respiratory and vascular systems by inflaming the airways.

References

Guo, M., & Fu, S. (2017). Running with a Mask? The Effect of Air Pollution on Marathon Runners’ Performance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1527002518822701.

Types of Study Design

Cited Source: Lee, S. Y. (2018). Analysis of relationship marketing factors for sports centers with mixed methods research. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 30(1), 182-197.

The kind of study: This study is a mixed research design. As supported by existing evidence, the mixed methods approach is where the researcher collects, analyzes and interprets both quantitative research- which involves surveys and experiments and qualitative research which may involve interviews and focus groups.

Why is it this type of research? In this research study, Lee (2018) uses both a statistical survey, which is a form of quantitative research and in-depth interviews which is a form of qualitative research method in studying the impact of relationship marketing factors of sports centers on commitment to relationship and recommendation intentions. In its findings, the quantitative aspect of the research established that the relationship marketing factors like price, bonding and facility affect commitment to relationship in a positive manner.

References

Lee, S. Y. (2018). Analysis of relationship marketing factors for sports centers with mixed methods research. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 30(1), 182-197.

Week 6

An example of inductive reasoning is like saying; Tim is a rugby player. All the other rugby players within the school team weight more than 180 pounds. Therefore, Tim must weigh more than 180 pounds. This is a good example of an inductive reasoning statement. An example of deductive reasoning is like saying; Cacti are vegetation, and all forms of plants go through photosynthesis; therefore, cacti take part in photosynthesis.

Response

Thank you for your well-researched information. I conquer that one example of inductive reasoning is when one says; Tim is a rugby player. All the other rugby players within the school team weight more than 180 pounds. Therefore, Tim must weigh more than 180 pounds. This is a good example of an inductive reasoning statement (Johnson-Laird, 1999). An example of deductive reasoning is like saying; Cacti are vegetation, and all forms of plants go through photosynthesis; therefore, cacti take part in photosynthesis. Thank you for your well-researched information.

References

Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1999). Deductive reasoning. Annual review of psychology, 50(1), 109-135.

The article to be referenced in this part looks at the development of types of foods used for nutrition. The research looks at foods that come from fish products and which are utilized to build the body for athletes. The research was trying to look at the best foods that would be ideal for muscle building. The objects of study that were used were minced cold fillet that was prepared as per the best standards that are supposed to be met. Several stages were gone through in trying to look at the nature of the minced cold fillet that included planning, examination, and determination. All these stages were put out in order to find out the components in meat that are ideal when it comes to practicing athletes (Kolman et al., 2018). The experiment revealed that food substances are ideal as they help athletes build muscle that is crucial for them when it comes to performing their daily tasks.

Looking at the article, it is no doubt that it was in tandem with the outcome that was needed to look at the best conditions that are required by athletes. Athletes require a healthy schedule that would help them maintain a healthy lifestyle that would be ideal for their muscles and their body functioning. The study was undertaken by looking at essential variables needed by athletes, and that shows what is essential when it comes to looking for the best diet that is required by athletes. There is with no doubt that this research was good by looking at the purpose that it was supposed to serve of, finding the right components in food (Kolman et al., 2018). It goes without saying that athletes have suffered for a long time as they do not know the right protein components that they should take. However, with this research, a majority of athletes will be informed on which products would suit them.

References

Kolman, O., Ivanova, G., Kudryavtsev, M., Gavrilyuk, O., Osipov, A., & Ivanova, A. (2018). Development of new combined sports nutrition products. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18, 401-407.

Week 7

CONCUSSIONS IN YOUTH SPORTS

This research paper consists of the various procedures the class used to gather and interpret relevant information concerning the frequent occurrence of concussions in the youth sports sector. The article brings about the different methods and study strategies applied by our research group to collect data during the procedure. The participants of the research and equipment used during the experimentation are also evident in the paper. The results section is apparent later in the article, where the core findings and interpretations concerning the research methods are available.

A concussion, as described by McCrory,et.al (2017), is a traumatic brain injury that takes place after an impact to the head, and may at some point lead to a state of unconsciousness. This condition is mainly concurrent during a car accident, fall, recreational, or sporting activities. Even though concussions are usually not considered life-threatening, they can still impose severe symptoms that require medical attention. That is why the class decided to research the frequent occurrence of concussions, especially in youth sports. This is because it has been estimated that a significant fraction of annual concussion cases happens during sporting and recreational activities, and majorly among children and youths aged between 14 to 19 years, (McCrory,et.al, 2017).

The research was conducted between two different learning institutions. The participants for the study were 20 students, ten from each institution, their parents and guardians, and trainers from the sporting activities the students participated in. Our crew selected four sports: football; hockey; basketball; rugby, from which we chose both the coaches and their assistants to interview on the players’ injury rates. The group also went ahead and interrogated the secretaries who were working for the designated learning institutions. In total, the study comprised of 58 participants:

1. Twenty students- The trainees who participated in the four sports

1. Twenty parents- The students’ guardians

1. Sixteen couches- The trainers who coached the students during their games, and their assistants

1. Two secretaries- The employees who worked for the two institutions

Apart from the participants, the group also used a Mixed-Method kind of study to collect and interpret the relevant information needed to generate the findings. As stated by Östlund, Kidd, Wengström & Rowa-Dewar (2011), mixed-research studies comprise of both quantitative design method, which majorly uses statistical survey and qualitative technique, which often consist of individual interviews and observations.

Shortly before initiating the survey, the research crew selected two elementary schools to work on, and randomly picked ten students from each school. Our group chose the four sports since they were considered the games with the highest incident in concussion cases, (Majerske, Mihalik, Ren, Collins, Reddy, Lovell & Wagner, 2008). During the qualitative research method, the study used individual interviews with all the participants. The experiment began by interviewing the 20 students, one by on. The selected examiners narrated a story of previous concussion occurrences to the student, the signs and symptoms, and finally asked questions of how the student’s injury occurred, the effects and how long after treatment did the student resume his or her sporting activity. Later, after all the students were interviewed and useful data collected from them, the examiners turned to the parents and guardians. Interview procedure was similar to that of the students, except the questioning time, where the interviewers asked questions like how often the parents were called regarding their offspring’s injuries and if they had noticed any behavioral or physical defect in their children since their diagnosis and treatment of concussion. The couches, on the other hand, were asked questions concerning their concussion education and training experiences. Voice recorders were used all through the interview process to enable future codding of the information.

The study also included observing and participating with the students during their sporting activities. Our research team went ahead and applied the quantitative method by accessing the students’ health records from the two secretaries working for the schools. The files provided relevant statistical information.

The findings under the results section show that approximately half of all the concussions went unnoticed. It could have been because the students’ couches were not aware of their concussions. 40% of participants students were found to be playing with signs and symptoms related to concussions due to lack of attention from their parents and trainers. Regarding the “how often are you called concerning your child’s injury” question to the guardian, the results had it that 15% of all the twenty students reported two or more concussions annually. It was because a significant number of the students played without the right protective attire. Additionally, the health records showed that 9% of all affected students reported the matter but did not access proper medical attention.

It is, therefore, appropriate to immediately report incidences of concussion, put on suitable protective clothing, and always practice a safe sports culture during gaming.

Reference

Majerske, C. W., Mihalik, J. P., Ren, D., Collins, M. W., Reddy, C. C., Lovell, M. R., & Wagner, A. K. (2008). Concussion in sports: postconcussive activity levels, symptoms, and neurocognitive performance. Journal of athletic training, 43(3), 265-274.

McCrory, P., Feddermann-Demont, N., Dvořák, J., Cassidy, J. D., McIntosh, A., Vos, P. E., ... & Tarnutzer, A. A. (2017). What is the definition of sports-related concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med, 51(11), 877-887.

Östlund, U., Kidd, L., Wengström, Y., & Rowa-Dewar, N. (2011). Combining qualitative and quantitative research within mixed method research designs: a methodological review. International journal of nursing studies, 48(3), 369-383.

The article: The Role of Social Context in Shaping Student-Athlete Opinions

Reference: Druckman,J.N.,Gilli,M.,Klar,S. Robison,J.().The Role of Social Context in Shaping Student-Athlete Opinions. PLoS One, 9(12).

The study focuses on surveying on the opinions of post-career student athletes regarding payments. The authors apply a 2012 survey which focuses on the NCAA Big Conference based in Midwest Nebraska. The survey includes 12 major universities who participate in the Division I NCAA Athletics. The limitation of the study was focus on one sample in form of the Big Conference; however, it provides a significant variance among universities. The researchers posed two questions to the respondents one of which was about a proposal to pay athletes. The second question was about support for unionization of college athletics. Other variables which the researchers considered were race, gender, family income, scholarship status, partisan membership, sport played and year in school. The result findings indicated that 49.49% of the respondents support pay for play while 22.02% supported unionization of college athletics.

Researchers concluded that the post-career changes in opinions by student-athletes are changed by their social environment which entails individuals from their university and team. Overall, the researchers assert that future studies need to integrate the role of the social environment in influencing opinions and in this case regarding paying college-athletes.

The article has achieved its purpose which is to seek out the opinions of student-athletes regarding payment for their participation in sport. The authors have achieved this by choosing an appropriate sample which offers all the variables to help test the hypothesis. In this case, it chose from the Athletics websites and were able to send at least 5,896 emails. They were able to obtain 1,303 responses which is 31.8% which is above most email surveys. The variables which the researchers applied and the two leading questions help to produce the research findings they were looking to discover. In this case a considerable number of students out of the sample obtained supported payment for athletics performance and unionization of college athletics. This clearly provides a guide into the debate of paying college athletes. In this case, it is the athletes who largely participate in the sports that show a direction that NACCA and other bodies should adopt.

My overall opinion is that the researchers took a useful angle I regards to the question of whether college athletes should be paid. In this case, they conducted a survey of the actual student-athletes and sought their opinions on the matter. The response rate was important enough to confirm that college sports organizers and sponsor should really consider compensating the athletes. In addition, the researchers employed other significant variables such as race, gender and sports played to ensure the research results and conclusion were not biased.

References

Druckman,J.N.,Gilli,M.,Klar,S. Robison,J.().The Role of Social Context in Shaping Student-Athlete Opinions. PLoS One, 9(12).

Week 8

Forum 8A

One of the unethical researches is the case of Johnson and Johnson who violated the FDA rules by producing and marketing Risperdal. The company irresponsibly prescribed the drug to treat all kinds of illness in children and the elderly. It especially marketed to the elderly even thought it was aware that Risperdal generated serious health risks such as strokes. The company also had conducted an internal research and was able to establish that a boy developed large breast after taking Risperdal (Saunders, 2015). The entire conduct was unethical because, the organization first lacked transparency on the research and production of the drug in their labs. Despite knowing the negative impacts on health the company still marketed and distributed the drugs. Secondly, the company violated the FDA directives in terms of marketing and selling the drugs. It is clear that the company was after making profits and disregarding the well-being of its clientele.

References

Saunders,J.(2015). Johnson & Johnson unethical and illegal drug and device marketing: A review of the seven brill article. Retrieved from https://www.saunderslawyers.cm/jhnson-johnson-unetical-and-illegal-drug-and-device-marketing-a-review-of-the-steven-brill-article/

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