1500 words essay

Humanity is walking at a faster pace towards chaos and physical disasters due to global warming and climate change. Although the world has evolved a lot and the human mind is at the peak in its evolution phase, yet it is unable to create a secure environment for itself. Marginalized communities and social groups face more environmental hazards than their counter (Braubach & Fairburn, 2010). In a nutshell, certain social groups especially minority groups, people from poor neighborhoods, ethnic groups, discriminated racial communities and people with less education and belonging to lower social status are more prone to both man-made and natural hazards than others. This essay will define environmental hazards and how it is going towards environmental racism. However, to define those this essay will point out how socially marginalized communities are at great risk because of environmental racism. At long last, this essay will have a conceivable answer to this issue. Comment by Bryanna F: Be sure to indent each new body paragraph a ½ inch from the left margin of text Comment by Bryanna F: Consider removing this transitional word. Because you opened the sentence with the transitional word “although,’ in a sense all of that introductory portion was leading into this thought, so you would not need another transitional word inserted here. Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation - Use a pair of commas in the middle of a sentence to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause. “That Tuesday, which happens to be my birthday, is the only day when I am available to meet.” Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Awkwardly worded – probably not the best introductory phrase

Human beings have always feared that they can go extinct from the earth and the chance was never as high as they are today. Previously human beings have no advanced resources, there was little understanding of what causes these severe phenomena of the earthquake, flood, fires, volcanos eruption, and sandstorms. Now, these natural disasters can be predicted beforehand, and precautionary measures can be carried out, yet humanity is not safe anymore. With technological evolution, human beings must have even able to create a world that is sustainable and secure for themselves and for their coming generation (Bormann, 1990, as cited in Macionis & Plummer, 2012, p. 874). Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation - Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. “I like baseball, but basketball is my favorite sport.” Comment by Bryanna F: Singular pronoun needed in reference to “the chance” since it is singular form Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation - Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause. “While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door.” Comment by Bryanna F: Past tense needed Comment by Bryanna F: Comma splice/run on - A run on is basically when you have multiple independent clauses together in one sentence, either incorrectly separated by commas, or joined together with no punctuation at all. There are various ways to revise this issue, such as using semicolons to separate two independent clauses, or breaking the sentence up into multiple sentences. For example consider the following: “I love baseball, it is my favorite sport, I have a game on Saturday.” Notice how all three of those portions that are currently separated by commas could be individual sentences (that tells you are they are independent clauses). Thus, here are a few ways you could revise this sentence to correct this issue. • Use conjunctions and proper punctuation to separate the three, but still keep everything together in one sentence: “I love baseball, and it is my favorite sport; I have a game on Saturday.” • Use a semicolon to separate two of them, and then make the third independent clause a separate sentence: “I love baseball; it is my favorite sport. I have a game on Saturday.” • Make each independent clause a separate sentence: “I love baseball. It is my favorite sport. I have a game on Saturday.” Here is a great resource that addresses this issue, and provides various ways to revise. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl_exercises/sentence_structure/sentence_structure/run_ons_comma_splices_and_fused_sentences.html Comment by Bryanna F: awkwardly worded

Environmental hazards present themselves in many forms. They could be a substance or an event that holds the potential to present itself as a threat to the natural environment and have implications on its habitants especially their health and their living. Environmental hazards vary in their origin and their intensity. There are four basic categories of environmental hazards namely chemical hazards, biological hazards, physical hazards, and cultural hazards. Physical hazards are any physical phenomena that have a probability of natural occurrence. These phenomena are natural disasters including tornadoes, earthquakes, blizzards, volcanoes, droughts, heatwaves and landslides. These events are decreased yet there are physical hazards that are on-going like ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet rays reach the earth through thinness in the ozone layer ad are also produced through nuclear reactors working in different countries for both civil and military purposes. Ultraviolet rays do not have immediate implications, in the long run, it damages the DNA structure of human beings and could lead to cataracts and cancer in those who are exposed to it. Chemical hazards are a serious threat to mankind. They could be man-made and natural producing in the earth's atmosphere. On the surface of the earth and also deep down some chemical reactions are going on since the creation of the earth, these ongoing processes include mercury and lead which lead to the emission of chemical substances which when reach surface of earth present as an environmental hazard for mankind. These hazards generally affect physical and mental health and cause severe allergies (Macionis & Plummer, 2012, p. 889). The man-made chemical hazards are though chemical substances produced for facilitating other parts of life like industries emit a large number of chemicals that are hazardous for health. Garment industries and textile factories emit a large amount of chemicals substance which pollutes water and produces air pollution and water pollution. Similarly, fertilizers and pesticides are produced for enhancing production yield and yet the food contains the chemical substance in it and leads to severe health issues including cancer. Biological hazards originate from interactions between different ecological organisms. Viruses, malaria and bacterial infections are important examples of this issue. Some of these hazards are caused by natural phenomena and sometimes biohazards are initiated through proper planning and its most recent example is the usage of bioterror in New Oregon County in the 1980s where the water of a whole town was contaminated through proper planning to diminish the voter turnout for local elections. Cultural hazards are also called social hazards, and they originate from behavioral choices, socioeconomic status and social construction of society. Smoking, drugs, unhealthy eating are all behavioral choices but leads to sever hazardous situations (Kruize & Droomers, 2014). Comment by Bryanna F: Try to better transition between body paragraphs, as right now the paragraphs seem to ‘jump’ from topic to topic. Sometimes it’s helpful to include wording from the previous paragraph as you move into the next paragraph. For instance, if I was writing a paper about how to get good grades in class, and my first paragraph was about attending class each day and my second paragraph was about turning in on time, I may transition into the second paragraph by writing something like this: “While it is important to attend class each day, it is also important to turn in homework assignments each day. See how I transitioned from the idea in the previous paragraph (attending class) into this new paragraph about turning in homework. This causes a smooth transition between the two body paragraphs. Be sure to adjust your body paragraphs so they seamlessly connect with the information in the paragraphs before/after them. https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/transitions/ Comment by Bryanna F: present tense needed Comment by Bryanna F: awkwardly worded – what might be a better word choice here? Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation - Use a comma near the end of a sentence to separate contrasted coordinate elements or to indicate a distinct pause or shift. “He was merely ignorant, not stupid.” Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation - Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses written in a series. “The Constitution establishes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government." Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Typo – check word/spelling Comment by Bryanna F: Comma splice Comment by Bryanna F: Present tense Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Comma splice Comment by Bryanna F: How could this ending portion be revised so as to avoid the double use of “which” ? Comment by Bryanna F: Awkwardly worded – missing words for clarity Comment by Bryanna F: Typo – check word/spelling Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Missing a word for clarity Comment by Bryanna F: Unnecessary wording Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Consider starting a new sentence here, otherwise this is a run on Comment by Bryanna F: Awkwardly worded – how was it contaminated through “proper” planning? Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Conjunction needed - A conjunction is a word such as "and, but, so, etc." generally placed between independent clauses, or to join the final two items in a lister/series. Comment by Bryanna F: Subject/verb disagreement - when the subject is plural, remove the suffix "s" from the verb. Comment by Bryanna F: Typo – check spelling/word

A Yale study shows that certain social groups are at more risk of environmental hazards than others. According to this study, minority groups, people from poor neighborhoods, people with less education and belonging to lower social status are more prone to both man-made and natural hazards than others. This study holds true for the whole world when it comes to the social construction of societies. Developed countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, and European countries are better equipped for coping with environmental hazards. On the contrary third world countries like African countries or countries in South Asia or Asia pacific are at greater risk of getting affected by environmental hazards. People are affected by both natural disasters and man-made disasters because the government and people attach little value to disaster management. Even if they have the understanding, they do not have the required resources to create better programs to cope with environmental hazards (Erickson, 2016). Within a society, this division between the coping mechanisms for disaster management and coping with environmental hazards is more evident and even here the distinguishing factor is wealth, education and socioeconomic status. In the case of the United States, some states are more prepared for coping with environmental hazards than others. Similarly, the communities where the rei more concentration of Hispanics, African Americans or Asians and even white Americans if they are poor, have more chances of being at the exposure of chemical material like Zinc, nitrates, and vanadium which are very dangerous as they cause air pollution and cause medical conditions related to breathing disorder. Latins living in the United States are more exposed to dangerous material as compared to White Americans. The study by Yale University shows that there is a widening gap based on racial and economic factors between communities for their exposure to air pollution. Communities who have different cultural backgrounds, and who have a low educational level, but high unemployment and poverty level are at greater risk for air quality they are breathing. Studies prove that communities where there are less education, high poverty, and high unemployment rate generally have lower health care facilities and face more healthcare problems but they are also at a greater risk for such factors which further deteriorate their health (Whitehead, Pennington, Orton, Nayak, Petticrew, Sowden, & White, 2016) Comment by Bryanna F: Conjunction needed before this last point in the series Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Capitalize Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Awkwardly worded sentence structure Comment by Bryanna F: Typo? Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: No need to capitalize Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Plural form needed Comment by Bryanna F: Do you mean Latinos? Comment by Bryanna F: Awkwardly worded Comment by Bryanna F: Punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: Cite properly - For a source with 6 or more authors, there’s no need to cite all of the authors’ last names (even in the first citation). Instead, simply cite the first author’s last name followed by the tem ‘et al.’, which means ‘and other authors,’ along with the year. For example, (Smith et al., 2000). See “Six or More Authors” for clarity on this issue. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html

Socially marginalized communities are an easy target for environmental hazards but the factors behind this easy targeting have their basis in the social construction of society (Aaberge & Mogstad, 2015). The major reason is that poor and marginalized social groups put up less resistance for the deteriorating condition of their neighborhood. They lack the resources which they could employ to put resistance against poor air, water, and land condition. If the community lack education, they will have little understanding of how the presence of chemical factories is going to affect them, all they can see is that it is a chance of employment hence they welcome the new setups. Companies also target such neighborhood where they can establish their writ without any resistance, in worldwide multinationals prefer countries with rich natural resources but little understanding and hence exploit their illiteracy and their resources. In countries like the United States, factories are set up at such places where already discriminated communities are leaving about whom no one care hence it is easy to exploit them. Even if there are no man-made setup causing environmental hazards, the natural hazards also hit them harder because governments and administrations do not bother providing them any facilities because they have no voice to raise some slogans against them. The real difference lies between powers dynamic where those in power abuse their power against those who lack it (Clark, Fennell, & Hulme, 2017). Comment by Bryanna F: punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: plural form Comment by Bryanna F: comma splice Comment by Bryanna F: punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: plural form Comment by Bryanna F: comma splice Comment by Bryanna F: unnecessary wording Comment by Bryanna F: punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: unnecessary wording – and punctuation needed prior to ending clause

Socially marginalized communities are at greater risk due to environmental hazards and these harsh realities lie in the fact that power dynamic is the real game-changer. The real difference lies between powers dynamic where those in power abuse their power against those who lack it (Clark, Fennell, & Hulme, 2017). A Yale study shows that certain social groups are at more risk of environmental hazards than others. According to this study, minority groups, people from a poor neighborhood, people with less education and belonging to lower social status are more prone to both man-made and natural hazards than others. Socially marginalized communities are an easy target for environmental hazards but the factors behind this easy targeting have their basis in the social construction of society. The major reason is that poor and marginalized social groups put up less resistance for the deteriorating condition of their neighborhood. They lack the resources which they could employ to put resistance against poor air, water and land condition (Braubach & Fairburn, 2010). Comment by Bryanna F: punctuation Comment by Bryanna F: this was just stated at the end of the previous sentence - remove Comment by Bryanna F: this was all just stated in an earlier paragraph Comment by Bryanna F: I assume you are still working on this as it ends abruptly. Remember, in the conclusion paragraph, be sure to include a paraphrased restatement of the thesis and a brief summary of the main points of the essay. Do not include sentences and information word-for-word from the above paragraphs

References Comment by Bryanna F: Center this term on the page and remove the bold text Comment by Bryanna F: Also, avoid a References and/or in-text citation generator as they aren’t typically accurate and/or up to date. For instance, on the Erickson source, be sure to capitalize the word “Journal” on the journal title Comment by Bryanna F: Also, for the Kruize and Droomers source, be sure to capitalize the article title in sentence case, which means only capitalizing the first letter of first word in title, first word in any subtitle, and/or any proper nouns in title Comment by Bryanna F: Refer to the Owl Purdue website below for further clarity on properly creating an APA References page: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_articles_in_periodicals.html

Aaberge, R., & Mogstad, M. (2015). Inequality in current and lifetime income. Social Choice and Welfare, 44(2), 217-230. Braubach, M., & Fairburn, J. (2010). Social inequities in environmental risks associated with housing and residential location—a review of evidence. European Journal of Public Health, 36–42. Clark, D. A., Fennell, S., & Hulme, D. (2017). Poverty and inequality. In Handbook of Globalisation and Development (pp. 487-512). Edward Elgar Publishing. Erickson, J. (2016). Targeting minority, low-income neighborhoods for hazardous waste sites. SAGE journal, 111-132. Kruize, H., & Droomers, M. (2014). What Causes Environmental Inequalities and Related Health Effects? An Analysis of Evolving Concepts. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 107-127. Macionis, Plummer, & Plummer, Kenneth. (2012). Sociology : A global introduction (5th ed.). Whitehead, Pennington, Orton, Nayak, Petticrew, Sowden, & White. (2016). How could differences in ‘control over destiny’ lead to socio-economic inequalities in health? A synthesis of theories and pathways in the living environment. Health and Place, 39(C), 51-61.